1.
Which of the following comprises the low-pressure system?
Correct Answer
E. All of the above
Explanation
The low-pressure system comprises flowmeter tubes, vaporizers, check valves, and a common gas outlet. These components work together to regulate and control the flow of gas at a lower pressure. The flowmeter tubes measure the amount of gas being delivered, the vaporizers convert liquid gas into a gaseous state, the check valves ensure that gas flows in one direction only, and the common gas outlet is where the gas is released. Therefore, all of the mentioned components are part of the low-pressure system.
2.
What is the last safeguard before the gases reach the patient?
Correct Answer
B. Thorpe tube
Explanation
The Thorpe tube is the last safeguard before the gases reach the patient. The Thorpe tube is a device that is used to monitor and measure the flow of gases in a breathing circuit. It is typically located between the patient and the anesthesia machine. The Thorpe tube helps to ensure that the correct amount of gases is being delivered to the patient, and it can also detect any abnormalities or deviations in the gas flow. This allows for timely intervention and adjustment to prevent any potential harm to the patient.
3.
When is an O2 analyzer reading erroneous?
Correct Answer
C. When used with nasal cannula
Explanation
An O2 analyzer reading can indeed be erroneous when used with a nasal cannula. This device is used to deliver supplemental oxygen and is not designed to create a closed system. Air can mix with the supplemental oxygen, especially if the flow rate is low or if the patient is breathing through their mouth, which dilutes the oxygen concentration. This mixture can lead to inaccurately high readings of ambient air and inaccurately low readings of oxygen levels. It's important to ensure that the analyzer is correctly positioned and that patient conditions and equipment use are adequately monitored to avoid such errors.
4.
There are ____ sprockets on an oxygen flowmeter.
Correct Answer
B. 2
Explanation
There are typically two sprockets on an oxygen flowmeter. These sprockets are part of the mechanism that helps regulate and measure the flow rate of oxygen being delivered. The specific number of sprockets can vary depending on the design and manufacturer of the flowmeter.
5.
What is the minimum o2: N2O ration?
Correct Answer
C. 1:3
Explanation
The minimum oxygen (O2) to nitrous oxide (N2O) ratio in anesthesia machines is typically 1:3. This safety feature is known as the oxygen-nitrous oxide ratio controller or fail-safe system. It ensures that nitrous oxide cannot be delivered without a minimum amount of oxygen. This ratio prevents hypoxia by guaranteeing that the patient receives at least 25% oxygen at all times during anesthesia, where oxygen is not less than one part to every three parts of nitrous oxide. The 1:3 ratio is a critical safety standard in anesthetic practices to maintain adequate oxygenation and prevent complications associated with low oxygen levels.
6.
The purpose of the safety devices in the low flow system is:
Correct Answer
D. Decrease the risk of a hypoxic mixture
Explanation
The purpose of safety devices in a low flow system is to decrease the risk of a hypoxic mixture. A hypoxic mixture refers to a gas mixture that has a lower concentration of oxygen than what is required for normal respiration. By having safety devices in place, such as oxygen sensors or alarms, the system can detect and prevent the occurrence of hypoxia, ensuring that the gas mixture delivered to the user is safe and contains an adequate amount of oxygen.
7.
What is the method of regulating output concentration? choose all that apply
Correct Answer(s)
B. Concentration calibrated
C. Measure flow
Explanation
The method of regulating output concentration can be achieved by two approaches: concentration calibration and measuring flow. Concentration calibration involves adjusting the concentration of the output based on a pre-determined calibration curve or standard. Measuring flow, on the other hand, allows for the control of output concentration by precisely measuring the flow rate and adjusting it accordingly. Both of these methods are effective in regulating the output concentration.
8.
What is the method of vaporization? choose all that apply
Correct Answer(s)
B. Flow over
C. Injection
E. Bubble through
Explanation
The methods of vaporization include flow over, injection, and bubble through. Flow over refers to the process of passing a liquid over a heated surface to convert it into vapor. Injection involves injecting a liquid into a heated chamber or system to vaporize it. Bubble through involves introducing a gas or vapor through a liquid to create bubbles, which then evaporate and vaporize the liquid. These methods are all used to convert a liquid into vapor by applying heat or introducing gas or vapor into the system.
