Racunarske Mreze - I Kolokvijum

The introduction of network classes in 1981 led to the determination of network size based on the first bits of the address. This means that the first few bits of the IP address were used to identify the network to which the device belongs. This allowed for better organization and management of networks, as well as efficient routing of data packets. It also helped in optimizing the allocation of IP addresses and reducing the wastage of available addresses.

The correct answer is Open Systems Interconnection. The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model is a conceptual framework that standardizes the functions of a communication system into seven different layers. It was developed by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) to facilitate interoperability between different computer systems and networks. The OSI model provides a structured approach to designing and implementing network protocols, allowing different devices and applications to communicate with each other effectively.

UDP (User Datagram Protocol) is a connectionless protocol that operates without establishing a connection between the sender and receiver. Unlike TCP, which requires a three-way handshake to establish a connection, UDP simply sends packets of data without any confirmation of receipt. This makes UDP faster and more efficient for transmitting data where speed is more important than reliability, such as real-time streaming or online gaming. Therefore, UDP is the correct answer as it is a protocol that operates without establishing a connection.

The use of a "splitter" in DSL technology is to prevent interference between frequency ranges. This means that the splitter separates the voice and data signals, allowing them to travel on different frequencies without interfering with each other. By doing so, the splitter ensures that the voice calls and data transmissions do not disrupt each other, resulting in clear and uninterrupted communication.

Paketi Internet protokola se nazivaju datagrami. Datagrami su jedinice podataka koje se šalju preko IP mreže. Oni sadrže informacije o izvoru i odredištu podataka, kao i sami podaci koji se prenose. Datagrami su nezavisni jedinice podataka i mogu se rutirati nezavisno jedan od drugog.

The correct answer is "Preostalo vreme dozvoljenog postojanja paketa." The Time to Live (TTL) field in the Internet Protocol (IP) header indicates the remaining time that a packet is allowed to exist within a network before it is discarded. As the packet travels through different routers and networks, the TTL value is decremented by one. If the TTL reaches zero, the packet is dropped and an error message is sent back to the source. This mechanism prevents packets from circulating indefinitely in a network.

The correct answer is TCP. TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) is a protocol that is responsible for establishing a reliable and connection-oriented communication between two devices over a network. It ensures that data packets are delivered in the correct order and without errors. UDP (User Datagram Protocol) is also a protocol that works with establishing a connection, but it is unreliable and connectionless. Ethernet and IP are not protocols for establishing connections, but rather for data transmission and network addressing, respectively.

Impulsni sum je naziv za grešku u telekomunikacionim kanalima koja se karakteriše velikim intenzitetom i kratkim trajanjem, a izazvana je naglim promenama struje.

The basic elements of a general model of a communication system are the transmission system, transmitter, destination, receiver, and source. The transmission system refers to the medium through which the communication signals are transmitted, such as wireless or wired transmission. The transmitter is responsible for encoding and sending the information. The destination is the intended recipient of the message. The receiver decodes the information and retrieves the message. The source is the originator of the message.

The correct answer is "Okvirima" because in Ethernet technology, data is transmitted in the form of frames or packets. These frames contain the source and destination addresses, as well as the actual data being transmitted. Therefore, the units of data in Ethernet technology are referred to as "okviri" or frames.

Multihoming refers to the process of connecting a computer to two or more computer networks simultaneously. This allows the computer to communicate with devices on multiple networks, increasing redundancy and improving network performance. Multihoming can be achieved by using multiple network cards or by connecting to multiple networks through a single network card. In this case, the correct answer is "Povezivanje racunara sa dve racunarske mreze" which translates to "Connecting a computer to two computer networks".

Modemi are devices that are used for A/D (Analog to Digital) conversion in the classical PSTN (Public Switched Telephone Network) network. They convert analog signals from telephone lines into digital signals that can be transmitted over digital networks. Modems play a crucial role in enabling communication between analog devices, such as telephones, and digital networks.

The given correct answer is "Kontrolna suma" because a checksum is a detection method that involves performing a mathematical operation (usually addition) on the characters that need to be checked. It is used to verify the integrity of data during transmission and detect any errors that may have occurred. The checksum is calculated at the sender's end and then compared with the checksum calculated at the receiver's end to ensure that the data has been transmitted correctly.

