Test Z První Pomoci - Všeobecný

1. Při opakovaných průjmech:

podáváme pouze dietní stravu, živočišné uhlí a neslazené tekutiny, pokud se stav neupraví do 24 hodin, vyhledáme lékaře.

vyvoláme zvracení, nedáváme nic jíst ani pít, vyhledáme lékaře.

nařídíme dietní stravu, doplněnou menšími dávkami alkoholu a ovocné šťávy a při horečce navíc jakákoliv antibiotika.

In case of repeated diarrhea, the recommended course of action is to provide only a diet consisting of easily digestible foods, animal charcoal, and unsweetened fluids. If the condition does not improve within 24 hours, it is advised to seek medical attention. This approach helps to reduce the workload on the digestive system and prevent further irritation, while also ensuring that the body stays hydrated. Seeking medical advice is crucial if the symptoms persist, as it may indicate an underlying condition that requires professional intervention.

Explanation

In case of repeated diarrhea, the recommended course of action is to provide only a diet consisting of easily digestible foods, animal charcoal, and unsweetened fluids. If the condition does not improve within 24 hours, it is advised to seek medical attention. This approach helps to reduce the workload on the digestive system and prevent further irritation, while also ensuring that the body stays hydrated. Seeking medical advice is crucial if the symptoms persist, as it may indicate an underlying condition that requires professional intervention.

2. Postižený včera večer upadl, uhodil se do hlavy, dnes ráno je nápadně ospalý, při pokusu o komunikaci zmatený, zvrací. Odbornou lékařskou pomoc:

je zbytečné volat, do 24 hodin se stav zpravidla upraví sám.

lékařskou pomoc voláme až podle toho, jak se rozhodne postižený.

vždy je nutné vyhledat lékařskou pomoc (případně zavolat záchrannou službu).

The correct answer is "vždy je nutné vyhledat lékařskou pomoc (případně zavolat záchrannou službu)." This is because the person experienced a head injury, confusion, vomiting, and excessive sleepiness, which are all concerning symptoms. It is important to seek medical help in such cases to ensure proper evaluation and treatment, as these symptoms could indicate a more serious underlying condition.

Explanation

The correct answer is "vždy je nutné vyhledat lékařskou pomoc (případně zavolat záchrannou službu)." This is because the person experienced a head injury, confusion, vomiting, and excessive sleepiness, which are all concerning symptoms. It is important to seek medical help in such cases to ensure proper evaluation and treatment, as these symptoms could indicate a more serious underlying condition.

3. Prst popálený o horká kamna ošetříme:

přiložením obvazu a pokud se později vytvoří puchýř, propíchneme jej, odstřihneme a ošetříme dezinfekcí.

potřením jakoukoliv mastí (v nouzi i zubní pastou), pak prst obvážeme sterilním obvazem.

několikaminutovým chlazením čistou vodou. Zpravidla není třeba dalšího ošetření. Pokud se později vytvoří puchýř, nepropichujeme jej.

The correct answer suggests that in the event of a burn, the best course of action is to cool the affected area with clean water for several minutes. Usually, no further treatment is necessary. If a blister forms later, it is advised not to puncture it. This explanation provides a clear and concise summary of the correct answer without including the "The correct answer is" statement.

Explanation

The correct answer suggests that in the event of a burn, the best course of action is to cool the affected area with clean water for several minutes. Usually, no further treatment is necessary. If a blister forms later, it is advised not to puncture it. This explanation provides a clear and concise summary of the correct answer without including the "The correct answer is" statement.

4. Resuscitace (oživování) je:

postup sloužící pro dočasnou náhradu a případné obnovení životních funkcí (oběhu a dýchání).

postup sloužící k omezení následků šoku.

latinský ekvivalent termínu „první pomoc“.

Resuscitace (oživování) je postup, který se používá k dočasné náhradě a případnému obnovení životních funkcí, jako je oběh krve a dýchání. Tento postup se provádí při selhání těchto funkcí a je klíčovým prvkem první pomoci při záchraně života.

Explanation

Resuscitace (oživování) je postup, který se používá k dočasné náhradě a případnému obnovení životních funkcí, jako je oběh krve a dýchání. Tento postup se provádí při selhání těchto funkcí a je klíčovým prvkem první pomoci při záchraně života.

5. Postiženému, který jedl za chůze, zaskočilo sousto a nyní se v předklonu drží za hrdlo, zjevně se dusí. Ani opakovaný úder – „herda“ - mezi lopatky nepomáhá. Další možností, jak se pokusit vypudit cizí těleso z dýchacích cest, je:

Heimlichův manévr, neboli prudké stisknutí nadbřišku směrem dozadu a nahoru osobou stojící za postiženým.

prekordiální úder, neboli prudký úder pěstí na střed hrudní kosti.

vypuzovací poloha neboli poloha na zádech s nohama zvednutýma co nejvýše nahoru.

Heimlichův manévr je správnou volbou, protože se jedná o metodu první pomoci při udušení cizím tělesem. Stisknutí nadbřišku směrem dozadu a nahoru pomáhá vytvořit tlak, který může vypudit cizí těleso z dýchacích cest a umožnit postiženému opět volně dýchat.

Explanation

Heimlichův manévr je správnou volbou, protože se jedná o metodu první pomoci při udušení cizím tělesem. Stisknutí nadbřišku směrem dozadu a nahoru pomáhá vytvořit tlak, který může vypudit cizí těleso z dýchacích cest a umožnit postiženému opět volně dýchat.

6. Asi desetileté dítě bodla vosa do nohy. V rámci první pomoci:

postižené místo co nejrychleji vysajeme ústy a potřeme jakoukoliv mastí, dítě dopravíme k lékaři.

The correct answer suggests that the first aid response to a child being stung by a wasp on the leg is to cool the affected area with cold water or apply cold compresses. If available, antiallergic medication should be given by chewing a tablet or applying an antiallergic gel. If the child does not experience any further symptoms within the next 30 minutes, no further action is necessary. This response provides immediate relief and addresses potential allergic reactions.

Explanation

The correct answer suggests that the first aid response to a child being stung by a wasp on the leg is to cool the affected area with cold water or apply cold compresses. If available, antiallergic medication should be given by chewing a tablet or applying an antiallergic gel. If the child does not experience any further symptoms within the next 30 minutes, no further action is necessary. This response provides immediate relief and addresses potential allergic reactions.

7. Při tepenném krvácení:

vystřikuje jasně červená krev.

volně vytéká temně červená krev.

volně vytéká jasně červená krev.

The correct answer is "vystřikuje jasně červená krev." This is because arterial bleeding, which is a type of arterial bleeding, typically results in bright red blood spurting or squirting out of the wound. This is due to the high pressure in the arteries. Venous bleeding, on the other hand, usually results in dark red blood flowing freely from the wound.

Explanation

The correct answer is "vystřikuje jasně červená krev." This is because arterial bleeding, which is a type of arterial bleeding, typically results in bright red blood spurting or squirting out of the wound. This is due to the high pressure in the arteries. Venous bleeding, on the other hand, usually results in dark red blood flowing freely from the wound.

8. Postižený se napil limonády v níž byla vosa a dostal žihadlo do kořene jazyka. Po zavolání záchranné služby v rámci první pomoci:

vyvoláme zvracení (aby nedošlo ještě k dalšímu bodnutí v žaludku, které bývá smrtelné), podáváme ledově chlazené alkoholické nápoje.

The correct answer is to administer any antiallergic medications if available (1-2 tablets to chew and drink with a sip of cold water), apply cold compresses to the neck, sit the affected person calmly, continuously monitor their consciousness and breathing. This is the appropriate response in case of a person being stung by a wasp in the root of their tongue after drinking a soda. It focuses on providing immediate relief for the allergic reaction caused by the sting, ensuring the person's comfort and safety, and monitoring their vital signs.

Explanation

The correct answer is to administer any antiallergic medications if available (1-2 tablets to chew and drink with a sip of cold water), apply cold compresses to the neck, sit the affected person calmly, continuously monitor their consciousness and breathing. This is the appropriate response in case of a person being stung by a wasp in the root of their tongue after drinking a soda. It focuses on providing immediate relief for the allergic reaction caused by the sting, ensuring the person's comfort and safety, and monitoring their vital signs.

9. Předloktí popálené vroucí vodou je před příjezdem záchranné služby nejlépe ošetřit:

protišokovými opatřeními, zejména udržením postiženého místa v teple (např. krytím několika vrstvami sterilního obvazu).

potřením jakoukoliv mastí, v nouzi i zubní pastou.

několikaminutovým chlazením čistou vodou.

The correct answer is to cool the burnt forearm with clean water for several minutes. This is the best initial treatment for a burn caused by hot water before the arrival of emergency services. Cooling the burn with water helps to reduce pain, prevent further tissue damage, and minimize the severity of the burn. It is important to use clean water to avoid infection. Other options mentioned, such as applying any ointment or toothpaste, or using multiple layers of sterile dressing, are not recommended as they may not provide the necessary cooling effect and can potentially worsen the burn.

Explanation

The correct answer is to cool the burnt forearm with clean water for several minutes. This is the best initial treatment for a burn caused by hot water before the arrival of emergency services. Cooling the burn with water helps to reduce pain, prevent further tissue damage, and minimize the severity of the burn. It is important to use clean water to avoid infection. Other options mentioned, such as applying any ointment or toothpaste, or using multiple layers of sterile dressing, are not recommended as they may not provide the necessary cooling effect and can potentially worsen the burn.

10. Postižený během sportování ucítil svíravou, pálivou bolest za hrudní kostí, opotil se, zvracel. Jako svědci příhody:

počkáme 30 – 60 minut, a pokud se stav neupraví, odvezeme postiženého k praktickému lékaři.

ihned voláme záchrannou službu, do jejího příjezdu postiženého pečlivě sledujeme, zda komunikuje a dýchá.

Based on the symptoms described (tight, burning pain behind the sternum, sweating, vomiting), it is likely that the person is experiencing a heart attack. In such cases, immediate medical attention is crucial. Calling emergency services (záchranná služba) is the correct course of action, and while waiting for their arrival, it is important to closely monitor the person's ability to communicate and breathe. This answer prioritizes the urgency of the situation and the need for professional medical help.

Explanation

Based on the symptoms described (tight, burning pain behind the sternum, sweating, vomiting), it is likely that the person is experiencing a heart attack. In such cases, immediate medical attention is crucial. Calling emergency services (záchranná služba) is the correct course of action, and while waiting for their arrival, it is important to closely monitor the person's ability to communicate and breathe. This answer prioritizes the urgency of the situation and the need for professional medical help.

11. Při krvácení z nosu:

umístíme postiženého do polohy vsedě, zakloníme hlavu, podáme větší množství horkých tekutin.

In case of nosebleed, the correct procedure is to have the affected person sit down with their head slightly tilted forward, apply pressure to the nostrils, and place cold compresses on the back of the neck. If the bleeding does not stop within approximately 30 minutes, the person should be taken to a doctor or emergency medical services should be called. This approach helps to control the bleeding and ensures that the person receives appropriate medical attention if necessary.

Explanation

In case of nosebleed, the correct procedure is to have the affected person sit down with their head slightly tilted forward, apply pressure to the nostrils, and place cold compresses on the back of the neck. If the bleeding does not stop within approximately 30 minutes, the person should be taken to a doctor or emergency medical services should be called. This approach helps to control the bleeding and ensures that the person receives appropriate medical attention if necessary.

12. Před voláním tísňové linky je nejpodstanější vědět:

kde se nacházíme.

jaká je diagnóza postiženého.

jaká je pojišťovna postiženého.

Before calling the emergency line, it is most important to know where we are. Knowing our location is crucial for the emergency services to reach us quickly and provide the necessary help.

Explanation

Before calling the emergency line, it is most important to know where we are. Knowing our location is crucial for the emergency services to reach us quickly and provide the necessary help.