9.
How is temperature compensated for with vaporizers. choose all that apply
Correct Answer(s)
A. Thermocompensation
E. Supplied heat
Explanation
Temperature compensation in vaporizers is achieved through two methods: thermocompensation and supplied heat. Thermocompensation involves adjusting the vaporizer's output based on changes in temperature to maintain a consistent vapor pressure. This ensures that the vaporizer delivers the desired concentration of vapor regardless of temperature fluctuations. Supplied heat refers to the external heating provided to the vaporizer to maintain a constant temperature, which in turn ensures consistent vaporization. Therefore, both thermocompensation and supplied heat are necessary for accurate temperature compensation in vaporizers.
10.
How is specificity related to specific vaporizers. choose all that apply
Correct Answer(s)
C. Agent specific
E. Multiple agent
Explanation
Specificity refers to the ability of a vaporizer to deliver a specific agent or multiple agents accurately and consistently. In the context of specific vaporizers, "agent specific" means that the vaporizer is designed to deliver a specific agent, ensuring precise administration of that particular substance. On the other hand, "multiple agent" indicates that the vaporizer is capable of delivering multiple agents, allowing for the administration of different substances as required. Therefore, both "agent specific" and "multiple agent" are related to specificity in specific vaporizers.
11.
How is resistance classified with specific vaporizers? choose all that apply
Correct Answer(s)
D. Plenum
E. Low resistence
Explanation
Resistance is classified with specific vaporizers based on two factors: plenum and low resistance. A plenum is a chamber that holds the vaporizing agent, and it is an important component in vaporizers. Low resistance is another classification, indicating that the vaporizer has a low level of resistance to the flow of the agent. Therefore, both plenum and low resistance are correct classifications for resistance with specific vaporizers.
12.
Name the gas that we use as a carrier gas for agents.
Correct Answer
C. Oxygen
Explanation
Oxygen is the main gas used with anesthetic agents during medical procedures. It's important because it ensures the patient gets enough oxygen to breathe safely while they are asleep from the anesthesia. Oxygen helps carry the anesthesia through the body and keeps the patient's oxygen levels stable during surgery.
13.
Modern vaporizers are within the breathing circuit. True or false?
Correct Answer
B. False
Explanation
Modern vaporizers are not within the breathing circuit; they are outside the breathing circuit. This setup is known as "out of circuit." The design helps control the concentration of anesthetic agent more accurately as it vaporizes and mixes the anesthetic gas with fresh gas (like oxygen) before it enters the breathing circuit. This method is safer and provides better control over the amount of anesthesia a patient receives.
14.
What is a vaporizer interlock mechanism?
Correct Answer
D. Prevents more than 1 vaporizer to be turned on at one time
Explanation
A vaporizer interlock mechanism is a safety feature that prevents more than one vaporizer from being turned on at the same time. This is important because having multiple vaporizers operating simultaneously can lead to incorrect agent delivery and potentially harmful effects on the patient. By limiting the activation of multiple vaporizers, the interlock mechanism ensures that only one vaporizer is in use at any given time, promoting patient safety and accurate administration of anesthesia.
15.
The main purpose of the circle system is:
Correct Answer
B. To prevent rebreathing of CO2
Explanation
The main purpose of the circle system is to prevent rebreathing of CO2. This system ensures that exhaled gases are effectively removed from the patient's respiratory system and not inhaled again. By continuously delivering fresh gas and removing waste gases, the circle system helps maintain a safe and balanced gas mixture for the patient. This prevents the accumulation of CO2 in the respiratory system and ensures proper oxygenation during anesthesia. Additionally, the circle system also allows for a rapid transition to an ambu bag if needed and supports the scavenger system in removing waste gases from the operating room.
16.
