The Persian Immortals were an elite group of soldiers in the Persian army, known for their skill and discipline. However, they were not specifically known for fighting in a phalanx formation. On the other hand, Greek hoplites were infantry soldiers who fought in a tightly-packed formation called a phalanx. This formation allowed them to create a wall of shields and spears, providing excellent protection and making it difficult for enemies to break through. Therefore, the answer "Greek hoplites in a phalanx" is the correct choice as it accurately describes a specific military tactic used by the Greeks.

The correct answer is Militiades, Themistocles, Leonidas, Pausanias. This answer is correct because it lists the names of four Greek leaders: Militiades, Themistocles, Leonidas, and Pausanias. The other options either include additional names that are not mentioned in the question or include names that are not Greek leaders.

The Persians won at Thermopylae because the Spartans were surrounded when a Greek traitor told the Persians of a mountain pass. This allowed the Persians to outflank the Greek force and trap them, leading to their defeat.

The Athenian navy was a strength because its sailors were paid and well trained. This means that the navy had a motivated and skilled workforce, which would have given them an advantage in naval warfare. Having well-paid sailors also indicates that Athens valued and invested in their navy, further contributing to its strength. A strong navy would have allowed Athens to protect its interests, project power, and maintain control over trade routes and territories.

The marathon was significant for the Greeks because it was a moral victory for Athenian democracy. It made them realize that the Persians were no longer unbeatable. However, in their optimism, they underestimated the future danger that the Persians still posed to them.

The correct answer is Darius, Xerxes, Mardonius. This answer is correct because Darius, Xerxes, and Mardonius were all Persian leaders. Themistocles, Herodotus, Leonidas, and Aeschylus were not Persian leaders.

The correct order of the battles in the Persian Wars is Marathon, Thermopylae, Artemisium, Salamis, Plataea, Mycale. This is the chronological sequence of the battles as they occurred during the Persian Wars. The Battle of Marathon was the first major battle, followed by the Battle of Thermopylae, then the Battle of Artemisium. The Battle of Salamis came next, followed by the Battle of Plataea and finally the Battle of Mycale. This order represents the historical progression of the battles in the Persian Wars.

The correct answer is that the Greeks had bronze shields, helmets, greaves, and fought as a disciplined phalanx. This answer highlights the key differences between Greek hoplites and Persian soldiers. The use of bronze shields, helmets, and greaves suggests that the Greeks had superior armor compared to the Persians. Additionally, the mention of a disciplined phalanx indicates that the Greeks fought in a tightly organized formation, which allowed them to effectively coordinate their attacks and defend against enemy forces.

Themistocles was important in the battle of Salamis because he realized that fighting in the narrows would give an advantage to the smaller Greek fleet. To exploit this, he devised a strategy to lure the Persians into the narrows by sending his slave to the Persians, claiming that the Greeks were retreating. This deception allowed the Greeks to surround the Persians and ultimately secure victory.

The battle of Artemisium was indecisive because both the Persian and Greek fleets suffered significant losses. While a storm destroyed much of the Persian fleet, the Greeks also suffered severe damage. Additionally, when the Greeks received news of their defeat at Thermopylae, they decided to withdraw. This combination of factors led to an inconclusive outcome for the battle.

The correct answer suggests that the Spartan contribution at Thermopylae was significant because it held up the Persian forces. However, it also criticizes the Spartan government for being slow to mobilize its forces. This implies that while the Spartans played a crucial role in delaying the Persians, their delayed response could have potentially been a weakness in their overall strategy.

The Greeks were able to defeat the Persians partly because they had superior armor. This armor was not only made of bronze, but it was also better and stronger than what the Persians had. The Greeks' superior armor provided them with better protection and allowed them to withstand the Persian attacks, ultimately contributing to their victory.

The Persian preparations included recruiting a massive army and navy, cutting off the Athos canal, bridging the Hellespont, and setting up supply depots. These actions were necessary for the Persians to ensure they had a sufficient military force and the means to sustain it during their campaign. Recruiting a large army and navy would provide them with the manpower and naval power needed for their operations. Cutting off the Athos canal would prevent any potential threats from that direction. Bridging the Hellespont would allow them to easily cross into Greece. Setting up supply depots would ensure a steady and reliable source of provisions for their forces.

The second invasion by Persia took place in 480-479 BC. This was during the Greco-Persian Wars, specifically in the context of the Battle of Thermopylae and the Battle of Salamis. The Persian Empire, under the rule of King Xerxes I, attempted to conquer Greece. However, they were ultimately defeated by the Greek city-states, led by Athens and Sparta. These battles marked a significant turning point in the war and showcased the resilience and military prowess of the Greeks.

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The Athenians and Plataeans won at Marathon because they used a combination of tactics. Firstly, the Persian cavalry was not used, which allowed the Greeks to engage in close combat without the threat of arrows. Additionally, the Greeks employed a strategic maneuver by weakening the middle and strengthening the wings of their formation. This tactic enabled them to surround the Persians, making it difficult for them to defend themselves effectively. Therefore, both b and c are correct explanations for the victory at Marathon.

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Plataea is considered the best example of Greek unity because it involved approximately 23 states coming together and taking an oath to defeat the Persians. Despite facing extreme difficulties, the Greeks were able to overcome these challenges and emerge victorious. This battle showcased the strength and solidarity of the Greek states, highlighting their ability to unite and work together towards a common goal.

Mardonius proved to be a very capable Persian leader by utilizing his cavalry to harass the Greeks. He strategically captured their food wagons, depriving them of sustenance, and also fouled their last supply of water. This tactic weakened the Greeks and put them at a disadvantage, showcasing Mardonius' effective leadership skills and military strategy.

Both c and d are correct. The Ionian revolt was significant because the help given to the Ionians by Athens angered Darius, the Persian king. This anger ultimately led to the Persian Wars between the Greeks and the Persians. Additionally, Miltiades, an Athenian general, gained knowledge of Persian military tactics during the revolt, which later proved crucial in the Greek victory at the Battle of Marathon. Therefore, both the anger of Darius and Miltiades' acquisition of knowledge were important outcomes of the Ionian revolt.

The correct answer is the Greeks pursued the Persians after discovering the Persian fleet was in a poor state. This suggests that the Greeks took advantage of the weakened state of the Persian fleet to launch an offensive battle.

The correct answer is that 31 Greek states agreed that Sparta would have overall command, all feuds would end, and medisers were to face trial. This means that Sparta was given the authority to lead the Greek states, all conflicts between the states would be resolved, and those who had collaborated with Persia (medisers) would be held accountable for their actions.

The personalities of the battle of Plataea were Mardonius and the cavalry leader Masistius on the Persian side, and the Spartan Pausanias on the Greek side.

The correct answer suggests that the sea was filled with wreckage and dead bodies. This implies that the battle of Salamis was intense and resulted in heavy casualties for both sides. The imagery of the sea being "hidden" with wreckage and dead men highlights the scale of the destruction and loss of life during the battle.

The Troezen Inscription suggests that Themistocles was the most far-sighted statesman of his time. It also suggests that the evacuation of Athens was a carefully thought out plan of campaign which was begun before Thermopylae. Both of these statements are supported by the evidence found in the inscription.