1.
Who directed "The Truth Illusion"?
Correct Answer
A. Al Jazeera's Investigative Unit
Explanation
"The Truth Illusion" was directed by Al Jazeera's Investigative Unit. This unit is known for producing investigative documentaries that uncover hidden truths and expose corruption. Catherine Deneuve, Ethan Hawke, and Gilles Deleuze are unrelated to this specific documentary. Catherine Deneuve is a French actress, Ethan Hawke is an American actor and director, and Gilles Deleuze was a French philosopher.
2.
What is the name of the science-fiction film that features Fabienne, a famous French actress, in a story about motherly love and betrayal?
Correct Answer
A. The Truth
Explanation
The science-fiction film featuring Fabienne, a famous French actress, in a story about motherly love and betrayal, is called "The Truth." However, "The Truth" is not a science-fiction film but a drama. It tells the story of a complex mother-daughter relationship. "The Matrix" and "The Orbiter" are unrelated to this description, as "The Matrix" is a well-known sci-fi film, and "The Orbiter" does not match the description provided.
3.
What is the term used by psychologists to describe the tendency to seek out information that confirms one’s existing beliefs or biases?
Correct Answer
A. Confirmation bias
Explanation
Confirmation bias is a psychological phenomenon where people tend to seek out information that confirms their existing beliefs or biases. It is a type of cognitive bias that can lead to a distortion of facts or selective gathering of information. For instance, if someone believes in a particular political ideology, they might only read news articles that support their views and ignore those that challenge them. This bias can limit our perspective and prevent us from making objective decisions. It’s important to be aware of this bias and strive for a balanced view when seeking information.
4.
What is the name of the philosophical theory that states that reality is not objectively given, but rather constructed by human minds through language, culture and social relations?
Correct Answer
A. Constructivism
Explanation
Constructivism is the correct answer because it is a philosophical theory that asserts that reality is not objectively given, but rather constructed by human minds through language, culture, and social relations. According to constructivism, individuals create their own understanding and interpretation of the world based on their unique experiences and interactions. This theory emphasizes the role of subjectivity and social context in shaping our perception of reality. Relativism, idealism, and pragmatism do not specifically address the idea that reality is constructed by human minds.
5.
What is the name of the logical fallacy that involves attacking the person making an argument rather than the argument itself?
Correct Answer
A. Ad hominem
Explanation
Ad hominem is the correct answer because it refers to the logical fallacy of attacking the person making an argument rather than addressing the argument itself. This fallacy attempts to discredit the person's character or personal traits in order to undermine their argument, rather than engaging with the actual substance of their argument. By focusing on attacking the person rather than the argument, the fallacy distracts from the actual issue at hand and does not provide a valid counterargument.
6.
What is the name of the philosophical movement that challenges the idea of universal truths and values, and emphasizes the role of power, discourse and difference in shaping knowledge and reality?
Correct Answer
C. Postmodernism
Explanation
Postmodernism is the correct answer because it is a philosophical movement that challenges the concept of universal truths and values. It emphasizes the role of power, discourse, and difference in shaping knowledge and reality. Postmodernism rejects the idea that there is one objective truth and instead recognizes the influence of social, cultural, and historical factors on our understanding of reality. It questions traditional notions of authority and seeks to deconstruct dominant narratives and ideologies.
7.
What is the name of the psychological phenomenon that occurs when a person or a group holds a false or misleading belief that is contradicted by clear evidence, but persists in maintaining it due to social pressure or self-deception?
Correct Answer
C. Belief perseverance
Explanation
Belief perseverance is the psychological phenomenon where individuals or groups continue to hold a false or misleading belief even when confronted with clear evidence that contradicts it. This persistence is often due to social pressure or self-deception. Groupthink refers to the desire for harmony within a group leading to poor decision-making, the false consensus effect is the tendency to overestimate how much others share our beliefs, and collective delusion involves a shared false belief within a group.
8.
What is the name of the philosophical method that involves questioning and challenging assumptions, opinions and beliefs in order to seek clarity and truth?
Correct Answer
D. All of the above
Explanation
The correct answer is "All of the above" because Socratic dialogue, dialectical reasoning, and critical thinking all involve questioning and challenging assumptions, opinions, and beliefs in order to seek clarity and truth. Socratic dialogue refers to the method of inquiry and discussion used by Socrates to stimulate critical thinking and uncover underlying assumptions. Dialectical reasoning is a logical process of evaluating and resolving conflicting ideas or arguments through dialogue and debate. Critical thinking is a cognitive process that involves analyzing and evaluating information and arguments in a systematic and rational manner. Therefore, all three methods are related to questioning and challenging assumptions, opinions, and beliefs in the pursuit of clarity and truth.
9.
What is the name of the philosophical concept that refers to the gap between appearance and reality, or between what something seems to be and what it actually is?
Correct Answer
B. Illusion
Explanation
The philosophical concept of an illusion refers to the gap between appearance and reality, or between what something seems to be and what it actually is. An illusion occurs when perceptions or beliefs about something do not match its actual state. Paradox refers to a seemingly contradictory statement that may nonetheless be true, contradiction involves mutually exclusive propositions, and ambiguity refers to the presence of multiple possible interpretations. Illusions highlight the difference between our perceptions and the true nature of reality.
10.
What is the name of the philosophical principle that states that one should adopt the simplest explanation that accounts for all the available evidence?
Correct Answer
A. Occam's razor
Explanation
Occam's razor is the philosophical principle that suggests that when faced with multiple explanations, the simplest one that can account for all the available evidence is usually the correct one. This principle is based on the idea that unnecessary assumptions or complexities should be avoided when seeking the truth. It is named after the 14th-century philosopher William of Ockham, who is often credited with articulating this principle.