If the APL valve is open and the ventilation bag squeezed where will all of it contents go
Correct Answer
A. Scavenger system
Explanation
When the APL valve is open and the ventilation bag is squeezed, the contents of the bag will be directed towards the scavenger system. The scavenger system is responsible for removing waste gases from the breathing circuit and expelling them safely outside the operating room. Therefore, when the APL valve is open, any excess gas from the bag will be directed towards the scavenger system for proper disposal.
17.
The approximate water content of Soda Lime is
Correct Answer
C. 14-19%
Explanation
Soda Lime is a substance commonly used in laboratories to absorb carbon dioxide. It is a mixture of sodium hydroxide and calcium hydroxide. The approximate water content of Soda Lime is 14-19%. This means that for every 100 grams of Soda Lime, there is approximately 14-19 grams of water. The water content is important to consider because it can affect the performance and effectiveness of Soda Lime in absorbing carbon dioxide.
18.
Which of the following are ventilator components?
Correct Answer
E. All of the above
Explanation
The correct answer is "all of the above". All of the mentioned components - safety release valve, driving gas supply, injector, and bellows assembly - are indeed ventilator components. Each of these components plays a crucial role in the functioning of a ventilator. The safety release valve ensures the safe release of excess pressure, the driving gas supply provides the necessary gas for ventilation, the injector controls the flow of gas, and the bellows assembly helps in the delivery of breaths to the patient.
19.
The standard size in the U.S. for a scavenger system hose is ________.
Correct Answer
A. 19mm
Explanation
The standard size for a scavenger system hose in the U.S. is 19mm. This size is used to make sure the scavenging system works right. The scavenger system removes extra gases from areas where medical staff work, keeping the air safe. The 19mm hose is specially sized to fit the equipment used in medical settings, helping to efficiently capture and remove unwanted gases.
20.
Define regulations
Correct Answer
B. Legal mandate
Explanation
The term "regulations" refers to rules or guidelines that are set by a governing body or authority. These regulations serve as a legal mandate, meaning they are legally required to be followed. In this context, regulations can be seen as accepted methods of practice that must be adhered to. The phrase "Micro-adjustments to the vaporizer" and the statement "Who cares I am just a SRNA" are unrelated and do not provide any relevant information to explain the correct answer.
21.
What are standards?
Correct Answer
A. Accepted methods of practice
Explanation
Standards refer to accepted methods of practice that are widely recognized and followed within a particular field or industry. These standards serve as guidelines for professionals to ensure that they are adhering to the best practices and providing quality services. They are not legal mandates but rather voluntary guidelines that professionals choose to follow. The statement about the MAC of a volatile agent is unrelated and does not provide any explanation for the correct answer.
22.
Which of the following regulate gas cylinders?
Correct Answer
D. DOT
Explanation
The Department of Transportation (DOT) regulates gas cylinders. They have established regulations and standards for the safe transportation, handling, and storage of hazardous materials, including gas cylinders. These regulations ensure that gas cylinders are manufactured, tested, and labeled properly, and that they are transported and stored in a safe manner to prevent accidents or leaks that could result in harm to people or the environment.
23.
Which agency enforces a safe working environment?
Correct Answer
C. OSHA
Explanation
OSHA, or the Occupational Safety and Health Administration, is the agency responsible for enforcing a safe working environment. They set and enforce standards to ensure that employers provide a safe and healthy workplace for their employees. OSHA conducts inspections, investigates complaints, and imposes penalties for violations of safety regulations. Their goal is to prevent work-related injuries, illnesses, and fatalities by promoting safe working conditions and providing education and training on workplace safety.
24.
Name the agency that writes criteria for OSHA to enforce.
Correct Answer
C. NIOSH
Explanation
NIOSH, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, is the agency responsible for writing criteria for OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Administration) to enforce. OSHA relies on NIOSH's research and recommendations to establish and enforce workplace safety regulations. NIOSH conducts studies, evaluates workplace hazards, and provides guidance to OSHA in order to protect workers' health and safety.
25.
Which of these agencies writes standards for the prevention of fires?
Correct Answer
D. NFPA
Explanation
NFPA, or the National Fire Protection Association, is the agency that writes standards for the prevention of fires. They develop and publish codes and standards that are widely used and adopted by various organizations and industries to ensure fire safety. These standards cover a wide range of areas such as building construction, electrical systems, hazardous materials, and fire protection equipment. NFPA's standards are recognized and respected globally, making them a leading authority in fire prevention and safety.
