Biochemistry Basics (Msq Drill 270)

1. Are modulatory synapses inhibitory or stimulatory or both?

Inhibitory

Stimulatory

Both

2. Do psychoactive drugs affect serotonin metabolism?

Yes, serotonin plays a role in mental depression

No, no serotonin does not play a role in mental depression

3. Can retrograde signalling affect neurotransmitter release of the pre-synaptic cell?

Yes

No

This is an example of cell cell communication. This feedback loop is thought to be involved in learning and memory.

Explanation

This is an example of cell cell communication. This feedback loop is thought to be involved in learning and memory.

4. What is the enzyme that breaks down acetylcholine?

Cholinase

Acetycholinesterase

Acetyl-acetyl transferase

Acetylase

5. Deficiencies in the nigrostriatal tract lead to parkinsoniasm. What is the neurotransmitter invoved?

GABA

Serotonin

Dopamine

Glutamate

Glycine

6. Which synapses are more common?

Chemical

Electrical

7. What is the chief inhibitory neurotransmitter in the spinal cord?

GABA

Glycine

Glutamate

Serotonin

Acetylcholine

8. Serotonin is an ________ neuron as the closure of potassium channels will lead to sustained depolarization as calcium is able to continue influxing - this results in increased neurotransmitter release.

Excitatory

Inhibitory

9. Excitatory receptors usually result in hyper or depolarization?

Deporalization

Hyperpolarization

10. 5 hydroxytriptophane is

Dopamine

Epi

Glutamine

Serotonin

11. Name the disease: Hexose aminodase A gene, Ashkanowzi jews, Ganglioside builds up, blindness, cherry red spots in the macula, autosommal recessive, seizures, Fatal - Name the disease.

Gauchers

Tay sachs

Niemann-Pick

Fabry's

12. Is the synaptic cleft filled with sodium only?

Yes

No

There are a lot of sub-structures such as fibers of basal lamina.

Explanation

There are a lot of sub-structures such as fibers of basal lamina.

13. If you methylate norepinephrine you synthesize

Epinephrine

Carbidopa

Catechol

Dopamine

14. Is all the acetycholinesterase in the synaptic cleft attached to the post synaptic membrane?

Yes

No

some of the enzyme is on the lamina in the synapse.

Explanation

some of the enzyme is on the lamina in the synapse.

15. Diisofluorophosphatase (DFP) AKA suicide substrate and an alkylating agent that is found in mustard gas are potent inhibitors of

N-acetyltransferase

Acetylcholinesterase

COMT

Mono-amine oxidase

DFP alkylates the serine residue and the enzyme is dead.

Explanation

DFP alkylates the serine residue and the enzyme is dead.

16. What is the chief inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain?

GABA

Glutamate

Glycine

Serotonin

Dopamine

17. Does dopamine or L dopa cross the blood brain barrier?

L-dopa

Dopamine

Both

Neither

Dopamine does not cross the blood brain barrier.

Explanation

Dopamine does not cross the blood brain barrier.

18. What is the chief excitatory neurotransmitter in the CNS?

Acetylcholine

Norepineprhine

Glutamate

Epinephrine

Histamine

19. The activity of melatonin, a derivative of serotonin is higher in concentration at what time of the day?

In the morning

At midday

At night

20. Neurons are classified according to the

Neurotransmitter that they secrete

The receptor that they interact with

21. Which of the following is the fastest method of communication?

Hormonal

Neurotransmitter

Paracrine

Autocrine

22. MAO-B's are inhibited by

Clorgyline

Deprenyl

Glycine

Deprenol

23. Schizophrenia is caused by excess

Serotonin

Dopamine

Acetycholine

Norepinephrine

Epinephrine

24. The metabolism of GABA requires

Vit B1

Vit B2

Vitb3

Vit B6

25. In which gland is serotonin converted to melatonin?

Thyroid

Parotid

Thymus

Adrenal

Pineal

26. What is decarboxylated and requires PLP (vit B6) to form histamine?

Tryptophan

Histadine

Tyrosine

Glutamate

Glycine

27. Neurons that secrete acetycholine are considered as _____________ neurons.

Adrenergic

Cholinergic

Acetycholinergic

Dopaminergic

Sympathetic

28. Serotonin is associated with

GABA receptors

5HT receptors

Sodium ion channels

Potassium ion channels

29. The GABA-b receptors have no receptors for diazepam and valium. They are receptors linked to G-proteins and mediate their effects through