13. Postižený po nehodě je při vědomí, stěžuje si na potíže s dýcháním, bolest břicha a krutou bolest nohy, která je v bérci ohnutá v nepřirozeném úhlu. Sedí opřený o strom. Nejvýznamnějším výkonem první pomoci bude v tuto chvíli:

přikrytí dekou nebo bundou k udržení tělesné teploty.

opatrné narovnání a zadlahování postižené končetiny.

podání několika doušků alkoholu.

The most important first aid action in this situation would be to cover the injured person with a blanket or coat to maintain body temperature. The person is conscious and complaining of difficulty breathing, abdominal pain, and severe pain in the leg, which is bent at an unnatural angle. Sitting against a tree indicates that the person is stable and not in immediate danger. However, covering them with a blanket or coat is crucial to prevent hypothermia and maintain their body temperature.

Explanation

The most important first aid action in this situation would be to cover the injured person with a blanket or coat to maintain body temperature. The person is conscious and complaining of difficulty breathing, abdominal pain, and severe pain in the leg, which is bent at an unnatural angle. Sitting against a tree indicates that the person is stable and not in immediate danger. However, covering them with a blanket or coat is crucial to prevent hypothermia and maintain their body temperature.

14. Postižený trochu „přebral“, obtížně drží stabilitu a „podlamují“ se mu nohy. Kamarádi jej dopravili domů pod dohled rodiny. Zde by měl být uložen pokud možno:

do polohy na zádech, aby bylo možné dobře sledovat stav dýchání.

do polohy vsedě (např. do kouta místnosti), protože v této poloze se bude postiženému nejlépe dýchat.

The correct answer is to place the person in a side-lying position with the head turned towards the ground (the "recovery position"), as this position reduces the risk of inhaling vomit, which is high in this case.

Explanation

The correct answer is to place the person in a side-lying position with the head turned towards the ground (the "recovery position"), as this position reduces the risk of inhaling vomit, which is high in this case.

15. Sousedka křičí o pomoc - chvilku nechala roční dítě bez dozoru a nyní je nalezla na zemi s pytlíkem buráků, promodralé, nedýchající. Záchranka už je na cestě. První krok první pomoci bude:

zahájení nepřímé masáže srdce - dvěma prsty uprostřed hrudníku.

dítě zabalíme do deky abychom zabránili prochladnutí a utíkáme na ulici v ústrety záchranářům.

položíme dítě na předloktí bříškem dolů, dlaní podepřeme hlavu a opakovaně je energicky poplácáme po zádíčkách.

The correct answer is to place the child on the forearm with their abdomen facing down, support their head with the hand, and repeatedly pat their back energetically. This is the correct first step in providing first aid for a choking infant. Placing the child in this position helps to clear the airway by using gravity and the force of the pats on the back to dislodge the obstruction.

Explanation

The correct answer is to place the child on the forearm with their abdomen facing down, support their head with the hand, and repeatedly pat their back energetically. This is the correct first step in providing first aid for a choking infant. Placing the child in this position helps to clear the airway by using gravity and the force of the pats on the back to dislodge the obstruction.

16. Postižený nešťastnou náhodou upadl na ostrý předmět a způsobil si hlubokou řeznou ránu na ruce. Z rány v pravidelných intervalech vystřikuje proud krve. V rámci první pomoci:

zaškrtíme končetinu těsně nad ránou (v zápěstí) a pokud krvácení stále trvá, přiložíme ještě tlakový obvaz přímo na ránu.

In this scenario, the person has a deep cut on their hand that is causing a steady flow of blood. The correct answer suggests that the first step is to immediately apply pressure to the wound with fingers to help stop the bleeding. Then, a pressure bandage should be applied, potentially using multiple layers, to further control the bleeding. If the bleeding continues, the next step is to use a tourniquet to constrict the blood flow in the area between the elbow and shoulder. This approach ensures that the bleeding is addressed effectively and promptly.

Explanation

In this scenario, the person has a deep cut on their hand that is causing a steady flow of blood. The correct answer suggests that the first step is to immediately apply pressure to the wound with fingers to help stop the bleeding. Then, a pressure bandage should be applied, potentially using multiple layers, to further control the bleeding. If the bleeding continues, the next step is to use a tourniquet to constrict the blood flow in the area between the elbow and shoulder. This approach ensures that the bleeding is addressed effectively and promptly.

17. Nemocný těžkou cukrovkou je nápadně opocený, bledý, komunikuje, ale chová se zmateně až agresivně. V rámci první pomoci:

pokusíme se podat mu jakýkoliv sladký nápoj, čokoládu nebo kostku cukru.

podáme 1-2 cl. alkoholu a větší množství minerálních vod.

podáme nejprve sedativa, a po uklidnění jakékoliv výživné jídlo nebo cukr.

When a person with severe diabetes is sweating excessively, pale, and behaving confused or aggressive, it is likely that they are experiencing hypoglycemia (low blood sugar). In such cases, providing them with a sweet drink, chocolate, or a sugar cube can help quickly raise their blood sugar levels and alleviate their symptoms. This is why the correct answer suggests offering the person any sweet drink, chocolate, or sugar cube as part of first aid.

Explanation

When a person with severe diabetes is sweating excessively, pale, and behaving confused or aggressive, it is likely that they are experiencing hypoglycemia (low blood sugar). In such cases, providing them with a sweet drink, chocolate, or a sugar cube can help quickly raise their blood sugar levels and alleviate their symptoms. This is why the correct answer suggests offering the person any sweet drink, chocolate, or sugar cube as part of first aid.

18. Postižená mladá dívka je nalezena v koupelně, v níž je i plynový ohřívač. Je v bezvědomí, promodralá, chrčivě dýchá. Klíčový krok první pomoci bude:

položení na záda, záklon hlavy a případně zahájení dýchání z plic do plic.

vynesení z koupelny.

posazní do polosedu ke zlepšení dýchání.

The correct answer is to carry the affected young girl out of the bathroom. This is because the question states that she is unconscious, bluish, and breathing with a snoring sound. These symptoms suggest that she may be experiencing a gas poisoning or carbon monoxide poisoning from the gas heater in the bathroom. Therefore, the immediate priority is to remove her from the source of the potential danger, which is the bathroom, to prevent further exposure to the gas and ensure her safety.

Explanation

The correct answer is to carry the affected young girl out of the bathroom. This is because the question states that she is unconscious, bluish, and breathing with a snoring sound. These symptoms suggest that she may be experiencing a gas poisoning or carbon monoxide poisoning from the gas heater in the bathroom. Therefore, the immediate priority is to remove her from the source of the potential danger, which is the bathroom, to prevent further exposure to the gas and ensure her safety.

19. Resuscitaci ukončíme:

pokud začne postižený normálně dýchat.

jakmile se postižený aspoň jednou zřetelně nadechne.

pokud nemůžeme provádět dýchání z plic do plic.

If the person starts breathing normally, resuscitation can be stopped.

Explanation

If the person starts breathing normally, resuscitation can be stopped.

20. Zaškrcení končetiny se používá:

pouze výjimečně, pokud krvácení nelze zvládnout přiložením tlakového obvazu několika vrstvách.

přednostně, pokud jde o krvácení z končetiny.

již se nepoužívá.

Zaškrcení končetiny (tourniquet) se používá pouze výjimečně, pokud krvácení nelze zvládnout přiložením tlakového obvazu několika vrstvách. Tourniquet je metoda pro zastavení krvácení, která se používá v případech, kdy není možné zastavit krvácení jinými prostředky. Použití tourniquetu je omezené, protože může vést k vážným následkům, jako je poškození tkání a dokonce ztráta končetiny. Proto je důležité nejprve vyzkoušet jiné metody, jako je přiložení tlakového obvazu, a použít tourniquet pouze v případě neúspěchu těchto metod.

Explanation

Zaškrcení končetiny (tourniquet) se používá pouze výjimečně, pokud krvácení nelze zvládnout přiložením tlakového obvazu několika vrstvách. Tourniquet je metoda pro zastavení krvácení, která se používá v případech, kdy není možné zastavit krvácení jinými prostředky. Použití tourniquetu je omezené, protože může vést k vážným následkům, jako je poškození tkání a dokonce ztráta končetiny. Proto je důležité nejprve vyzkoušet jiné metody, jako je přiložení tlakového obvazu, a použít tourniquet pouze v případě neúspěchu těchto metod.

21. „Stabilizovanou“ (někdy také „zotavovací“) polohou se rozumí poloha:

na zádech s hlavou v mírném předklonu.

na boku s hlavou otočenou k podložce.

na břiše s hlavou otočenou na stranu.

This answer is correct because the term "stabilizovanou" or "zotavovací" refers to the position in which a person lies on their side with their head turned towards the surface they are lying on. This position is often used in medical settings to promote recovery and prevent complications such as pressure ulcers.

Explanation

This answer is correct because the term "stabilizovanou" or "zotavovací" refers to the position in which a person lies on their side with their head turned towards the surface they are lying on. This position is often used in medical settings to promote recovery and prevent complications such as pressure ulcers.

22. Při broušení zasáhlo postiženého cizí těleso do oka, stěžuje na prudkou bolest. V rámci první pomoci:

postižené oko vypláchneme vodou a překryjeme suchým obvazem a počkáme nejméně 24 hodin, zda se stav nezlepší.

suchým obvazem lehce překryjeme obě oči a transportujeme postiženého k lékaři.

In this situation, the correct answer is to lightly cover both eyes with a dry dressing and transport the affected person to a doctor. This is because the person has a foreign object in their eye and is experiencing severe pain. By covering both eyes, we can protect the affected eye from further irritation or damage during transportation. Seeking medical attention is important as a healthcare professional will have the necessary tools and expertise to safely remove the foreign object and provide appropriate treatment.

Explanation

In this situation, the correct answer is to lightly cover both eyes with a dry dressing and transport the affected person to a doctor. This is because the person has a foreign object in their eye and is experiencing severe pain. By covering both eyes, we can protect the affected eye from further irritation or damage during transportation. Seeking medical attention is important as a healthcare professional will have the necessary tools and expertise to safely remove the foreign object and provide appropriate treatment.

23. Mezi příznaky rozvinutého šoku při vnitřním krvácení patří:

nápadně silná reakce na bolest, křik nebo agitované jednání, hyperaktivita.

bledost, opocení, schvácený výraz, pocit strachu o život, apatie.

zvýšená teplota a nápadně horké ruce.

The given answer lists symptoms that are commonly associated with shock due to internal bleeding. These symptoms include paleness, sweating, a tired expression, a feeling of fear for one's life, and apathy. These symptoms indicate a decrease in blood volume and oxygen supply to the body's tissues, which can occur in cases of internal bleeding. The other options listed in the question, such as a strong reaction to pain or increased temperature and hot hands, are not typically associated with shock due to internal bleeding.

Explanation

The given answer lists symptoms that are commonly associated with shock due to internal bleeding. These symptoms include paleness, sweating, a tired expression, a feeling of fear for one's life, and apathy. These symptoms indicate a decrease in blood volume and oxygen supply to the body's tissues, which can occur in cases of internal bleeding. The other options listed in the question, such as a strong reaction to pain or increased temperature and hot hands, are not typically associated with shock due to internal bleeding.

24. Po příjezdu za samostatně žijící babičkou ji nalezla rodina v posteli, bledou, opocenou, reagující se zpožděním, působící "ospalým" dojmem. Postup:

Ihned přivoláme záchrannou službu.

Podáme velké množství tekutin, záchrannou službu přivoláme, pokud se stav do dvou hodin nezlepší.

Postiženou především se snažíme uklidnit, pokud máme k dispozici, podáme sedativa a anitipyretika (léky proti horečce).

The correct answer is to immediately call the emergency services. The description of the grandmother's condition suggests that she may be experiencing a medical emergency, as she is pale, sweaty, and responding slowly. Calling the emergency services is the most appropriate action to ensure that she receives the necessary medical attention promptly.

Explanation

The correct answer is to immediately call the emergency services. The description of the grandmother's condition suggests that she may be experiencing a medical emergency, as she is pale, sweaty, and responding slowly. Calling the emergency services is the most appropriate action to ensure that she receives the necessary medical attention promptly.