26.
Who handles most standards affecting anesthesia?
Correct Answer
C. ASTM
Explanation
ASTM, or the American Society for Testing and Materials, handles most standards affecting anesthesia. ASTM is an international organization that develops and publishes voluntary consensus technical standards for a wide range of materials, products, systems, and services. They work closely with experts in the field to establish standards that ensure the safety and effectiveness of anesthesia equipment, procedures, and practices. By setting these standards, ASTM helps to promote uniformity and quality in the field of anesthesia.
27.
Which of these are thw parts of the medical gas cylinder?
Correct Answer
E. All of the above
Explanation
The medical gas cylinder consists of several parts, including the cylinder itself, the valve, the pressure relief device, and the conical depression. Each of these components plays a crucial role in ensuring the safe storage and dispensing of medical gases. The cylinder holds the gas, the valve controls the flow, the pressure relief device prevents excessive pressure buildup, and the conical depression allows for easy connection to medical equipment. Therefore, all of the above options are correct.
28.
What is the danger with Adiabatic compression?
Correct Answer
C. Fire hazard with recompression
Explanation
Adiabatic compression refers to the process of compressing a gas without any heat exchange with the surroundings. During this compression, the temperature of the gas increases significantly. The danger with adiabatic compression is that if the compressed gas is flammable or combustible, the high temperature can lead to a fire hazard when the gas is recompressed. The increase in temperature can cause the gas to reach its ignition point, resulting in a potential fire or explosion. Therefore, the correct answer is "Fire hazard with recompression."
29.
What is the danger with Adiabatic expansion?
Correct Answer
C. Fire hazard with recompression
Explanation
Adiabatic expansion refers to the process where a gas expands rapidly without any heat exchange with its surroundings. This can lead to a significant increase in temperature, which can potentially cause a fire hazard when the gas is recompressed. The rapid compression of the gas can ignite any flammable substances present, leading to a fire. Therefore, the danger associated with adiabatic expansion is the fire hazard that arises during the recompression process.
30.
What is PISS?
Correct Answer
C. Pin index safety system
Explanation
The correct answer is Pin index safety system. The Pin index safety system is a safety mechanism used in medical gas cylinders to ensure that the correct gas is being delivered to the patient. It involves matching the pins on the cylinder valve with the corresponding holes on the regulator, preventing the accidental connection of the wrong gas. This system is crucial in preventing gas mix-ups and ensuring patient safety during medical procedures.
31.
What is the PISS of O2?
Correct Answer
B. 2,5
Explanation
The PISS (Pin Index Safety System) for oxygen (O2) is 2,5. This system uses a unique arrangement of pins on the gas yoke and corresponding holes on the gas cylinder to ensure that only the correct medical gas is connected to the appropriate gas supply system. For oxygen, the pins are set at positions 2 and 5, preventing accidental connections to other gas types and ensuring safe and proper use in medical settings.
32.
What is the PISS of N2O?
Correct Answer
C. 3,5
Explanation
The PISS (Pin Index Safety System) for nitrous oxide (N2O) is 3,5. This safety system uses pins arranged in specific positions to make sure that the correct gas cylinder is attached to its matching gas supply system in medical settings. For nitrous oxide, the pins are located at positions 3 and 5. This setup helps prevent the accidental connection of a nitrous oxide cylinder to a system meant for a different gas, ensuring safe and proper usage.
33.
What is the PISS of Air?
Correct Answer
A. 1,5
Explanation
The PISS (Pin Index Safety System) for medical air is 1,5. This system is designed with specific pin positions to ensure that only the correct gas cylinder is connected to the appropriate supply system. For medical air, the pins are located at positions 1 and 5. This setup helps prevent the accidental connection of a medical air cylinder to a system intended for another type of gas, ensuring safe and correct use in healthcare settings.
34.
What is DISS?