Guanyl cyclase

Adenylate cyclase

Tyrosine kinase

30. Name the disease: Glucocerebrosidase deficiency, glucocerebroside build up, hepatosplenomegaly, crumpled paper inclusion - characteristic macrophage appearance.

Fabry's

Gaucher's

Lysosomal storage disease

Sandhoff's disease

Metachromatic leukodystrophy

31. Is there only one kind of serotonin receptor?

No, there are several types

Yes, there is only one type

32. What is the commited and rate limiting step in catecholamine biosynthesis?

Dopamine B-hydroxylase

Tyrosine hydroxylase

Reductase

Phenyletholamine N- methyltransferase

33. Which of the following is a serotonin analogue?

GABA

Barbiturates

LSD

Marijuana

Nicotine

34. What is the main biosynthetic enzyme for acetylcholine?

Cholinase

Acetyl-acetyl transferase

Choline acetyl transferase

Acetylase

35. Nitric oxide is generated from the following amino acid.

Serine

Cysteine

Arginine

Proline

Histadine

36. Which of the following is used to treat early Parkinson's disease?

Dopamine

Serotonin

Glutamate

Deprenyl - a mono amine oxidase inhibitor

37. Serotonin is synthesized from the following amino acids?

Tyrosine

Tryptophan

Glycine

Glutamate

Serine

38. Inside the CNS are the receptors mostly nicotinic or muscarinic?

Nicotinic

Muscarinic

39. A ___ % decrease of dopamine occurs before the onset of symptoms of parkinson's disease. They have shuflling gait, tremor, rigidity and weakness.

25%

50%

70%

88%

100%

40. What is the difference between a nor-adrenergic neuron and an adrenergic neuron?

Reductase

Phenylehtonalamine -N - methyltransferase

Dopamine B-hydroxylase

41. MAO-A is inhibited by

Glutamine

Glycine

Dopamine

Clorgyline

42. Urine VMA is used diagnostically to detect

Alzheimers

Huntington's chorea

Pheochromocytoma

Schizophrenia

43. Which receptor has been postulated to play a role in learning and memory?

NMDA receptors

Glutamate receptors

Glycine receptors

Serotonin receptors

44. What is exchanged for acetycholine in acetycholine vesicle loading?

Potassium

Proton

Sodium

Chloride

45. Is GABA broken down in the cleft and taken back up into the presynaptic neuron.

Yes

No

It is taken up by the glial cells. The synthesis of GABA is a two cell activity.

Explanation

It is taken up by the glial cells. The synthesis of GABA is a two cell activity.

46. What test would you order to check for norepi metabolism in the brain?

Methyl-4-hydroxyphenylglycoaldehyde - CSF

VMA- urine

HVA-urine

Deprenyl-blood

47. What ion channels are associated with GABA -A receptors in the CNS

Pottasium

Chloride

Sodium

Calcium

48. To detect high dopamine levels what test would you choose from the following. Mono amine oxidase inhibitors are involved in the catabolic process?

Vanilllmethyltransferase

HVA - Homovanillate

Methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycoaldehyde

Urine vanillilmandate

49. Norepi is catabolised to ___________ in the periphery.

VMA - vanillylmandate

HVA

Methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycoaldehyde

50. Name the disease: Spingomyelinase deficiency, sphingomyelin build up in Red blood cells, Hepatosplenomegaly, characteristic foamy appearance of RBCs. Zebra bodies inclusion diseases, microcephaly - Name the disease.