25. Mezi "vypuzovací manévry" NEPATŘÍ

Gordonův manévr (údery plochou dlaní mezi lopatky).

Heimlichův manévr (prudké mačkání nadbřišku postiženého).

Esmarchův manévr (uvedení do stabilizované polohy se záklonem hlavy).

The question asks which maneuver does not belong among the "vypuzovací manévry" (expulsion maneuvers). The first two options, Gordonův manévr and Heimlichův manévr, are both techniques used to expel foreign objects or clear airways in emergency situations. However, Esmarchův manévr is not an expulsion maneuver but rather a technique used to position the patient in a stabilized position with a head tilt. Therefore, Esmarchův manévr is the correct answer as it does not belong to the category of expulsion maneuvers.

Explanation

The question asks which maneuver does not belong among the "vypuzovací manévry" (expulsion maneuvers). The first two options, Gordonův manévr and Heimlichův manévr, are both techniques used to expel foreign objects or clear airways in emergency situations. However, Esmarchův manévr is not an expulsion maneuver but rather a technique used to position the patient in a stabilized position with a head tilt. Therefore, Esmarchův manévr is the correct answer as it does not belong to the category of expulsion maneuvers.

26. Pro kvalitu resuscitace má největší význam:

správný poměr mezi masáží srdce a vdechy z plic do plic.

co nejméně přerušovaná nepřímá masáž srdce, prováděná správnou frekvencí a dostatečně hluboko.

účinné vdechy z úst do úst co největším objemem.

The most important factor for the quality of resuscitation is performing uninterrupted chest compressions with the correct frequency and depth. This means that the rescuer should avoid any unnecessary interruptions in chest compressions, ensuring that they are performed at the appropriate rate and depth. This is crucial for maintaining blood flow to the vital organs and increasing the chances of successful resuscitation.

Explanation

The most important factor for the quality of resuscitation is performing uninterrupted chest compressions with the correct frequency and depth. This means that the rescuer should avoid any unnecessary interruptions in chest compressions, ensuring that they are performed at the appropriate rate and depth. This is crucial for maintaining blood flow to the vital organs and increasing the chances of successful resuscitation.

27. Optimální frekvence kompresí při nepřímé masáži srdce je:

100x za minutu (téměř 2x za vteřinu) u všech postižených.

60x za minutu u dospělých, 80x za minutu u dětí.

libovolná, podstatné je pravidelné střídání s vdechy z plic do plic.

The optimal compression rate for CPR is 100 compressions per minute, which is almost 2 compressions per second. This rate applies to all individuals who require CPR. The explanation suggests that maintaining a regular rhythm of compressions is crucial, and it does not specify any variations based on age or other factors.

Explanation

The optimal compression rate for CPR is 100 compressions per minute, which is almost 2 compressions per second. This rate applies to all individuals who require CPR. The explanation suggests that maintaining a regular rhythm of compressions is crucial, and it does not specify any variations based on age or other factors.

28. Lyžař vylétl ze sjezdovky do lesa, sedí na zemi ve sněhu opřený o strom, je při vědomí, komunikuje, otřesený, bledý, stěžuje si na prudkou bolest v noze, má bolestivě naražená žebra a zjevně zlomenou ruku v lokti. Odborná pomoc je již na cestě. Prioritou laické první pomoci bude:

Fixace zlomenin jako prevence dalších poranění tkání od úlomků kostí.

Zabalení do teplého jako prevence rozvoje šokového stavu.

Uložení na pevnou rovnou plochu jako pevence poškození míchy při úrazu páteře.

The priority of lay first aid in this situation will be to wrap the injured person in something warm to prevent the development of a state of shock. This is because the person is sitting on the ground in the snow, which can lead to hypothermia and exacerbate their condition. By providing warmth, it helps to maintain their body temperature and stabilize their condition until professional help arrives. The other options, such as fixing fractures and placing the person on a flat surface, are important but not the immediate priority in this situation.

Explanation

The priority of lay first aid in this situation will be to wrap the injured person in something warm to prevent the development of a state of shock. This is because the person is sitting on the ground in the snow, which can lead to hypothermia and exacerbate their condition. By providing warmth, it helps to maintain their body temperature and stabilize their condition until professional help arrives. The other options, such as fixing fractures and placing the person on a flat surface, are important but not the immediate priority in this situation.

29. Postižený nešťastnou náhodou šlápl na ostrý předmět a způsobil si hlubokou řeznou ránu nohy. Z rány v pravidelných intervalech vystřikuje proud krve. V rámci první pomoci:

zaškrtíme končetinu v oblasti kotníku nebo bérce a pokud krvácení stále trvá, přiložíme ještě tlakový obvaz přímo na ránu.

ránu ihned stlačíme prsty, přiložíme tlakový obvaz a pokud krvácení stále trvá, zaškrtíme končetinu v oblasti stehna.

zaškrtíme končetinu v oblasti kotníku a pokud krvácení stále trvá, přiložíme další škrtidlo do oblasti bérce.

In case of a deep cut with a continuous stream of blood, the immediate action should be to apply direct pressure on the wound using fingers to stop the bleeding. Then, a pressure bandage should be applied. If the bleeding continues, the next step is to apply a tourniquet above the injury site, in the thigh area. This method helps to control the bleeding effectively and prevent further blood loss.

Explanation

In case of a deep cut with a continuous stream of blood, the immediate action should be to apply direct pressure on the wound using fingers to stop the bleeding. Then, a pressure bandage should be applied. If the bleeding continues, the next step is to apply a tourniquet above the injury site, in the thigh area. This method helps to control the bleeding effectively and prevent further blood loss.

30. Přímé národní tísňové číslo záchranné služby v České republice je:

155

112

158

The correct answer is 155. This is the direct emergency number for the rescue service in the Czech Republic.

Explanation

The correct answer is 155. This is the direct emergency number for the rescue service in the Czech Republic.

31. „Lapavé dechy“ – nádechy v nápadně dlouhých intervalech nebo ojedinělé nadechnutí:

jsou typickou známkou náhlé zástavy oběhu, kdy je potřeba ihned začít s resuscitací (zejména nepřímou masáží srdce).

jsou typickou známkou otravy alkoholem nebo drogami, postiženého je nutné ihned uložit do „stabilizované polohy".

jsou pro dýchání sice nedostatečné, ale znamenají, že krevní oběh je v pořádku.

The given answer suggests that "Lapavé dechy" are a typical sign of sudden circulatory arrest, indicating the immediate need for resuscitation, particularly through indirect heart massage.

Explanation

The given answer suggests that "Lapavé dechy" are a typical sign of sudden circulatory arrest, indicating the immediate need for resuscitation, particularly through indirect heart massage.

32. Během koupání v přehradě najednou kdosi volá o pomoc - ve vodě je člověk v bezvědomí. Po vytažení na břeh nereaguje, nedýchá. Je přivolána záchranka a zahájena neodkladná resucitace. Místo je ale velmi špatně dostupné a příjezd záchranné služby lze očekávat až za několik desítek minut. Kdy je možné ukončit resuscitaci?

po bezvýsledném úsilí trvajícím alespoň 20 minut.

při úplném vyčerpání zachránců.

pokud je postižený prochlazený a nedaří se obnovit tělesnou teplotu.

The correct answer is "při úplném vyčerpání zachránců." This means that resuscitation can be stopped when the rescuers are completely exhausted. Since the arrival of the emergency services is expected to take several tens of minutes due to the difficult accessibility of the location, it is likely that the rescuers will become physically exhausted before they can be relieved. In such a situation, it may be necessary to stop resuscitation efforts even if they have not been successful for at least 20 minutes.

Explanation

The correct answer is "při úplném vyčerpání zachránců." This means that resuscitation can be stopped when the rescuers are completely exhausted. Since the arrival of the emergency services is expected to take several tens of minutes due to the difficult accessibility of the location, it is likely that the rescuers will become physically exhausted before they can be relieved. In such a situation, it may be necessary to stop resuscitation efforts even if they have not been successful for at least 20 minutes.

33. Pokud z jakéhokoliv důvodu během resuscitace nemůžeme nebo nechceme provádět dýchání z plic do plic:

ukončíme resuscitaci - samotná nepřímá masáž srdce je neúčinná a zbytečná.

pokračujeme v nepřímé masáži srdce a vždy po 30 kompresích uděláme cca 10 sekund pauzu.

pokračujeme v nepřetržité nepřímé masáži srdce.

If for any reason we cannot or do not want to perform mouth-to-mouth breathing during resuscitation, we should continue with uninterrupted chest compressions. This is because chest compressions alone can still provide some circulation and oxygenation to the body, increasing the chances of survival until further medical intervention can be provided.

Explanation

If for any reason we cannot or do not want to perform mouth-to-mouth breathing during resuscitation, we should continue with uninterrupted chest compressions. This is because chest compressions alone can still provide some circulation and oxygenation to the body, increasing the chances of survival until further medical intervention can be provided.

34. Postižený, řidič po dopravní nehodě, sedí v kabině vozu, zhroucený na volantu, nereaguje, nedýchá. Po přivolání pomoci:

postiženého zásadně nevyndaváme z vozidla, pouze provedeme maximální možný záklon hlavy, abychom uvolnili dýchací cesty.

The correct answer states that the first step is to gently place the affected person back into the seat and slightly tilt their head. If they do not start breathing, they should be removed from the cabin and resuscitation should be initiated. During the extraction process, the utmost care should be taken to avoid further injury to the spine and spinal cord, but the priority is to restore vital functions. This explanation accurately summarizes the steps to be taken in order to provide immediate medical assistance to the affected person while considering their safety and the preservation of potential evidence.

Explanation

The correct answer states that the first step is to gently place the affected person back into the seat and slightly tilt their head. If they do not start breathing, they should be removed from the cabin and resuscitation should be initiated. During the extraction process, the utmost care should be taken to avoid further injury to the spine and spinal cord, but the priority is to restore vital functions. This explanation accurately summarizes the steps to be taken in order to provide immediate medical assistance to the affected person while considering their safety and the preservation of potential evidence.

35. Jsme svědky nečekaného porodu. Novorozenec je růžový, hlasitě křičí. Nyní je potřeba jej především:

opláchnout novorozence studenou vodou, předat mamince k pochování. Pupeční šňůru je potřeba přestřihnout a na obou koncích zauzlit.

Otřít ručníkem nebo plenou a zabalit do několika vrstev tak, aby neprochladl. Pupeční šňůru pokud možno podvážeme obvazem.

Ihned jakýmkoliv způsobem dopravit dítě k lékaři, neztrácíme čas zbytečným ošetřováním. Pupeční šňůru přestřihneme nebo přeřízneme.

After the unexpected birth, the newborn baby needs to be dried with a towel or cloth and wrapped in several layers to keep warm. It is also important to tie the umbilical cord with a bandage if possible. The explanation suggests that this is the immediate action that needs to be taken, without wasting time on unnecessary treatment or transportation to a doctor.

Explanation

After the unexpected birth, the newborn baby needs to be dried with a towel or cloth and wrapped in several layers to keep warm. It is also important to tie the umbilical cord with a bandage if possible. The explanation suggests that this is the immediate action that needs to be taken, without wasting time on unnecessary treatment or transportation to a doctor.

36. Při ošetřování postiženého s krvácejícím poraněním po dopravní nehodě

hrozí nebezpečí přenosu infekce, je vhodné vždy použít gumové rukavice.

prakticky nehrozí nebezpečí přenosu infekce (pokud nemá zachránce sám na rukou krvácející poranění).

When treating a victim with a bleeding injury after a traffic accident, there is a risk of infection transmission. Therefore, it is always advisable to use rubber gloves to protect oneself from coming into direct contact with the victim's blood, which may contain infectious agents. The other options suggest that there is no practical risk of infection transmission or that the risk is minimal if the rescuer washes their hands within five minutes after treatment. However, the most cautious approach is to always use gloves to ensure maximum protection against infection.