Correct Answer
A. Diameter index safety system
Explanation
The correct answer is Diameter index safety system. The Diameter Index Safety System (DISS) is a standardized system used in medical gas delivery to ensure the proper connection and compatibility between gas cylinders and medical devices. It consists of specific fittings and connectors that prevent the accidental connection of incompatible gases, reducing the risk of gas mix-ups and potential hazards. The DISS system is commonly used in healthcare settings to ensure patient safety and the accurate delivery of medical gases.
35.
What gases are liquid in their cylinders? Choose all that apply
Correct Answer(s)
C. CO2
D. N2O
Explanation
CO2 and N2O are gases that can exist in their liquid form when they are stored in cylinders under high pressure and low temperature conditions. This is because these gases have a lower boiling point compared to other gases listed. When the pressure is increased and the temperature is decreased, CO2 and N2O can condense into a liquid state inside the cylinders.
36.
How many liters of gas are there in an E tank of N2O?
Correct Answer
C. 1,590
Explanation
An E tank of nitrous oxide (N2O) contains about 1,590 liters of gas. This type of cylinder is used in medical settings to provide nitrous oxide for procedures. The amount of gas is measured in liters to know how much is available for use. This large capacity ensures that there is sufficient nitrous oxide for longer procedures or multiple uses before the cylinder needs to be replaced or refilled.
37.
How many liter of O2 are in a G cylinder?
Correct Answer
D. 5300
Explanation
A G cylinder of oxygen (O2) contains about 5,300 liters of gas. This large cylinder is often used in medical facilities to provide a substantial supply of oxygen. The measurement in liters helps medical staff know how much oxygen is available for use in various treatments and procedures, ensuring they have enough to meet the needs of patients without frequent replacements.
38.
Define Vapor.
Correct Answer
C. Gas pHase of a substance that is liquid at room temperature and atmospHeric pressure
Explanation
Vapor is defined as the gas phase of a substance that is normally in liquid form at room temperature and atmospheric pressure. This means that when a liquid reaches a certain temperature and pressure, it changes into a gas state, which is known as vapor. Therefore, the correct answer is "Gas phase of a substance that is liquid at room temperature and atmospheric pressure."
39.
What is vaporization?
Correct Answer
B. Conversion of a liquid to a gas
Explanation
Vaporization refers to the process of converting a liquid into a gas. This occurs when a substance's temperature reaches its boiling point, causing the molecules to gain enough energy to break free from their liquid state and enter the gaseous phase. The other options mentioned, such as the amount of pressure in a cylinder and the gas phase of a substance that is liquid at room temperature and atmospheric pressure, are not accurate definitions of vaporization.
40.
Vaporization depends on what?
Correct Answer
D. All of the above
Explanation
Vaporization depends on the vapor pressure of the agent, which is the measure of how easily a substance evaporates. It also depends on the temperature of the environment, as higher temperatures increase the rate of vaporization. Additionally, the amount of carrier gas used can affect vaporization, as it can help carry the agent into a vaporized state. Therefore, all of these factors - vapor pressure, temperature, and amount of carrier gas - contribute to the process of vaporization.
41.
Define volatile anesthetic agent.
Correct Answer
D. Liquid that has a tendency to change to a vapor at standard temperature and pressure
Explanation
A volatile anesthetic agent refers to a liquid substance that has a tendency to change into a vapor form at standard temperature and pressure. This means that the molecules of the liquid have a high vapor pressure, causing them to easily evaporate and form a gas. This property is crucial in anesthesia as it allows the agent to be easily inhaled and distributed throughout the body, inducing and maintaining a state of unconsciousness during medical procedures.
42.
What is the SVP of Sevo?
Correct Answer
C. 160
Explanation
The Saturated Vapor Pressure (SVP) of sevoflurane (Sevo) is 160 mmHg at 20°C. SVP is a measure of how much a liquid anesthetic agent tends to evaporate at a given temperature. A lower SVP, like that of sevoflurane, indicates that it evaporates less aggressively compared to agents with a higher SVP. This characteristic affects how the anesthetic is administered and controlled during medical procedures, ensuring the agent vaporizes effectively at manageable levels.