Niemann Picks

Gauchers

Fabry's

Leukodystrophy

51. What is the principal neurotransmitter for the sympathetic nervous system?

Acetycholine

Serotonin

Dopamine

Acetycholine

Norepinephrine

52. Dopa can be decarboxylated and hydrolyzed to form

Epinephrine

Norepinephrin

Carbidopa

53. If you simply decarboxylate dopa you make

Epi

Dopamine

Norepi

Carbidopa

54. What structure is responsible for retaking the vesicle from the membrane after acetylcholine has been offloaded?

Exocytosis

Endocytosis

Clathrin coated pits

Fusion

Budding

55. Histamine decarboxylase requires

VIt A

Vit B12

PLP-Vit B6

Vit C- ascorbic acid

Vit E

56. Blood group antigens are made up of

Tryglicerides

Sphingolipids

Sphingomyelin

Lipo poly polysaccharide

They serve for cell cell recognition. They also are oncogenic, are surface markers & confer rigidity to the cell membrane.

Explanation

They serve for cell cell recognition. They also are oncogenic, are surface markers & confer rigidity to the cell membrane.

57. What is the inhibitory ligand binding neurotramsmitter in the spinal cord and brain stem?

Glycine

GABA

Glutamate

Serotonin

58. Opiod products are cleavage products of 3 different genes. These include POMC and and _ . check the two that apply.

Enkephalins

Prostaglandins

Dynorphins

Pro-morphins

Di-enkephalins

Submit

59. What does the acetycholine bind to on acetycholinesterase?

To a cysteine residue

To a serine residue

It does not bind to the ezyme

60. Enkephalins are synthesized in the peripheral nervous tissue, gut, adrenals and and CNS. In which part of the body do you principally find enkephalins?

CNS

PNS

Gut

Adrenal medulla

Pancreas

61. When serotonin is acting as a modulatory neurotransmitter what is phosphorylated?

A kinase enzyme

A pottasium channel

A sodium channel

A chloride channel

Adenylate cyclase

serotonin is secreted from the modulatory neuron, attaches to the presynaptic receptor which undergoes a conformational change. Adenylate cyclase is used to generate cAMP which activates a protein kinase which then phosphorylates a pottasium channel.

Explanation

serotonin is secreted from the modulatory neuron, attaches to the presynaptic receptor which undergoes a conformational change. Adenylate cyclase is used to generate cAMP which activates a protein kinase which then phosphorylates a pottasium channel.

62. Mono amine oxidase A works specifically on: check the two that apply

Norepi

Epi

Serotonin

Dopamine

Carbidopa

Submit

63. The nicotinic acetylcholine receptor is a(n)

Ligand binding channel

Ion channel

Voltage gated channel

64. Serotonin affects the hyperpolarizing or depolarizing ability of the cell?

Hyperpolarizing

Depolarizing

Hyperpolarizing the cell will lead to sustained depolarizing as potassium cannot influx back so that sodium can leave the cell.

Explanation

Hyperpolarizing the cell will lead to sustained depolarizing as potassium cannot influx back so that sodium can leave the cell.

65. How is the acetic acid released from acetycholinesterase?

By hydroxylation of the enzyme

By deacetylating the enzyme

By hydroxylating the acetic acid

By acetylation of the enzyme

66. Genetic expression of what enzyme determines an individual's blood type?

Galactyl transferase

Glycosyl transferase

Acetyl transferase

Methyl transferase

67. Tricyclic antidepressants inhibit the reuptake of & . check all that apply.

Serotonin

Dopamine

Norepinephrine

Epinephrine

Acetylcholine

Submit

68. Serotonin termination: Serotonin is taken up by a ______ dependant antiport.

Calcium

Chloride

Pottasium

Sodium

69. Mono amine oxidase inhibors are used to trreat mental depression. They increase the levels of the following neurotransmitters. Check all that apply.