Explanation

When treating a victim with a bleeding injury after a traffic accident, there is a risk of infection transmission. Therefore, it is always advisable to use rubber gloves to protect oneself from coming into direct contact with the victim's blood, which may contain infectious agents. The other options suggest that there is no practical risk of infection transmission or that the risk is minimal if the rescuer washes their hands within five minutes after treatment. However, the most cautious approach is to always use gloves to ensure maximum protection against infection.

37. Nejlepší poloha pro postiženého, který je při vědomí, ale hlásí, že se mu špatně dýchá, je:

vsedě nebo polosedě s možností zapřít ruce o židli nebo podložku.

vleže na zádech se zakloněnou hlavou.

„stabilizovaná“ poloha vleže na boku.

The best position for a conscious person who reports difficulty breathing is to sit or semi-sit with the option to lean their hands on a chair or cushion. This position helps to open up the airways and allows for better breathing. Sitting upright or semi-upright can also help to alleviate any pressure on the chest and lungs, making it easier for the person to breathe. The option to lean their hands on a chair or cushion provides additional support and stability, allowing the person to maintain a comfortable position while breathing.

Explanation

The best position for a conscious person who reports difficulty breathing is to sit or semi-sit with the option to lean their hands on a chair or cushion. This position helps to open up the airways and allows for better breathing. Sitting upright or semi-upright can also help to alleviate any pressure on the chest and lungs, making it easier for the person to breathe. The option to lean their hands on a chair or cushion provides additional support and stability, allowing the person to maintain a comfortable position while breathing.

38. Žilní krvácení z končetiny ošetřujeme tak, že:

přiložíme tlakový obvaz, případně končetinu uložíme na zvýšenou podložku.

postiženého uložíme do protišokové polohy a končetinu zaškrtíme.

zraněného uložíme do „stabilizované“ polohy a stiskneme tepnu na postižené končetině v tlakovém bodě.

The correct answer is to apply a pressure bandage and, if necessary, elevate the limb. This is the appropriate first aid response for venous bleeding from a limb. Applying a pressure bandage helps to control the bleeding by applying direct pressure to the wound. Elevating the limb can also help to reduce blood flow to the area and further control the bleeding.

Explanation

The correct answer is to apply a pressure bandage and, if necessary, elevate the limb. This is the appropriate first aid response for venous bleeding from a limb. Applying a pressure bandage helps to control the bleeding by applying direct pressure to the wound. Elevating the limb can also help to reduce blood flow to the area and further control the bleeding.

39. Pokud není při zástavě oběhu prováděna resuscitace, začínají mozkové buňky nezvratně odumírat cca po:

3-5 minutách.

jedné minutě.

15 minutách.

If circulation is not restored during cardiac arrest, brain cells will begin to irreversibly die after approximately 3-5 minutes.

Explanation

If circulation is not restored during cardiac arrest, brain cells will begin to irreversibly die after approximately 3-5 minutes.

40. Nejlepší poloha pro postiženého, který je při vědomí, ale udává, že se mu špatně dýchá, je:

vleže na zádech s podloženýma nohama ("protišoková poloha").

v polosedě nebo v sedě s možností zapřít ruce o podložku.

stabilizovaná (zotavovací) poloha na boku.

The best position for a conscious individual who is experiencing difficulty breathing is to sit semi-upright or in a seated position with the option to support their hands on a cushion. This position allows for better expansion of the lungs and can help alleviate breathing difficulties.

Explanation

The best position for a conscious individual who is experiencing difficulty breathing is to sit semi-upright or in a seated position with the option to support their hands on a cushion. This position allows for better expansion of the lungs and can help alleviate breathing difficulties.

41. Postižený při trhání třešní spadl ze stromu, nyní leží, hlasitě naříká, je bledý, stěžuje si na silnou bolest zad, pravá noha je v bérci zjevně zlomená. Přivoláme záchranáře a než dorazí, postiženého:

Ponecháme v poloze, v jaké se nachází, a pokud není zrovna horký letní den, přikryjeme jej bundou nebo dekou.

Optarně zafixujeme zlomeni vhodnou improvizovanou dlahou (např, z větve) a otočíme postiženého na bok do stabilizované polohy.

Postiženého opatrně otočíme na záda a podepřeme mu dolní končetiny např. židlí.

The correct answer suggests that the person should be left in the position they are in and, if it is not a hot summer day, they should be covered with a coat or blanket. This is important because the person is likely in pain and may be in shock, so it is important to keep them warm and comfortable while waiting for medical help to arrive.

Explanation

The correct answer suggests that the person should be left in the position they are in and, if it is not a hot summer day, they should be covered with a coat or blanket. This is important because the person is likely in pain and may be in shock, so it is important to keep them warm and comfortable while waiting for medical help to arrive.

42. Nepřímá masáž srdce se provádí stlačováním hrudníku nataženýma rukama propnutýma v loktech:

na hrudní kosti asi uprostřed hrudníku.

na hrudníku dva prsty vlevo od hrudní kosti v místě srdečního hrotu.

na hrudní kosti při jejím spodním okraji.

The correct answer is "na hrudní kosti asi uprostřed hrudníku." This is because indirect cardiac massage is performed by compressing the sternum, which is the bone in the middle of the chest.

Explanation

The correct answer is "na hrudní kosti asi uprostřed hrudníku." This is because indirect cardiac massage is performed by compressing the sternum, which is the bone in the middle of the chest.

43. Postižený zkolaboval, má křeče (záškuby) celého těla či končetin, nedýchá, modrá. Postiženého:

The correct answer is to leave the person in the position they are in, ensure their safety to prevent any injuries during the seizure, call emergency services, and wait for the seizure to subside. This approach is recommended because moving the person during a seizure can cause further injury, and it is important to prioritize their safety. Calling for medical assistance is necessary to ensure proper care and evaluation of the person's condition. Waiting for the seizure to end is important as most seizures are self-limiting and will naturally stop on their own.

Explanation

The correct answer is to leave the person in the position they are in, ensure their safety to prevent any injuries during the seizure, call emergency services, and wait for the seizure to subside. This approach is recommended because moving the person during a seizure can cause further injury, and it is important to prioritize their safety. Calling for medical assistance is necessary to ensure proper care and evaluation of the person's condition. Waiting for the seizure to end is important as most seizures are self-limiting and will naturally stop on their own.

44. Nejlepší postup pro vyjmutí klíštěte je:

desinfikovat místo a kývavými či kroutivými pohyby vyjmout klíště.

pomazat klíště mastí jakoukoliv a vyčkat, až samo odpadne.

vyjmout klíště otáčením ve směru hodinových ručiček.

The best approach for removing a tick is to disinfect the area and remove the tick with gentle and twisting movements. This helps to minimize the risk of infection and ensures that the tick is completely removed without leaving any parts behind. Applying any kind of ointment and waiting for the tick to fall off on its own is not recommended. Similarly, turning the tick clockwise to remove it is also not the correct approach.

Explanation

The best approach for removing a tick is to disinfect the area and remove the tick with gentle and twisting movements. This helps to minimize the risk of infection and ensures that the tick is completely removed without leaving any parts behind. Applying any kind of ointment and waiting for the tick to fall off on its own is not recommended. Similarly, turning the tick clockwise to remove it is also not the correct approach.

45. Základní postup resuscitace dospělého laikem se skládá z těchto kroků:

přivolání pomoci, záklonu hlavy, zahájení a provádění nepřímé masáže srdce a případně dýchání z plic do plic.

The correct answer is the first option, which states that the basic procedure for resuscitating an adult by a layperson includes calling for help, tilting the head, initiating and performing chest compressions, and potentially providing mouth-to-mouth breathing. This sequence follows the recommended guidelines for CPR (cardiopulmonary resuscitation) and emphasizes the importance of immediate chest compressions to maintain blood flow to vital organs. Mouth-to-mouth breathing may also be performed if the rescuer is willing and able to do so.

Explanation

The correct answer is the first option, which states that the basic procedure for resuscitating an adult by a layperson includes calling for help, tilting the head, initiating and performing chest compressions, and potentially providing mouth-to-mouth breathing. This sequence follows the recommended guidelines for CPR (cardiopulmonary resuscitation) and emphasizes the importance of immediate chest compressions to maintain blood flow to vital organs. Mouth-to-mouth breathing may also be performed if the rescuer is willing and able to do so.

46. Optimální hloubka kompresí při nepřímé masáži srdce u dospělého:

je 5-6 cm.

je 3-4 cm.

není stanovena, platí zásada „čím více, tím lépe“.

The optimal compression depth for indirect cardiac massage in adults is 5-6 cm. This depth allows for effective circulation of blood and oxygen to the heart and brain. Going deeper than this may cause damage to internal organs, while compressing with less depth may not provide sufficient blood flow. Therefore, maintaining a compression depth of 5-6 cm is recommended for effective CPR.

Explanation

The optimal compression depth for indirect cardiac massage in adults is 5-6 cm. This depth allows for effective circulation of blood and oxygen to the heart and brain. Going deeper than this may cause damage to internal organs, while compressing with less depth may not provide sufficient blood flow. Therefore, maintaining a compression depth of 5-6 cm is recommended for effective CPR.

47. Postižený se při pádu na sklo řízl do krku. Z rány vystřikuje jasně červená krev. V rámci první pomoci:

ránu ihned stlačíme prsty případně jakýmkoliv vhodným polotuhým předmětem (např. obvazovým balíčkem), přivoláme pomoc.

ránu ihned stlačíme prsty, co nejdříve přiložíme kolem krku tlakový obvaz, důkladně utáhneme a přivoláme pomoc.

naložíme škrtidlo v oblasti krku co nejníže a tak, aby postižený byl schopen dýchat, a přivoláme pomoc.

In this situation, the correct answer is to immediately apply pressure to the wound using fingers or any suitable semi-hard object (such as a bandage package) and call for help. This is the most appropriate response because applying direct pressure to the wound helps to control the bleeding and prevent further blood loss, while calling for help ensures that medical assistance will be provided as soon as possible.

Explanation

In this situation, the correct answer is to immediately apply pressure to the wound using fingers or any suitable semi-hard object (such as a bandage package) and call for help. This is the most appropriate response because applying direct pressure to the wound helps to control the bleeding and prevent further blood loss, while calling for help ensures that medical assistance will be provided as soon as possible.

48. Postižený, řidič po dopravní nehodě, sedí v kabině vozu, zhroucený na volantu, nereaguje, nedýchá. Po přivolání pomoci:

zajistíme, aby se další osoby nepřibližovaly k vraku, s postiženým zásadně nemanipulujeme, protože hrozí nebezpečí poškození páteře a míchy.

s postiženým zbytečně nehýbeme, pouze provedeme maximální možný záklon hlavy, abychom uvolnili dýchací cesty.

After ensuring that no one else approaches the wreckage and not manipulating the affected person, the next step is to extricate the person and place them on their back. The head should be slightly tilted and the mouth cleared. If the person does not start breathing, resuscitation should be initiated. While extricating the person, it is important to proceed as gently as possible considering the risk of spinal cord and vertebral injury, but the priority is to restore vital functions.

Explanation

After ensuring that no one else approaches the wreckage and not manipulating the affected person, the next step is to extricate the person and place them on their back. The head should be slightly tilted and the mouth cleared. If the person does not start breathing, resuscitation should be initiated. While extricating the person, it is important to proceed as gently as possible considering the risk of spinal cord and vertebral injury, but the priority is to restore vital functions.

49. Při fotbalovém utkání postlihl hráče záchvat - náhle se zhroutil, zmodral v obličeji, má křečovitě stažené čelisti, záškuby končetin, je promodralý, nedýchá. Voláme záchrannou službu a dále:

za každou cenu (třeba i násilím) vypáčíme dolní čelist a vytáhneme jazyk.

The correct answer states that we should leave the affected person in the position they are in and wait for the seizure to subside. After that, we should turn them onto their back, tilt their head back, and assess their condition. This approach ensures the safety of the person during the seizure and allows for appropriate care once it has ended.