When TCP communicates with IP, the process that takes place is called encapsulation. This refers to the process of adding the TCP segment into the IP datagram, which includes encapsulating the TCP data within the IP packet. This allows the TCP segment to be transmitted over the network using IP as the underlying protocol.

Korekcija greske unapred je sistem koji koristi kodove sa dovoljno redudanse da se greske na komunikacionom kanalu mogu na prijemu detektovati i ispraviti, bez potrebe za ponovnim slanjem. Ova tehnika omogućava ispravljanje grešaka čak i ako se one dogode tokom prenosa podataka.

The given answer lists two basic causes of errors in computer networks: sum and signal degradation. "Sum" refers to the accumulation of errors or noise in the network, which can occur due to various factors such as interference, congestion, or incorrect data transmission. "Degradation of signal" refers to the deterioration of the quality of the transmitted signal, which can happen due to factors like distance, attenuation, or electromagnetic interference. Both of these factors can lead to errors in network communication and affect the overall performance and reliability of the network.

The correct answer is "Komutacijom veza." This is because the term "komutacija veza" refers to circuit switching, which was the initial method used in telephone networks. Circuit switching establishes a dedicated communication path between two parties for the duration of the call, ensuring a consistent and reliable connection. This method is different from packet switching, which is used in modern data networks and involves breaking data into packets and sending them separately. Therefore, the correct answer is "Komutacijom veza."

ISDN tehnologija se danas primarno koristi za brz pristup internetu. ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network) je tehnologija koja omogućava prenos podataka, glasa i video zapisa preko digitalne telefonske linije. Ova tehnologija omogućava brz pristup internetu putem telefonske linije, što je korisno za korisnike koji nemaju pristup širokopojasnom internetu. Povezivanje čvorista internet provajdera također može biti jedna od primena ISDN tehnologije, ali brz pristup internetu je primarna svrha.

The correct answer is "Dziter". Dziter refers to the distortion that occurs in telecommunication channels due to changes in the analog signals, such as amplitude, frequency, and phase.

Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4) addresses have a bit length of 32 bits. This means that an IPv4 address is represented by a series of 32 binary digits (0s and 1s). Each bit can have two possible values, either 0 or 1, resulting in a total of 2^32 (approximately 4.3 billion) unique IPv4 addresses. IPv4 addresses are typically written in decimal form, with four sets of numbers separated by periods, each representing 8 bits (or one byte) of the address.

Modemi typically use RJ11 connectors. RJ11 connectors are commonly used for telephone connections and are smaller in size compared to RJ45 connectors. RJ11 connectors have four pins and are used to connect telephones, fax machines, and modems to telephone lines. They are not compatible with RJ45 connectors, which are used for Ethernet connections. Therefore, RJ11 is the correct answer for the given question.

Routers are intermediary network devices that receive data and forward it to its destination. In this case, the received data will be de-encapsulated until the transport layer if it is being sent to a server. The transport layer is responsible for establishing a reliable communication between the source and destination hosts. Therefore, the correct answer is the transport layer if the data is being sent to a server.

The correct answer is "Prevodjenje logickih adresa u fizicke" which translates to "Translation of logical addresses into physical addresses" in English. The Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) is responsible for mapping an IP address (logical address) to its corresponding MAC address (physical address) in a local network. ARP enables communication between devices on a network by translating logical addresses to physical addresses.

The length of an Ethernet address is measured in bits, not bytes. The given answer, "48 bitova," correctly states that the length of an Ethernet address is 48 bits.

Anycast is the correct answer because it refers to a network addressing and routing methodology where data is sent to the nearest server or node in a group of servers that share the same IP address. In this scenario, the company's website is highly visited and served by multiple servers in the same data center, which share the user requests' load. Anycast allows for efficient distribution of traffic and improves the overall performance and reliability of the website.

The correct answer is PCI and USB. Ethernet interfaces can be connected to PCI and USB computer interfaces.

The correct answer is "Pozicija na kojoj se bitovi dva niza razlikuju" (The position at which the bits of two arrays differ). The explanation for this answer is that exclusive disjunction, also known as XOR (exclusive OR), is a logical operation that compares two bits and returns 1 if they are different and 0 if they are the same. Therefore, by using exclusive disjunction, we can determine the position or index at which the bits of two arrays differ.