Dopamine

Serotonin

Catecholamines

Glutamate

Acetycholine

Submit

70. NMDA receptors require both glutamate and glycine to be bound. In addition it is a _ and _ ligand gated channel. Check the two that apply.

Sodium

Pottasium

Calcium

Chloride

Submit

71. GABA is associated with

A receptors

B receptors

C receptors

72. What does the muscarinic receptor in the CNS activate?

Sodium ion channels

Potassium ion channels

Calcium ion channels

Chloride ion channels

73. MAO-B works specifically on which two neurotransmitters?

N-Methylhistamine

Acetylcholine

Dopamine

Serotonin

Epinephrine

Submit

74. POMC is an opiod precursor that is processed by proteolysis to yield ACTH-B-LPH which is further processed to yield: check all that apply.

ACTH

MELANOCYTE STIMULATING HORMONE

B-ENDORPHIN

ENDOTHELIAL DERIVED RELAXING FACTOR

MELATONNIN

Submit

75. Increasing the following neurotransmitters will assist a patient with huntington's chorea.

GABA

Acetycholine

Serotonin

Dopamine

Norepi

There may actually be an increase in dopamine in these patients.

Explanation

There may actually be an increase in dopamine in these patients.

Submit

76. Which of the following potentiates the effects of GABA-a causing increased relaxation

Diazepam

Valium

Serotonin

Haldol

Submit

77. How is histamine catabolized? check all that apply.

Reuptake to presynaptic neuron

Metabolic inactivation

Post synaptic histamine N-methyltransferase in the brain

Coverted to imidazole acetate in the periphery

Submit

Biochemistry Basics (Msq Drill 270)

1. Are modulatory synapses inhibitory or stimulatory or both?

2.

What first name or nickname would you like us to use?

2. Do psychoactive drugs affect serotonin metabolism?

3. Can retrograde signalling affect neurotransmitter release of the pre-synaptic cell?

4. What is the enzyme that breaks down acetylcholine?

5. Deficiencies in the nigrostriatal tract lead to parkinsoniasm. What is the neurotransmitter invoved?

6. Which synapses are more common?

7. What is the chief inhibitory neurotransmitter in the spinal cord?

8. Serotonin is an ________ neuron as the closure of potassium channels will lead to sustained depolarization as calcium is able to continue influxing - this results in increased neurotransmitter release.

9. Excitatory receptors usually result in hyper or depolarization?

10. 5 hydroxytriptophane is

11. Name the disease: Hexose aminodase A gene, Ashkanowzi jews, Ganglioside builds up, blindness, cherry red spots in the macula, autosommal recessive, seizures, Fatal - Name the disease.

12. Is the synaptic cleft filled with sodium only?

13. If you methylate norepinephrine you synthesize

14. Is all the acetycholinesterase in the synaptic cleft attached to the post synaptic membrane?

15. Diisofluorophosphatase (DFP) AKA suicide substrate and an alkylating agent that is found in mustard gas are potent inhibitors of

16. What is the chief inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain?

17. Does dopamine or L dopa cross the blood brain barrier?

18. What is the chief excitatory neurotransmitter in the CNS?

19. The activity of melatonin, a derivative of serotonin is higher in concentration at what time of the day?

20. Neurons are classified according to the

21. Which of the following is the fastest method of communication?

22. MAO-B's are inhibited by

23. Schizophrenia is caused by excess

24. The metabolism of GABA requires

25. In which gland is serotonin converted to melatonin?

26. What is decarboxylated and requires PLP (vit B6) to form histamine?

27. Neurons that secrete acetycholine are considered as _____________ neurons.

28. Serotonin is associated with

29. The GABA-b receptors have no receptors for diazepam and valium. They are receptors linked to G-proteins and mediate their effects through

30. Name the disease: Glucocerebrosidase deficiency, glucocerebroside build up, hepatosplenomegaly, crumpled paper inclusion - characteristic macrophage appearance.