Explanation

The correct answer states that we should leave the affected person in the position they are in and wait for the seizure to subside. After that, we should turn them onto their back, tilt their head back, and assess their condition. This approach ensures the safety of the person during the seizure and allows for appropriate care once it has ended.

50. Vodáci se při sjíždění nezebzpečného jezu "cvakli" a jeden je nyní ve válci pod jezem. Jako náhodní svědci a dobří plavci:

ihned plaveme k postiženému, zezadu jej uchopíme a snažíme se jej odvléct ke břehu.

ihned plaveme k postiženému, zezadu jej uchopíme a snažíme potopit se do proudu, který při dnu odchází od jezu.

The correct answer is to use any floating object (such as a PET bottle or a piece of wood), tie it to a rope, and try to throw it as close as possible to the person in the water. This is the best course of action because it provides a floating support for the person in distress, allowing them to hold onto it and stay afloat until further assistance arrives.

Explanation

The correct answer is to use any floating object (such as a PET bottle or a piece of wood), tie it to a rope, and try to throw it as close as possible to the person in the water. This is the best course of action because it provides a floating support for the person in distress, allowing them to hold onto it and stay afloat until further assistance arrives.

51. Postižený uklouzl na náledí, upadl na záda, udeřil se do hlavy. Po chvilce se posadil, je otřesený, zezadu ve vlasech je vidět krev. Voláme záchrannou službu, ale postižený se po chvilce zvedá a chce odejít. Jako laičtí svědci příhody

jsme oprávněni zadržet postiženého až do příjezdu záchranné služby.

jsme povinni zadržet postiženého až do příjezdu záchranné služby.

As lay witnesses, we are not obligated or authorized to detain the injured person until the arrival of the ambulance. Our role is to inform the injured person that help is on the way and try to persuade them to stay, but we do not have the legal authority or obligation to physically detain them.

Explanation

As lay witnesses, we are not obligated or authorized to detain the injured person until the arrival of the ambulance. Our role is to inform the injured person that help is on the way and try to persuade them to stay, but we do not have the legal authority or obligation to physically detain them.

52. Motocyklista po nehodě leží v bezvědomí, promodralý, obličejem k zemi, není zřetelně patrné dýchání. Záchranáři jsou již na cestě. Náš postup:

Postiženého uložíme na bok se zakloněnou hlavou, vyčistíme dutinu ústní a přikryjeme teplou bundou. Přilbu zásadně nesnímáme před příjezdem záchranářů.

The correct answer states that the injured person should be turned onto their back on a flat surface nearby, the helmet should be removed, the head should be slightly tilted, and if breathing is not restored, resuscitation should be initiated. This is the correct procedure to follow in the given situation because the person is unconscious, has a blue face, and there is no clear sign of breathing. The priority is to ensure an open airway and provide necessary medical attention, such as resuscitation, if needed.

Explanation

The correct answer states that the injured person should be turned onto their back on a flat surface nearby, the helmet should be removed, the head should be slightly tilted, and if breathing is not restored, resuscitation should be initiated. This is the correct procedure to follow in the given situation because the person is unconscious, has a blue face, and there is no clear sign of breathing. The priority is to ensure an open airway and provide necessary medical attention, such as resuscitation, if needed.

53. Postiženého těžkým prochladnutím s necitlivými, bílými prsty u nohou a rukou, ještě před příjezdem záchranné služby:

uložíme do místnosti s pokojovou teplotou, teple přikryjeme, podáme teplé nápoje.

co nejrychleji zahřejeme, nejlépe ponořením do horké vany.

The correct answer is to place the person in a room with room temperature, cover them with warm blankets, and give them warm drinks. This is the appropriate response for someone suffering from severe cold with numb, white fingers and toes. The other options of leaving them in a milder cold and rubbing snow or ice on the affected limbs, or quickly warming them, such as by immersing them in a hot bath, may exacerbate the condition and cause further damage.

Explanation

The correct answer is to place the person in a room with room temperature, cover them with warm blankets, and give them warm drinks. This is the appropriate response for someone suffering from severe cold with numb, white fingers and toes. The other options of leaving them in a milder cold and rubbing snow or ice on the affected limbs, or quickly warming them, such as by immersing them in a hot bath, may exacerbate the condition and cause further damage.

54. Pokus o nahmatání pulsu by měl laik provést:

jen tehdy, pokud postižený je v bezvědomí a nedýchá.

vždy, pokud postižený upadl do bezvědomí.

nikdy – laikům se nedoporučuje hmatat puls pro velkou pravděpodobnost falešného výsledku.

The correct answer states that laypeople should never attempt to feel for a pulse as there is a high likelihood of obtaining a false result. This is because laypeople may not have the necessary training or experience to accurately assess a pulse, and their actions may delay or prevent the proper administration of life-saving techniques such as CPR. It is important for laypeople to focus on other measures such as checking for responsiveness and breathing, and to seek professional medical help as soon as possible.

Explanation

The correct answer states that laypeople should never attempt to feel for a pulse as there is a high likelihood of obtaining a false result. This is because laypeople may not have the necessary training or experience to accurately assess a pulse, and their actions may delay or prevent the proper administration of life-saving techniques such as CPR. It is important for laypeople to focus on other measures such as checking for responsiveness and breathing, and to seek professional medical help as soon as possible.

55. Pro laiky je nejlepší hmatat puls:

na tepně na zápěstí.

nikde – laikům se nedoporučuje hmatat puls pro velkou pravděpodobnost falešného výsledku.

na krční tepně.

The correct answer states that it is not recommended for laypeople to feel the pulse due to a high probability of obtaining a false result. This suggests that laypeople may not have the necessary training or experience to accurately assess the pulse and could potentially misinterpret the results. Therefore, it is advised for laypeople to refrain from feeling the pulse.

Explanation

The correct answer states that it is not recommended for laypeople to feel the pulse due to a high probability of obtaining a false result. This suggests that laypeople may not have the necessary training or experience to accurately assess the pulse and could potentially misinterpret the results. Therefore, it is advised for laypeople to refrain from feeling the pulse.

56. Postižený spadl z výšky, je zmatený, nepamatuje si, co se stalo, posedává. Voláme záchrannsou službu, ale než dorazí, je nejlepší:

pokusit se jej „rozchodit“, aby neupadl do šoku.

pokud nehrozí nebezpečí dalšího úrazu, nechat jej zaujmout polohu jaká mu vyhovuje, přikrýt ho, aby neprochladl.

uložit jej do "protišokové polohy" (se sníženou hlavou a zvýšenými dolními končetinami).

If there is no danger of further injury, it is best to let the person assume a comfortable position and cover them to prevent them from getting cold. This will help ensure their comfort and prevent any additional harm while waiting for the emergency services to arrive.

Explanation

If there is no danger of further injury, it is best to let the person assume a comfortable position and cover them to prevent them from getting cold. This will help ensure their comfort and prevent any additional harm while waiting for the emergency services to arrive.

57. Po hádce v hospodě jeden z účastníků poranil druhého kuchyňským nožem. Postižený má vedle pupku cca 2 cm dlouhou ranku v kůži, která téměř nekrvácí.

Jde jen o lehčí zranění, postačí běžné ošetření.

Může jít i o vážnější zranění, postiženého sledujeme, a pokud by se objevily známky šoku, dopravíme jej k lékaři.

The answer states that the severity of the injury cannot be determined based on the appearance of the wound on the skin, and therefore it is necessary to immediately transport the injured person to the hospital or call an ambulance. This suggests that even though the wound may not be bleeding much, there could still be internal damage or complications that require medical attention.

Explanation

The answer states that the severity of the injury cannot be determined based on the appearance of the wound on the skin, and therefore it is necessary to immediately transport the injured person to the hospital or call an ambulance. This suggests that even though the wound may not be bleeding much, there could still be internal damage or complications that require medical attention.

58. Pro uvolnění dýchacích cest laiky se doporučuje především:

provést záklon hlavy.

provést „trojitý manévr“ (záklon hlavy, otevření úst a vytažení jazyka).

rukou nebo vhodným nástrojem zkusit vytáhnout jazyk z úst.

The correct answer is to perform a head tilt. This is because a head tilt helps to open the airway by moving the chin away from the chest, allowing for better airflow. This maneuver is commonly used in first aid situations to help clear the airway and facilitate breathing.

Explanation

The correct answer is to perform a head tilt. This is because a head tilt helps to open the airway by moving the chin away from the chest, allowing for better airflow. This maneuver is commonly used in first aid situations to help clear the airway and facilitate breathing.

59. První pomoc při přehřátí a úpalu poskytneme tak, že:

přesuneme postiženého do stínu, podáváme chladné nápoje (nejlépe minerální vodu), studené obklady na hlavu.

přesuneme postiženého do teplé místnosti a podáme větší množství alkoholických nápojů.

přesuneme postiženého do stínu a zejména pokud zvrací, nedáváme nic jíst ani pít, a přivoláme záchrannou službu.

The correct answer is to move the affected person to a shady area, give them cold drinks (preferably mineral water), and apply cold compresses to the head. This is the appropriate first aid response for overheating and heat stroke. It helps to cool down the person's body temperature and provide hydration.

Explanation

The correct answer is to move the affected person to a shady area, give them cold drinks (preferably mineral water), and apply cold compresses to the head. This is the appropriate first aid response for overheating and heat stroke. It helps to cool down the person's body temperature and provide hydration.

60. Při řezání dřeva si postižený nešťastnou náhodou amputoval ruku. Zavoláme záchrannou službu, obvážeme ránu a amputát (oddělenou část) uložíme:

pokud možno do sterilního obvazu, případně do vyžehlené utěrky či ručníku.

do igelitového pytlíku, kam nasypeme také led nebo alespoň mražené potraviny.

do igelitového pytlíku, který vložíme do dalšího pytlíku s vodou a ledem.

The correct answer suggests that the amputated part should be placed in a plastic bag and then placed inside another bag with water and ice. This method helps to preserve the amputated part by keeping it cool and moist, which can increase the chances of successful reattachment. Placing the amputated part in a sterile dressing or using a towel or cloth without the addition of ice or water may not provide the optimal conditions for preservation.

Explanation

The correct answer suggests that the amputated part should be placed in a plastic bag and then placed inside another bag with water and ice. This method helps to preserve the amputated part by keeping it cool and moist, which can increase the chances of successful reattachment. Placing the amputated part in a sterile dressing or using a towel or cloth without the addition of ice or water may not provide the optimal conditions for preservation.

61. Kolaga, se kterým jste sami v kanceláři, náhle zkolaboval, nehýbe se, nedýchá, nereaguje na poplácání po tváři a oslovení. První, co uděláte, bude:

pokus o nahmatání pulsu na krkavici nebo na zápěstí.

zahájení dýchání z plic do plic.

přivolání pomoci.

The correct answer is to call for help. In this situation, the person has collapsed, is not moving, not breathing, and not responding to stimuli. This suggests a medical emergency, and the first priority should be to call for professional medical assistance.

Explanation

The correct answer is to call for help. In this situation, the person has collapsed, is not moving, not breathing, and not responding to stimuli. This suggests a medical emergency, and the first priority should be to call for professional medical assistance.

62. Na místě dopravní nehody je velké množství zraněných. Nejnaléhavěji potřebují pomoc postižení, kteří:

mají zlomeninu dlouhé kosti (paže, předloktí, stehno nebo bérec).

jsou v bezvědomí a nedýchají ani po pokusu o uvolnění dýchacích cest.

mají silné (tepenné) krvácení.

The answer "mají silné (tepenné) krvácení" is correct because in the given scenario of a traffic accident with a large number of injured people, the most urgent help is needed by those who have severe arterial bleeding. Arterial bleeding is the most life-threatening type of bleeding as it involves blood being pumped directly from an artery, leading to rapid blood loss. Prompt medical attention and intervention are crucial to control the bleeding and prevent further complications or even death.

Explanation

The answer "mají silné (tepenné) krvácení" is correct because in the given scenario of a traffic accident with a large number of injured people, the most urgent help is needed by those who have severe arterial bleeding. Arterial bleeding is the most life-threatening type of bleeding as it involves blood being pumped directly from an artery, leading to rapid blood loss. Prompt medical attention and intervention are crucial to control the bleeding and prevent further complications or even death.