43.
What is the SVP of Isoflurane?
Correct Answer
A. 238
Explanation
The Saturated Vapor Pressure (SVP) of isoflurane is 238 mmHg at 20°C. SVP indicates the pressure at which a liquid anesthetic vaporizes into a gas at a specific temperature. Isoflurane's relatively high SVP means it vaporizes readily at room temperature, which is important for its effective use in anesthesia delivery systems. This property helps ensure that isoflurane can be efficiently and predictably delivered to maintain anesthesia during medical procedures.
44.
What is the SVP of Des?
Correct Answer
B. 669
Explanation
The Saturated Vapor Pressure (SVP) of desflurane (Des) is approximately 669 mmHg at 20°C. Desflurane has a notably high SVP compared to other inhalation anesthetics, which means it vaporizes very easily at room temperature. This characteristic requires special vaporizers that can handle and accurately control its high vapor pressure, ensuring safe and effective delivery during anesthesia. Desflurane is used because it allows for rapid changes in anesthetic depth with fast recovery times, making it suitable for shorter procedures.
45.
What is the SVP of Enflurane
Correct Answer
B. 175
Explanation
The Saturated Vapor Pressure (SVP) of enflurane is 175 mmHg at 20°C. This measurement reflects how much the anesthetic vaporizes at a given temperature, influencing how it is administered during medical procedures. Enflurane's SVP is moderate compared to other anesthetics, meaning it vaporizes at a reasonable rate, facilitating controlled delivery through anesthetic machines to maintain effective anesthesia during surgeries.
46.
What increases SVP?
Correct Answer
B. Heating
Explanation
Heating increases the SVP (Saturation Vapor Pressure). When a substance is heated, its molecules gain energy and move faster, causing an increase in the rate of evaporation. This leads to an increase in the number of molecules in the gas phase, resulting in a higher vapor pressure. Therefore, heating can increase the SVP of a substance.
47.
What decreases SVP choose all that apply?
Correct Answer(s)
A. Cooling
C. Passing gas over the liquid
Explanation
Cooling decreases the saturation vapor pressure (SVP) because it lowers the temperature, reducing the energy of the water molecules and decreasing their ability to escape into the gas phase. Passing gas over the liquid also decreases SVP as it increases the concentration of gas molecules above the liquid, reducing the chances of water molecules escaping into the gas phase. However, heating increases the SVP as it raises the temperature, increasing the energy of the water molecules and promoting their transition into the gas phase. Therefore, heating does not decrease SVP.
48.
Why does heat need to be supplied to the liquid anesthetic? choose all that apply
Correct Answer(s)
A. To maintain a constant temperature
C. To keep a constant SVP
Explanation
Heat needs to be supplied to the liquid anesthetic to maintain a constant temperature because anesthetic agents are volatile and can evaporate easily. By supplying heat, the temperature of the liquid anesthetic can be controlled, ensuring that it remains at the desired level for administration. Additionally, heat is required to keep a constant saturated vapor pressure (SVP) of the anesthetic. This is important because the SVP determines the concentration of the anesthetic vapor in the gas mixture delivered to the patient. By maintaining a constant SVP, the anesthetic concentration can be accurately controlled.
49.
What does a wick do in a vaporizer?
Correct Answer
C. Increases surface area
Explanation
A wick in a vaporizer increases the surface area available for the liquid to evaporate. By increasing the surface area, more liquid can be exposed to heat, which leads to faster and more efficient vaporization. This allows the vaporizer to produce more vapor and enhance the overall vaping experience.
50.
How is thermocompensation regulated? choose all that apply
Correct Answer(s)
A. The use of a valve to change flow based on temperature
C. Temp compensating bypass
Explanation
Thermocompensation is regulated through the use of a valve to change flow based on temperature and a temp compensating bypass. By using a valve, the flow of a substance can be adjusted based on the temperature, ensuring that the system remains regulated. Additionally, a temp compensating bypass can be used to maintain a consistent temperature by diverting excess heat or cold away from the system. Therefore, both options mentioned in the answer are correct methods of regulating thermocompensation.