The typical throughput capacities of modern Ethernet switches are 100 Mb/s and 1 Gb/s. These values represent the maximum amount of data that can be transmitted per second through the switch. The "Mb/s" stands for megabits per second, while "Gb/s" stands for gigabits per second. The switch is capable of handling data at a rate of 100 million bits per second or 1 billion bits per second, depending on the specific port or interface being used.

Ethernet mreže zasnovane na koaksijalnim kablovima rade u polu-dupleks rezimu rada. Polu-dupleks podrazumeva da podaci mogu da se prenose u oba smera, ali ne istovremeno. To znači da se podaci mogu prenositi u jednom smeru u određenom trenutku, dok se u isto vreme ne može vršiti prenos u suprotnom smeru. Ova vrsta rada omogućava efikasnu komunikaciju u Ethernet mrežama, ali nije potpuno dupleksna kao puni-dupleks rezim rada.

Intermodulacioni sum se odnosi na grešku u telekomunikacionim kanalima kada se signali iz dva nezavisna toka podataka kombinuju i stvaraju novi signal koji upada u frekvenciju koja je rezervisana za drugi signal. Ova greška može dovesti do ometanja i izobličenja signala, što može rezultirati lošijom kvalitetom komunikacije.

The correct answer is 160 bitova, fiksno. This means that the header length of the internet protocol is fixed at 160 bits.

The correct answer is "Puni-dupleks." This refers to full-duplex mode, which allows for simultaneous two-way communication between devices. In full-duplex mode, data can be transmitted and received at the same time, increasing the efficiency and speed of communication in Ethernet networks.

Komutacija paketa najbolje rezultate daje u pogledu iskorišćenosti veza. Komutacija paketa je tehnika prenosa podataka u kojoj se podaci dele na manje pakete i prenose preko mreže. Ova tehnika omogućava deljenje veze između različitih korisnika i efikasno iskorišćavanje raspoloživog kapaciteta mreže. U poređenju sa komutacijom veza, gde se veza rezerviše samo za jednog korisnika, komutacija paketa omogućava da više korisnika deli istu vezu i koristi je samo kada je potrebno. Ovo dovodi do bolje iskorišćenosti veza i efikasnijeg korišćenja mrežnih resursa.

The correct answer is Fragmentovanje podataka, Adresovanje udaljenih mreza I racunara. This is because the basic functions of the internet protocol include fragmenting data, which involves breaking data packets into smaller units for transmission, and addressing remote networks and computers, which is necessary for routing data to the correct destination.

The given answer is correct because it includes the most commonly used techniques for error detection during data transmission. Parity check is a simple technique that involves adding an extra bit to each data unit to make the total number of 1s either even or odd. Polynomial check, also known as cyclic redundancy check (CRC), uses a polynomial to generate a checksum that is appended to the data. Longitudinal redundant check (LRC) involves adding a checksum byte to the end of a block of data. These techniques help in detecting errors during data transmission.

In the case that the Internet Protocol module determines that the destination address is not located in the local network, it will not use the physical address for sending the packet. This means that the packet will not be sent directly to the physical address of the recipient. Instead, it will utilize other means, such as routing through network gateways or using logical addresses, to reach the destination.

Harmonijska izobličenja se odnose na greške u telekomunikacionim kanalima koje nastaju usled nepravilnog pojačavanja ulaznog signala, odnosno promene faze.

The correct answer is "Eliminisanje redundantnih veza." The Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) is used to eliminate redundant links in a network. It ensures that there is only one active path between any two network devices to prevent loops and broadcast storms. By identifying and disabling redundant links, STP helps to maintain a loop-free topology and ensures efficient and reliable network operation.

The correct answer is "Deo koji odredjuje clana mreze, Deo koji odredjuje mrezu". In the Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4) address, the part that determines the network is known as the network address, while the part that determines the host within that network is known as the host address. These two parts together make up the complete IPv4 address.

The correct answer is "Adresovanje visestrukih primaoca" which translates to "Addressing multiple recipients" in English. This is because IP addresses from the range 224.0.0.0/4 are reserved for multicast addressing. Multicast addressing allows a single sender to send data to a specific group of recipients, rather than sending separate copies to each individual recipient. This is commonly used in applications such as video streaming, online gaming, and teleconferencing, where multiple users need to receive the same data simultaneously.