63. K vytažení "zapadlého jazyka" u postiženého v bezvědomí používíme:

kleště nebo podobný vhodný nástroj.

kapeseník nebo gumové rukavice.

When dealing with a person who is unconscious and has a "swallowed tongue," it is unnecessary and potentially dangerous to actively pull the tongue out. Simply tilting the person's head back is sufficient to open the airway and allow for proper breathing. Pulling the tongue forcefully can result in the tongue getting caught on the teeth and causing severe bleeding. Therefore, it is best to avoid actively pulling the tongue out and instead focus on maintaining an open airway.

Explanation

When dealing with a person who is unconscious and has a "swallowed tongue," it is unnecessary and potentially dangerous to actively pull the tongue out. Simply tilting the person's head back is sufficient to open the airway and allow for proper breathing. Pulling the tongue forcefully can result in the tongue getting caught on the teeth and causing severe bleeding. Therefore, it is best to avoid actively pulling the tongue out and instead focus on maintaining an open airway.

64. Spoluhráč při volajbalu náhle zkolaboval, leží, nehýbe se, asi 1x za dvacet sekund se zhluboka lapavě nadechne. Je potřeba přivolat pomoc a ihned:

zahájit dýchání z plic do plic, protože tato frekvence je příliš nízká.

zahájit nepřímou masáž srdce.

otočit postiženého do stabilizované polohy, protože hrozí riziko vdechnutí zvratků.

The correct answer is to initiate CPR (cardiopulmonary resuscitation) because the teammate has collapsed, is unresponsive, and is taking deep gasping breaths every 20 seconds. This pattern of breathing, known as agonal breathing, is a sign of cardiac arrest. CPR involves chest compressions to help circulate blood and oxygen to the vital organs until professional medical help arrives.

Explanation

The correct answer is to initiate CPR (cardiopulmonary resuscitation) because the teammate has collapsed, is unresponsive, and is taking deep gasping breaths every 20 seconds. This pattern of breathing, known as agonal breathing, is a sign of cardiac arrest. CPR involves chest compressions to help circulate blood and oxygen to the vital organs until professional medical help arrives.

65. Použití automatického defibrilátoru („AED“ - přístroje pro obnovení účinné srdeční akce elektrickým výbojem, který bývá umístěný na veřejně dostupných místech) laikem bez příslušného proškolení je v ČR:

možné jen na pokyn dispečera/dispečerky tísňové linky (laik nedokáže posoudit nutnost provedení výboje).

možné bez omezení, u člověka s náhlou zástavou oběhu může jít o život zachraňující výkon.

The correct answer states that it is possible to use an automatic defibrillator without restrictions in the Czech Republic. This is because in the case of a person experiencing sudden cardiac arrest, using a defibrillator can be a life-saving action. Other options are incorrect because using an AED without proper training can be dangerous due to the risk of electric shock, especially in environments with high humidity. Additionally, a layperson may not be able to assess the need for defibrillation, so it is important to follow the instructions of a dispatcher from an emergency line.

Explanation

The correct answer states that it is possible to use an automatic defibrillator without restrictions in the Czech Republic. This is because in the case of a person experiencing sudden cardiac arrest, using a defibrillator can be a life-saving action. Other options are incorrect because using an AED without proper training can be dangerous due to the risk of electric shock, especially in environments with high humidity. Additionally, a layperson may not be able to assess the need for defibrillation, so it is important to follow the instructions of a dispatcher from an emergency line.

66. Tonoucího, který byl vytažen z vody, je v bezvědomí a chrčivě, ale zřetelně a pravidelně dýchá:

uložíme do polohy na boku, vyčistíme dýchací cesty, podpoříme vykašlávání několika "herdami" mazi lopatky a pečlivě sledujeme stav dýchání.

uložíme na záda a ihned zahájíme resuscitaci.

The correct answer is to place the person on their side, clear their airway, support coughing by gently patting their back, and carefully monitor their breathing. This is the appropriate response for a person who is unconscious and snoring but still breathing regularly. Placing them on their side helps prevent choking on any fluids, clearing the airway ensures that they can breathe properly, and supporting coughing helps remove any excess fluid from the lungs. Monitoring their breathing is important to ensure their condition does not worsen.

Explanation

The correct answer is to place the person on their side, clear their airway, support coughing by gently patting their back, and carefully monitor their breathing. This is the appropriate response for a person who is unconscious and snoring but still breathing regularly. Placing them on their side helps prevent choking on any fluids, clearing the airway ensures that they can breathe properly, and supporting coughing helps remove any excess fluid from the lungs. Monitoring their breathing is important to ensure their condition does not worsen.

67. Normální klidová dechová frekvence dospělého je:

10 – 15 dechů za minutu.

30 – 40 dechů za minutu.

4 - 6 dechů za minutu.

The normal resting respiratory rate for adults is typically between 10 and 15 breaths per minute. This rate allows for efficient exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the lungs. Higher respiratory rates may indicate an increased demand for oxygen, such as during exercise or in certain medical conditions. Lower respiratory rates may suggest a decreased need for oxygen, which can occur during sleep or in certain medical conditions. Therefore, the correct answer is 10 – 15 breaths per minute.

Explanation

The normal resting respiratory rate for adults is typically between 10 and 15 breaths per minute. This rate allows for efficient exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the lungs. Higher respiratory rates may indicate an increased demand for oxygen, such as during exercise or in certain medical conditions. Lower respiratory rates may suggest a decreased need for oxygen, which can occur during sleep or in certain medical conditions. Therefore, the correct answer is 10 – 15 breaths per minute.

68. Postižený zkolaboval, nevnímá, měl křeče celého těla, které již odezněly. Postiženého:

otočíme na záda, ověříme stav dýchání, a pokud nedýchá zřetelně a pravidelně, zahájíme resuscitaci.

otočíme na záda, a pokud nedýchá, zahájíme dýchání z plic do plic.

The correct answer is to turn the affected person onto their back, check their breathing, and if they are not breathing clearly and regularly, initiate resuscitation. This is because the person has collapsed and is unconscious, and their breathing needs to be assessed immediately. If they are not breathing properly, resuscitation should be started to try and restore their breathing and circulation. This is a crucial step in providing emergency care for someone in this condition.

Explanation

The correct answer is to turn the affected person onto their back, check their breathing, and if they are not breathing clearly and regularly, initiate resuscitation. This is because the person has collapsed and is unconscious, and their breathing needs to be assessed immediately. If they are not breathing properly, resuscitation should be started to try and restore their breathing and circulation. This is a crucial step in providing emergency care for someone in this condition.

69. Dítě nešťastnou náhodou požilo doušek saponátu na nádobí. První pomoc bude:

ponechání v klidu, nic nejíst ani nepít, transport k lékaři nebo přivolání záchranné služby.

podání cca ¼ litru vlažné vody se solí k vyvolání zvracení, a dále transport k lékaři nebo přivolání záchranné služby.

podání cca ¼ litru mléka a vyvolání zvracení.

The correct answer is to keep the child calm, not to eat or drink anything, and to transport them to a doctor or call emergency services. This is the appropriate first aid response in case a child accidentally ingests dish soap. It is important to keep the child still and not allow them to eat or drink anything, as this could further irritate their system. Seeking medical attention is necessary to ensure proper treatment and monitoring of the child's condition.

Explanation

The correct answer is to keep the child calm, not to eat or drink anything, and to transport them to a doctor or call emergency services. This is the appropriate first aid response in case a child accidentally ingests dish soap. It is important to keep the child still and not allow them to eat or drink anything, as this could further irritate their system. Seeking medical attention is necessary to ensure proper treatment and monitoring of the child's condition.

70. Při žilním krvácení:

volně vytéká jasně červená krev.

vystřikuje jasně červená krev.

volně vytéká temně červená krev.

In the case of venous bleeding, the blood flows freely and is dark red in color. This is because venous blood has a lower oxygen content compared to arterial blood, giving it a darker appearance. Therefore, the correct answer is "volně vytéká temně červená krev."

Explanation

In the case of venous bleeding, the blood flows freely and is dark red in color. This is because venous blood has a lower oxygen content compared to arterial blood, giving it a darker appearance. Therefore, the correct answer is "volně vytéká temně červená krev."

71. Pokud si zachránce není jistý, zda vidí známky dýchání u postiženého v bezvědomí:

postupuje tak, jako by nedýchal.

přiloží k ústům ucho a naslouchá, zda neuslyší dýchací šelesty.

přiloží k ústům zrcátko nebo jiný vhodný předmět a sleduje, zda se mlží.

If the rescuer is unsure whether they can see signs of breathing in an unconscious person, they should proceed as if the person is not breathing. This means they should immediately begin performing CPR and providing rescue breaths to the person. This is the correct answer because in a situation where someone is unconscious and not breathing, immediate action is necessary to try and save their life.

Explanation

If the rescuer is unsure whether they can see signs of breathing in an unconscious person, they should proceed as if the person is not breathing. This means they should immediately begin performing CPR and providing rescue breaths to the person. This is the correct answer because in a situation where someone is unconscious and not breathing, immediate action is necessary to try and save their life.

72. Klíčový výkon laické první pomoci u pacienta, který utrpěl závažný úraz,k ale je při vědomí, je:

imobilizace zlomenin.

ošetření krvácejících ran, zejména v obličeji.

udržení tepelného kompfortu.

The correct answer is "udržení tepelného komfortu." In the given scenario, the patient has suffered a severe injury but is conscious. In such cases, one of the key priorities is to maintain the patient's thermal comfort. This can be achieved by ensuring that the patient is kept warm and protected from extreme temperatures. By doing so, the body's natural processes can function optimally, aiding in the recovery process.

Explanation

The correct answer is "udržení tepelného komfortu." In the given scenario, the patient has suffered a severe injury but is conscious. In such cases, one of the key priorities is to maintain the patient's thermal comfort. This can be achieved by ensuring that the patient is kept warm and protected from extreme temperatures. By doing so, the body's natural processes can function optimally, aiding in the recovery process.

73. Základní laická resuscitace by měla být zahájena tehdy, pokud:

postižený nereaguje a nevyvíjí žádnou spontánní aktivitu s výjimkou případných ojedinělých nádechů („lapavých dechů“).

postižený nereaguje, je bledý, dýchá nápadně rychle.

postižený nereaguje a nemá hmatný puls.

The correct answer states that basic lay resuscitation should be initiated when the person is unresponsive and shows no spontaneous activity except for occasional gasps (agonal breaths). This means that if the person is not reacting and not exhibiting any signs of normal breathing, except for occasional gasps, it is necessary to start basic resuscitation.

Explanation

The correct answer states that basic lay resuscitation should be initiated when the person is unresponsive and shows no spontaneous activity except for occasional gasps (agonal breaths). This means that if the person is not reacting and not exhibiting any signs of normal breathing, except for occasional gasps, it is necessary to start basic resuscitation.

74. Pokud si nejsme jisti, zda postižený v bezvědomí dýchá nebo nedýchá:

přiložíme k ústům zrcátko nebo brýle a sledujeme, zda se mlží.

postupujeme tak, jako kdyby postižený nedýchal, tj. zahájíme resuscitaci.

uložíme postiženého do „stabilizované“ polohy a vyčkáme cca 5 minut, zda dojde ke změně barvy rtů nebo obličeje.

If we are unsure whether the person in unconsciousness is breathing or not, we should proceed as if the person is not breathing and start resuscitation.

Explanation

If we are unsure whether the person in unconsciousness is breathing or not, we should proceed as if the person is not breathing and start resuscitation.

75. Postižený během horské túry nešťastně upadl, stěžuje si na bolest pažní kosti, která je také zřetelně deformovaná. V rámci první pomoci:

končetinu se pokusíme co nejvíce narovnat a přiložíme improvizovanou dlahu od dlaně k rameni.

končetinu připažíme k trupu a pevně zabandážujeme tak, aby tělo působilo jako dlaha.

končetinu šetrně umístíme na závěs, vytvořený nejlépe z trojcípého šátku uvázaného kolem krku.