31. Is there only one kind of serotonin receptor?

32. What is the commited and rate limiting step in catecholamine biosynthesis?

33. Which of the following is a serotonin analogue?

34. What is the main biosynthetic enzyme for acetylcholine?

35. Nitric oxide is generated from the following amino acid.

36. Which of the following is used to treat early Parkinson's disease?

37. Serotonin is synthesized from the following amino acids?

38. Inside the CNS are the receptors mostly nicotinic or muscarinic?

39. A ___ % decrease of dopamine occurs before the onset of symptoms of parkinson's disease. They have shuflling gait, tremor, rigidity and weakness.

40. What is the difference between a nor-adrenergic neuron and an adrenergic neuron?

41. MAO-A is inhibited by

42. Urine VMA is used diagnostically to detect

43. Which receptor has been postulated to play a role in learning and memory?

44. What is exchanged for acetycholine in acetycholine vesicle loading?

45. Is GABA broken down in the cleft and taken back up into the presynaptic neuron.

46. What test would you order to check for norepi metabolism in the brain?

47. What ion channels are associated with GABA -A receptors in the CNS

48. To detect high dopamine levels what test would you choose from the following. Mono amine oxidase inhibitors are involved in the catabolic process?

49. Norepi is catabolised to ___________ in the periphery.

50. Name the disease: Spingomyelinase deficiency, sphingomyelin build up in Red blood cells, Hepatosplenomegaly, characteristic foamy appearance of RBCs. Zebra bodies inclusion diseases, microcephaly - Name the disease.

51. What is the principal neurotransmitter for the sympathetic nervous system?

52. Dopa can be decarboxylated and hydrolyzed to form

53. If you simply decarboxylate dopa you make

54. What structure is responsible for retaking the vesicle from the membrane after acetylcholine has been offloaded?

55. Histamine decarboxylase requires

56. Blood group antigens are made up of

57. What is the inhibitory ligand binding neurotramsmitter in the spinal cord and brain stem?

58. Opiod products are cleavage products of 3 different genes. These include POMC and ______ and _______ . check the two that apply.

59. What does the acetycholine bind to on acetycholinesterase?

60. Enkephalins are synthesized in the peripheral nervous tissue, gut, adrenals and and CNS. In which part of the body do you principally find enkephalins?

61. When serotonin is acting as a modulatory neurotransmitter what is phosphorylated?

62. Mono amine oxidase A works specifically on: check the two that apply

63. The nicotinic acetylcholine receptor is a(n)

64. Serotonin affects the hyperpolarizing or depolarizing ability of the cell?

65. How is the acetic acid released from acetycholinesterase?

66. Genetic expression of what enzyme determines an individual's blood type?

67. Tricyclic antidepressants inhibit the reuptake of ______ & ______. check all that apply.

68. Serotonin termination: Serotonin is taken up by a ______ dependant antiport.

69. Mono amine oxidase inhibors are used to trreat mental depression. They increase the levels of the following neurotransmitters. Check all that apply.

70. NMDA receptors require both glutamate and glycine to be bound. In addition it is a _____ and _____ ligand gated channel. Check the two that apply.

71. GABA is associated with

72. What does the muscarinic receptor in the CNS activate?

73. MAO-B works specifically on which two neurotransmitters?

74. POMC is an opiod precursor that is processed by proteolysis to yield ACTH-B-LPH which is further processed to yield: check all that apply.

75. Increasing the following neurotransmitters will assist a patient with huntington's chorea.

76. Which of the following potentiates the effects of GABA-a causing increased relaxation

77. How is histamine catabolized? check all that apply.

58. Opiod products are cleavage products of 3 different genes. These include POMC and and _ . check the two that apply.

67. Tricyclic antidepressants inhibit the reuptake of & . check all that apply.

70. NMDA receptors require both glutamate and glycine to be bound. In addition it is a _ and _ ligand gated channel. Check the two that apply.