The correct answer is "Eternet most (bridz),Komutator (svic)". A bridge (most) and a switch (svic) both operate at the data link layer (second layer) of the OSI model. They are responsible for forwarding data packets between different network segments or LANs. A bridge connects multiple LANs together, while a switch connects multiple devices within a single LAN. Both devices use MAC addresses to determine the destination of the data packets and make forwarding decisions.

The correct answer is "Magistrala". This is because the question is asking about the logical topology used by computer networks that use Ethernet switches and twisted pair cables. Out of the given options, "Magistrala" is the logical topology that uses a single shared communication channel, where all devices are connected to the same cable.

The correct answer is "Razvodnik (hub)" and "Ripiter". A hub is a networking device that allows multiple devices to connect to a network. It operates at the physical layer of the network and simply broadcasts incoming data packets to all connected devices. A repeater, or "Ripiter" in Serbian, is also a device that operates at the physical layer and amplifies or regenerates signals to extend the reach of a network. Both a hub and a repeater are examples of devices that work at the first layer of the OSI model.

The correct answer is "Zvezda." In a star topology, all devices are connected to a central hub or switch. This central hub acts as a central point of communication, allowing devices to communicate with each other through the hub. This topology is commonly used in Ethernet networks as it provides a high level of scalability, flexibility, and ease of troubleshooting.

The given answer is correct because it includes the IP address ranges that cannot be used for public addressing of computers. These ranges are reserved for special purposes. The IP address range 128.0.0.0/8 is reserved for multicast addresses, which are used for one-to-many communication. The IP address range 224.0.0.0/4 is also reserved for multicast addresses. The IP address range 182.168.0.0/16 is a private IP address range, which is used for local area networks and cannot be routed on the internet.

A "viseportni digitalni pojacivac signala" can be translated as a "multi-port digital signal amplifier." Out of the given options, the term "Razvodnik" translates to "splitter" in English. A splitter is a device that takes an input signal and splits it into multiple output signals, making it a suitable choice for a multi-port digital signal amplifier.

The correct answer is "Polu-dupleks" which translates to "Half-duplex" in English. Half-duplex mode allows communication in both directions, but not simultaneously. In this mode, data can be transmitted in one direction at a time, while the other direction waits. It is commonly used in Ethernet networks where devices take turns to transmit and receive data.

To separate diverse members of an Ethernet network, particularly for security reasons, the technology that needs to be used is IEEE 802.1Q and VLAN. VLAN (Virtual Local Area Network) allows the network to be segmented into multiple virtual networks, enabling different groups of devices to be isolated from each other for security purposes. IEEE 802.1Q is the standard that defines VLAN tagging, which allows the identification of VLAN membership for each Ethernet frame. By using these technologies together, diverse members of the Ethernet network can be separated securely.

Ruteri se mogu koristiti za podelu emisionog (broadcast) domena. Ruteri su mrežni uređaji koji se koriste za slanje podataka između različitih mreža. Oni imaju sposobnost da filtriraju i usmeravaju podatke samo na određene mrežne adrese, što omogućava efikasnu podelu emisionog domena. Dok razvodnici, ripiteri, mostovi i komutatori mogu obavljati slične funkcije, ruteri su specifično dizajnirani za povezivanje različitih mreža i omogućavanje komunikacije između njih.

To increase the availability of the Ethernet network, it is necessary to use the ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) protocol. ARP is responsible for mapping an IP address to a MAC address, allowing devices to communicate with each other on the same network. By using ARP, devices can obtain the MAC address of the destination device and send data packets efficiently. This protocol plays a crucial role in ensuring smooth communication and improving the availability of the Ethernet network.

Agregacija linkova se odnosi na mogućnost Ethernet komutatora da paralelno koriste više komunikacionih kanala između sebe. Ova tehnika omogućava povećanje propusnosti i pouzdanosti mreže tako što se više fizičkih veza kombinuje u jednu logičku vezu. Ovo se može postići korišćenjem tehnologija kao što su link aggregation control protocol (LACP) ili static link aggregation.