The correct answer suggests that the injured limb should be gently placed on a sling, preferably made from a triangular bandage tied around the neck. This method helps support the injured arm and prevents further movement or strain on the fractured bone. Placing the limb on a sling also helps reduce pain and discomfort for the injured person during transportation or until proper medical assistance can be provided.

Explanation

The correct answer suggests that the injured limb should be gently placed on a sling, preferably made from a triangular bandage tied around the neck. This method helps support the injured arm and prevents further movement or strain on the fractured bone. Placing the limb on a sling also helps reduce pain and discomfort for the injured person during transportation or until proper medical assistance can be provided.

76. Na silnici mimo obec došlo k dopravní nehodě - čelní srážce dvou aut. Přijíždíte vzápětí po nárazu, odstavíte vozidlo na bezpečném místě, kolegu pošlete s trojúhelníkem a sami především:

zahájíte poskytování první pomoci zejména u postižených, u nichž došlo k závažnému krvácení.

obhlédnete místo nehody, abyste odhadli počet postižených a závažnost poranění, a pak voláte záchrannou službu.

neprodleně voláte záchrannou službu a pak zahájíte poskytování první pomoci, prioritně osobám, které křičí o pomoc.

After witnessing a head-on collision between two cars on a road outside a village, the correct response is to assess the accident scene to estimate the number of injured individuals and the severity of their injuries. This information is crucial for determining the level of emergency and the resources needed, hence it is important to call the emergency services immediately after making this assessment. Providing first aid should follow this step, prioritizing individuals who are in urgent need of assistance.

Explanation

After witnessing a head-on collision between two cars on a road outside a village, the correct response is to assess the accident scene to estimate the number of injured individuals and the severity of their injuries. This information is crucial for determining the level of emergency and the resources needed, hence it is important to call the emergency services immediately after making this assessment. Providing first aid should follow this step, prioritizing individuals who are in urgent need of assistance.

77. Podle nejnovějších poznatků je v případech, kdy laický svědek příhody přímo zastihl kolaps dospělého postiženého, výhodnější provádět v rámci resuscitace pouze nepřímou srdeční masáž. V ostatních situacích platí doporučený univerzální poměr kompresí hrudníku a dýchání z plic do plic:

u dospělých 30:2, u dětí 5:2.

vždy 30:2 (s výjimkou novorozenců).

u dětí i dospělých 15:2.

The correct answer states that the recommended ratio for chest compressions to breaths during resuscitation is always 30:2, except for newborns. This means that for both children and adults, 30 chest compressions should be followed by 2 breaths. However, for newborns, a different ratio is used. The explanation provides the information and clarifies the correct answer without explicitly stating it.

Explanation

The correct answer states that the recommended ratio for chest compressions to breaths during resuscitation is always 30:2, except for newborns. This means that for both children and adults, 30 chest compressions should be followed by 2 breaths. However, for newborns, a different ratio is used. The explanation provides the information and clarifies the correct answer without explicitly stating it.

78. Motocyklistovi, který je po nehodě v bezvědomí, můžeme sejmout přilbu:

Tahem v dlouhé ose těla (pomocník fixuje hlavu zespoda postupně uchopením oběma rukama kolem krku, čelisti a zátylku).

Opatrným spirálovitý pohybem (vyvarujeme se přitom jakéhokoliv silného tahu).

Jako laici přilbu motocyklistovi za žádných okolností nesnímáme, pouze zakloníme hlavu.

When a motorcyclist is unconscious after an accident, the correct way to remove the helmet is by gently pulling it off in the long axis of the body. This should be done by a helper who supports the head from underneath, gradually gripping around the neck, jaw, and back of the head. This method ensures that the head and neck are stabilized while removing the helmet. It is important to avoid any strong pulling or twisting motions to prevent further injury. As laypeople, we should never attempt to remove the helmet ourselves, but rather just tilt the head back to open the airway.

Explanation

When a motorcyclist is unconscious after an accident, the correct way to remove the helmet is by gently pulling it off in the long axis of the body. This should be done by a helper who supports the head from underneath, gradually gripping around the neck, jaw, and back of the head. This method ensures that the head and neck are stabilized while removing the helmet. It is important to avoid any strong pulling or twisting motions to prevent further injury. As laypeople, we should never attempt to remove the helmet ourselves, but rather just tilt the head back to open the airway.

79. Pro pacienta, který utrpěl závažný úraz, ale je při vědomí, je nejlepší poloha:

"protišková" s podepřenýma nohama.

"stabilizovaná" na boku.

taková, kterou pacient sám aktivně zaujímá.

The best position for a conscious patient who has suffered a severe injury is the one that the patient actively assumes themselves. This is because the patient knows their own body and may instinctively position themselves in a way that is most comfortable and least painful for them. By allowing the patient to actively choose their position, it can help to minimize further injury or discomfort.

Explanation

The best position for a conscious patient who has suffered a severe injury is the one that the patient actively assumes themselves. This is because the patient knows their own body and may instinctively position themselves in a way that is most comfortable and least painful for them. By allowing the patient to actively choose their position, it can help to minimize further injury or discomfort.

80. Postižený během horské túry nešťastně upadl, stěžuje si na bolest v kyčli a stehně, pro bolest s nohou ani nepohne. Pokud je to možné, přivoláme pomoc, postiženého přikryjeme a nemanipulujeme s ním. Pokud je ale nutné postiženého někam improvizovaně dopravit, provedeme znehybnění postižené končetiny nejlépe:

fixací k druhostranné končetině.

pomocí dlahy od kotníku ke kyčli.

pomocí dlahy od kolene do podpaždí.

The correct answer is "fixací k druhostranné končetině" which means "fixation to the contralateral limb" in English. This means that the injured limb should be immobilized by fixing it to the healthy limb. This method helps to stabilize the injured limb and prevent further damage or pain during transportation.

Explanation

The correct answer is "fixací k druhostranné končetině" which means "fixation to the contralateral limb" in English. This means that the injured limb should be immobilized by fixing it to the healthy limb. This method helps to stabilize the injured limb and prevent further damage or pain during transportation.

81. Pokud v průběhu resuscitace přetrvávají lapavé dechy (nádechy v nápadně dlouhých intervalech):

přerušíme resuscitaci a zkontrolujeme tep na krčení tepně. Pokud není tep hmatný, pokračujeme v resuscitaci.

pokračujeme v resuscitaci, dýchání z plic do plic se snažíme provádět synchronuzovaně s lapavými nádechy.

pokračujeme v resuscitaci bez dýchání z plic do plic, které je za těchto okolností nevhodné.

In the given scenario, if agonal breaths (ineffective gasping breaths) persist during resuscitation, it is recommended to continue with chest compressions without providing breaths from the rescuer's mouth to the victim's mouth. This is because agonal breaths are a sign of cardiac arrest and are ineffective in providing adequate oxygenation. Therefore, it is more appropriate to focus on effective chest compressions to maintain circulation and increase the chances of successful resuscitation.

Explanation

In the given scenario, if agonal breaths (ineffective gasping breaths) persist during resuscitation, it is recommended to continue with chest compressions without providing breaths from the rescuer's mouth to the victim's mouth. This is because agonal breaths are a sign of cardiac arrest and are ineffective in providing adequate oxygenation. Therefore, it is more appropriate to focus on effective chest compressions to maintain circulation and increase the chances of successful resuscitation.

82. Postiženého, který je po úrazu v bezvědomí, ale pravidelně a zřetelně dýchá, do příjezdu záchranné služby:

uložíme do „stabilizované“ polohy.

otočíme do polohy na zádech a důkladně zakloníme hlavu, abychom lépe uvolnili dýchací cesty.

The correct answer states that if the person is unconscious but breathing regularly and clearly, we should leave them in the position they are in and continuously monitor their breathing to check if they are vomiting. If they are vomiting, we should gently turn them onto their side to allow the vomit to drain out. This is the correct course of action because it ensures the person's airway remains clear and reduces the risk of choking or aspiration.

Explanation

The correct answer states that if the person is unconscious but breathing regularly and clearly, we should leave them in the position they are in and continuously monitor their breathing to check if they are vomiting. If they are vomiting, we should gently turn them onto their side to allow the vomit to drain out. This is the correct course of action because it ensures the person's airway remains clear and reduces the risk of choking or aspiration.

83. Asi pětileté dítě má teplotu, nyní se stav zhoršil a začíná sípavě dýchat, štěkavě pokašlává. Po přivolání záchranné služby je optimální první pomocí:

zabalení do deky a podání léků snižujících teplotu (např. Paralen pro děti nebo cca 1/2 tablety pro dospělé).

zabalení do deky a podání sedativa jako prevence křečí z horečky.

zabalení do deky inhalace co nejstudenějšího vzduchu z mrazáku nebo u otevřeného okna.

The correct answer is to wrap the child in a blanket and provide inhalation of the coldest air possible from the freezer or near an open window. This is because the child has a high temperature and is experiencing wheezing and barking cough, which are symptoms of croup. Inhalation of cold air helps to reduce the swelling of the airways and alleviate the symptoms of croup. Wrapping the child in a blanket helps to keep them warm while providing the cold air inhalation.

Explanation

The correct answer is to wrap the child in a blanket and provide inhalation of the coldest air possible from the freezer or near an open window. This is because the child has a high temperature and is experiencing wheezing and barking cough, which are symptoms of croup. Inhalation of cold air helps to reduce the swelling of the airways and alleviate the symptoms of croup. Wrapping the child in a blanket helps to keep them warm while providing the cold air inhalation.

84. Podle zákona je v ČR povinnost poskytnout laickou pomoc daná

každému bez výjimky.

jen pokud tím dotyčný neohrozí bezpečnost sebe nebo jiného.

According to the law, it is mandatory to provide lay assistance in the Czech Republic to everyone without exception. However, this obligation is only valid if the person in need of assistance does not endanger their own or someone else's safety. The exception to this rule is a driver of a means of transport, who is always obligated to provide assistance, regardless of the potential risk to safety.

Explanation

According to the law, it is mandatory to provide lay assistance in the Czech Republic to everyone without exception. However, this obligation is only valid if the person in need of assistance does not endanger their own or someone else's safety. The exception to this rule is a driver of a means of transport, who is always obligated to provide assistance, regardless of the potential risk to safety.

85. Mezinárodní signál potvrzující požadavek na přistání záchrannébo vrtulníku, se dává:

vzpažením jedné a upažením druhé ruky (podoba písmene L = landing).

šikmým vzpažením obou rukou (podoby písmene Y = yes).

kroužením rukou nad hlavou (symbol rotoru vrtulníku).

The correct answer is "šikmým vzpažením obou rukou (podoby písmene Y = yes)." This is because the question is asking for the international signal confirming a request for a helicopter landing, and the gesture of raising both arms diagonally in the shape of the letter Y represents "yes."

Explanation

The correct answer is "šikmým vzpažením obou rukou (podoby písmene Y = yes)." This is because the question is asking for the international signal confirming a request for a helicopter landing, and the gesture of raising both arms diagonally in the shape of the letter Y represents "yes."

86. Otrava kysličníkem uhelnatým má nejčastěji podobu

dramatického stavu s bezvědomím a poruchou dýchání.

závažného stavu, kterému dominuje pocti dušnosti (špatného dechu).

nenápadného stavu, jemuž dominuje nevolnost, motání hlavy.

The correct answer is "nenápadného stavu, jemuž dominuje nevolnost, motání hlavy." This means that the most common form of carbon monoxide poisoning is a subtle state characterized by symptoms such as nausea and dizziness.

Explanation

The correct answer is "nenápadného stavu, jemuž dominuje nevolnost, motání hlavy." This means that the most common form of carbon monoxide poisoning is a subtle state characterized by symptoms such as nausea and dizziness.