The correct answer is Distribucija, Jezgro, Pristup. In the hierarchical model for designing private networks, these are the basic layers. The distribution layer is responsible for connecting the core layer to the access layer and distributing network traffic. The core layer is the backbone of the network and handles high-speed data transfer between different distribution layers. The access layer provides network access to end devices.

Razvodnici (hubs) and ripiteri (repeaters) do not require memory because they operate at the physical layer of the Ethernet network. They simply amplify or regenerate the signal and do not make any decisions based on the data being transmitted. On the other hand, mostovi (bridges), komutatori (switches), and ruteri (routers) operate at higher layers of the network and require memory to store and process data packets.

The correct answer is "Komutacija paketa, Virtualna veza". In packet switching, data is divided into small packets and each packet is sent independently over the network. This allows for more efficient use of network resources and enables packets to take different paths to reach their destination. Virtual circuit switching, on the other hand, establishes a dedicated communication path between the sender and receiver before data transmission. This ensures that packets are delivered in the same order they were sent. Therefore, using packet switching and virtual circuit switching together can ensure that all sent packets arrive at the destination in the same order.

The correct answer is "Komutator (svic), Ruter". A switch (komutator) operates at the third layer of the network, which is the network layer. It is responsible for routing data packets between different networks. A router (ruter) also operates at the network layer and performs similar functions as a switch, but it is more advanced and can make decisions based on the IP addresses of the packets. Both the switch and router play crucial roles in network communication and data transmission.

Komutatori i mostovi su uređaji koji se koriste za podelu kolizionog domena u mrežama. Komutatori su pametni uređaji koji analiziraju podatke i prosleđuju ih samo na odgovarajuće portove, što omogućava da svaki uređaj u mreži ima svoj nezavisni kanal za komunikaciju. Mostovi su slični komutatorima, ali rade na nižem sloju mrežnog modela i povezuju dve mreže. Oba uređaja omogućavaju efikasniju komunikaciju i smanjuju mogućnost kolizija u mreži.

The correct answer is "Koncentrisanje veceg broja linija na cvoristu" and "Koriscenje vise telefonskih uredjaja na jednoj liniji". This means that the role of the DSLAM device is to concentrate a larger number of lines at a central point (node) and enable the use of multiple telephone devices on a single line.

The given answer includes the decimal values that are valid representations of binary octets for network masks. A network mask is a 32-bit value used to divide an IP address into network and host portions. The valid decimal values for binary octets in network masks are 0, 128, 192, 224, 240, 248, 252, 254, and 255. The answer includes the correct values of 255, 0, 128, 224, and 252, which are all valid representations of binary octets for network masks.

The correct answer includes the wireless technologies that are used for connecting to internet service providers. These technologies are mobile telephony, IEEE 802.11 (commonly known as Wi-Fi), WiMAX, and Bluetooth. These technologies provide wireless connectivity options for accessing the internet.

Komutatori i mostovi su uređaji koji se koriste u računarskim mrežama kako bi se preusmerili podaci sa jednog dela mreže na drugi. Oni omogućavaju brzi prenos podataka i smanjuju kašnjenje u mreži. Razvodnici i ripiteri, s druge strane, ne obavljaju istu funkciju kao komutatori i mostovi i ne mogu smanjiti kašnjenje u mreži. Ruteri su takođe uređaji za preusmeravanje podataka, ali se koriste za povezivanje različitih mreža, a ne za smanjenje kašnjenja unutar jedne mreže.

The progress made by using Ethernet switches instead of hubs addresses the issues of security (privacy), overall network performance, and availability. Ethernet switches provide better security by isolating network traffic between devices, preventing unauthorized access. They also improve the overall performance of the network by reducing collisions and improving data transmission efficiency. Additionally, switches offer better availability as they allow for redundant connections and can quickly detect and bypass network failures.

The correct answer includes ISDN, IEEE 802.3, ADSL, and Dial-up. These are all forms of connecting to internet service providers using wireline technologies. ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network) is a set of communication standards that enables the transmission of voice, video, and data simultaneously over digital lines. IEEE 802.3 refers to Ethernet, which is a widely used wired networking technology. ADSL (Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line) is a type of broadband internet connection that utilizes existing telephone lines. Dial-up is a method of connecting to the internet using a standard telephone line and a modem.