87. Uštknutí zmijí ve volné přírodě je v našich podmínkách zpravidla

závažná až život ohrožující příhoda - zmijí jed způsobuje postupně paralýzu dýchacích svalů.

zpravidla nezávažná příhoda, ale postiženého může ohrozit alergická reakce.

vždy nezávažná příhoda, pověsti o jedovaté zmiji patří mezi mýty první pomoci.

The correct answer states that being bitten by a snake in the wild is usually not a serious incident, but it can potentially endanger the affected person due to an allergic reaction. This suggests that while snake bites may not typically cause severe harm, there is still a risk of an adverse allergic response that could pose a threat to the individual.

Explanation

The correct answer states that being bitten by a snake in the wild is usually not a serious incident, but it can potentially endanger the affected person due to an allergic reaction. This suggests that while snake bites may not typically cause severe harm, there is still a risk of an adverse allergic response that could pose a threat to the individual.

88.
Při dýchání z plic do plic by měl objem vydechovaného vzduchu odpovídat asi:

polovině normálního nádechu zachránce, ale vždy se provádějí dva vdechy za sebou.

hlubokému nádechu zachránce.

normálnímu nádechu zachránce.

When performing mouth-to-mouth resuscitation, the volume of exhaled air should correspond to the rescuer's normal breath. This means that the rescuer should exhale a normal amount of air during each breath, without overexerting or underexerting themselves. This ensures that enough oxygen is being delivered to the person in need of resuscitation.

Explanation

When performing mouth-to-mouth resuscitation, the volume of exhaled air should correspond to the rescuer's normal breath. This means that the rescuer should exhale a normal amount of air during each breath, without overexerting or underexerting themselves. This ensures that enough oxygen is being delivered to the person in need of resuscitation.

89. Postižený upadl na hřebík tak nešťastně, že si jej prorazil skrz dlaň. Před transportem postiženého k ošetření:

Je nezbytné co nejdříve hřebík vytáhnout a ránu důkladně desinfikovat.

Hřebík ani jiné cizí těleso za žádných okolnotí z rány nevytahujeme.

In this situation, it is necessary to remove the nail as soon as possible and thoroughly disinfect the wound before transporting the injured person for treatment. If it can be done smoothly and without risking tissue damage, the nail can be pulled out from the hand or foot, the wound should be bandaged, and the injured person should be taken to a doctor. It is important not to remove the nail or any other foreign object from the wound under any circumstances.

Explanation

In this situation, it is necessary to remove the nail as soon as possible and thoroughly disinfect the wound before transporting the injured person for treatment. If it can be done smoothly and without risking tissue damage, the nail can be pulled out from the hand or foot, the wound should be bandaged, and the injured person should be taken to a doctor. It is important not to remove the nail or any other foreign object from the wound under any circumstances.

90. Nešťastnou náhodou došlo k požití cca 1/3 litru nemrznoucí kapaliny do chladicí soustavy motoru.

Jde o život ohrožující příhodu, vyvoláme zvracení, podáme cca 0,2 l tvrdého alkoholu, vyhledáme lékaře.

not-available-via-ai

Explanation

not-available-via-ai

91. Denní dávka paracetamolu (Paralenu, Panadolu apod. ) u dospělého nesmí překročit:

cca 3-4 tablety.

cca 8-10 tablet.

cca 20-30 tablet.

The correct answer is cca 8-10 tablets. This is because the daily dose of paracetamol for an adult should not exceed this amount. Taking more than 8-10 tablets can lead to an overdose, which can cause liver damage and other serious health complications. It is important to follow the recommended dosage instructions and consult a healthcare professional if unsure.

Explanation

The correct answer is cca 8-10 tablets. This is because the daily dose of paracetamol for an adult should not exceed this amount. Taking more than 8-10 tablets can lead to an overdose, which can cause liver damage and other serious health complications. It is important to follow the recommended dosage instructions and consult a healthcare professional if unsure.

92. Léčený astmatik má "svůj" záchvat, nemůže mluvt, posunky žádá podat léky, které má pro podobnou příležitost předepsány od lékaře. Příslušné léky mu přineseme a dále:

vyčkáme cca 5-10 minut a pokud se stav nelepší, zavoláme záchrannaou službu.

vyčkáme cca 5-10 minut a pokud se stav nelepší, podáme druhoudávku léků.

bez ohledu na výsledek ihned voláme záchrannou službu.

In this scenario, the person experiencing an asthma attack is unable to speak and is signaling for medication that they have been prescribed for similar situations. The correct answer states that regardless of the outcome, we should immediately call emergency services. This is the most appropriate course of action because asthma attacks can quickly become life-threatening, and it is important to seek immediate medical assistance to ensure the person's safety and well-being.

Explanation

In this scenario, the person experiencing an asthma attack is unable to speak and is signaling for medication that they have been prescribed for similar situations. The correct answer states that regardless of the outcome, we should immediately call emergency services. This is the most appropriate course of action because asthma attacks can quickly become life-threatening, and it is important to seek immediate medical assistance to ensure the person's safety and well-being.

93. Na místo nehody přilétá vrtulník záchranné služby. Před přistáním bychom se měli pokud možno držet:

před předpokládaným místem přistání obličejem proti větru, pokud možno v zorném poli pilota.

za předpokládaným místem přistání ve vzdálenosti alespoň 10 m otočeni zády k vrtuilníku.

uprostřed místa pro přistání za stálého mávání světlým předmětem (tričkem apod.), těsně před dosednutím odběhneme stranou.

Before the helicopter lands, we should ideally face the wind, if possible within the pilot's field of vision. This is important for safety reasons, as facing the wind helps to prevent any debris or dust from being blown towards the landing zone, which could potentially cause harm to both the pilot and the people on the ground. Additionally, being within the pilot's field of vision allows for better communication and coordination during the landing process.

Explanation

Before the helicopter lands, we should ideally face the wind, if possible within the pilot's field of vision. This is important for safety reasons, as facing the wind helps to prevent any debris or dust from being blown towards the landing zone, which could potentially cause harm to both the pilot and the people on the ground. Additionally, being within the pilot's field of vision allows for better communication and coordination during the landing process.

94. Tzv. "protišoková" poloha (postižený leží na zádech podloženýma nohama) je u pacienta se známkami šoku jakéhokoliv původu:

Život zachraňující.

Zcela nevhodná, jde o jeden z mýtů první pomoci.

The "protišoková" position (patient lying on their back with elevated legs) is completely inappropriate and is a myth in first aid. It should only be used if there is a risk of shock due to a serious illness (in cases of shock from an injury, there may be a risk of spinal damage and unnecessary manipulation should be avoided).

Explanation

The "protišoková" position (patient lying on their back with elevated legs) is completely inappropriate and is a myth in first aid. It should only be used if there is a risk of shock due to a serious illness (in cases of shock from an injury, there may be a risk of spinal damage and unnecessary manipulation should be avoided).

95. Asi třecetiletý muž se ve vzdálenosti cca 50 m od břehu břehu přehradního jezera topí, střídavě mizí pod hladinou, zmateně mává rukama, chrčivě a přerývaně se snaží vykřiknout o pomoc. Při záchraně:

vždy použijeme vhodnou pomůcku (kruh, PET lahev, loďku apod.), jinak se do záchrany nepouštíme.

In this situation, the correct answer states that we should always use a suitable tool (such as a ring, PET bottle, boat, etc.) for rescue, otherwise, we should not engage in the rescue. This means that it is important to have a rescue aid to ensure the safety of both the rescuer and the person in distress. If there is no rescue aid available, the rescuer should try to swim to the person in distress and save them without any aids. The answer emphasizes the importance of having a proper rescue tool to ensure a successful rescue operation.

Explanation

In this situation, the correct answer states that we should always use a suitable tool (such as a ring, PET bottle, boat, etc.) for rescue, otherwise, we should not engage in the rescue. This means that it is important to have a rescue aid to ensure the safety of both the rescuer and the person in distress. If there is no rescue aid available, the rescuer should try to swim to the person in distress and save them without any aids. The answer emphasizes the importance of having a proper rescue tool to ensure a successful rescue operation.

96. Hlavní odlišností resuscitace dítěte od dospělého (kromě použití přiměřené síly a objemů dechu) je:

u dětí je podstatný jiný poměr vdechů a kompresí hrudníku.

prioritním krokem u dětí je uvolnění dýchacích cest a provedení "vypuzovacích manévrů".

u dětí nikdy neprovádáme dýchání z plic do plic.

The main difference in resuscitation of a child compared to an adult (besides using appropriate force and volumes of breath) is that the priority step for children is to clear the airway and perform "expulsive maneuvers". This means that the first action taken in resuscitating a child is to ensure that their airway is clear and to perform techniques to remove any obstructions or blockages. This is different from adults where other steps may take priority.

Explanation

The main difference in resuscitation of a child compared to an adult (besides using appropriate force and volumes of breath) is that the priority step for children is to clear the airway and perform "expulsive maneuvers". This means that the first action taken in resuscitating a child is to ensure that their airway is clear and to perform techniques to remove any obstructions or blockages. This is different from adults where other steps may take priority.

97. Účinná dávka paracetamolu (Paralen, Panadol apod.) u dospělého např. pro snížení teploty a omezení bolsti hlavy a svalů při chřipce je cca:

1 tableta

2 tablety

1/2 tablety

The correct answer is 2 tablety. This is because the effective dose of paracetamol for an adult to reduce fever and alleviate headache and muscle pain during flu is usually 2 tablets.

Explanation

The correct answer is 2 tablety. This is because the effective dose of paracetamol for an adult to reduce fever and alleviate headache and muscle pain during flu is usually 2 tablets.

98. "Živočišné uhlí", podávané v případě střevních venolností s průjmem, se podává:

po jednotlivých tabletách v intervalu cca 1 hodiny, zapíjíme pokud možno mlékem.

po tabletkách, pro dospělého v dávce 4-5 tablet najednou.

podáváme 3-10 tablet rozdrcených na prášek, smíchaných s přiměřeným množstvím vody.

The correct answer is "podáváme 3-10 tablet rozdrcených na prášek, smíchaných s přiměřeným množstvím vody." This is because in cases of intestinal venosity with diarrhea, "Živočišné uhlí" is administered by crushing 3-10 tablets into powder and mixing them with an appropriate amount of water.

Explanation

The correct answer is "podáváme 3-10 tablet rozdrcených na prášek, smíchaných s přiměřeným množstvím vody." This is because in cases of intestinal venosity with diarrhea, "Živočišné uhlí" is administered by crushing 3-10 tablets into powder and mixing them with an appropriate amount of water.

99. Nemocný těžkou cukrovkou je nápadně opocený, bledý, nereaguje na oslovení, ale zřetelně dýchá normální frekvencí. V rámci první pomoci:

přivoláme záchrannou službu, nedáváme nic jíst ani pít.

podáme jakýkoliv sladký nápoj ve větším množství.

podáme 1-2 cl. alkoholu a větší množství minerálních vod.

The correct answer is to call for emergency medical services and not give the person anything to eat or drink. In this scenario, the individual is showing signs of severe diabetes, such as excessive sweating, pale skin, and unresponsiveness. Giving them food or drink could worsen their condition. It is important to seek professional medical help immediately to provide appropriate treatment for the person's condition.

Explanation

The correct answer is to call for emergency medical services and not give the person anything to eat or drink. In this scenario, the individual is showing signs of severe diabetes, such as excessive sweating, pale skin, and unresponsiveness. Giving them food or drink could worsen their condition. It is important to seek professional medical help immediately to provide appropriate treatment for the person's condition.

100. Přijeli jsme k nehodě plně obsazeného autobusu, který se převrátil na střechu. Při obhlídce místa nehody vidíme, že částečně pod autobusem je zachycený muž, je v bezvědomí a nedýchá. Postiženému zakloníme hlavu a pokud nezačně dýchat,...

...zahájíme neodkladnou resuscitaci.

...zahájíme dýchání z plic do plic.

...označíme jej jako zemřelého a věnujeme se ostatním postiženým.

not-available-via-ai

Explanation

not-available-via-ai