Autonomic Nervous System MCQ Trivia: Quiz!
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The autonomic nervous system is a section of the peripheral nervous system that supplies smooth muscle and glands and affects internal organs' function. It is a control system that acts mostly and controls bodily functions, such as heart rate, digestion, and respiratory rate. If you would like to learn additional information about the automatic nervous system, try this quiz.
Questions and Answers
- 1.
The human nervous system is made up of all of the following except
- A.
Central nervous system
- B.
Somatic nervous system
- C.
Enteric nervous system
- D.
Autonomic nervous system
- E.
Cranial nervous system
Correct Answer
E. Cranial nervous systemExplanation
The cranial nervous system is not a component of the human nervous system. The human nervous system is composed of the central nervous system (including the brain and spinal cord), the somatic nervous system (responsible for voluntary movements), the enteric nervous system (controlling the digestive system), and the autonomic nervous system (regulating involuntary functions). The cranial nervous system refers specifically to the nerves that originate from the brain and pass through openings in the skull to reach their target organs or tissues. However, it is not considered a separate system within the human nervous system.Rate this question:
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- 2.
What are the two nervous systems that the autonomic nervous system is divided into?
Correct Answer
sympathetic and parasympathetic
parasympathetic and sympatheticExplanation
The autonomic nervous system is divided into two branches: the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. The sympathetic nervous system prepares the body for "fight or flight" responses, increasing heart rate, dilating pupils, and releasing adrenaline. On the other hand, the parasympathetic nervous system promotes "rest and digest" activities, such as slowing heart rate, constricting pupils, and stimulating digestion. Both branches work in tandem to maintain a balance in the body's physiological functions.Rate this question:
- 3.
Autonomic nervous system includes neurons in the
- A.
CNS only
- B.
CNS and Periphery
- C.
Neither
- D.
Periphery only
Correct Answer
B. CNS and PeripHeryExplanation
The autonomic nervous system includes neurons in both the central nervous system (CNS) and the periphery. The CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord, while the periphery refers to the nerves that extend from the CNS to the rest of the body. The autonomic nervous system controls involuntary bodily functions such as heart rate, digestion, and breathing. It consists of two divisions, the sympathetic and parasympathetic, which work together to maintain homeostasis in the body. Therefore, the correct answer is CNS and Periphery.Rate this question:
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- 4.
Where are the efferent and afferent fibers found in the sympathetic nervous system?
- A.
Paravertebral chains and prevertebral ganglia
- B.
Paravertebral chains and postvertebral ganglia
- C.
Vertebral chains and postvertebral ganglia
- D.
Vertebral chains and prevertebral ganglia
Correct Answer
A. Paravertebral chains and prevertebral gangliaExplanation
In the sympathetic nervous system, the efferent and afferent fibers are found in the paravertebral chains and prevertebral ganglia. The paravertebral chains are a series of ganglia located on either side of the vertebral column, running parallel to it. These ganglia house the cell bodies of the sympathetic preganglionic neurons. The prevertebral ganglia are located anteriorly to the vertebral column and receive input from the preganglionic neurons. Together, these structures play a crucial role in transmitting signals and coordinating the sympathetic response throughout the body.Rate this question:
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- 5.
The sympathetic nervous system uses only ACh as its neurotransmitter.
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
B. FalseExplanation
Uses both acetylcholine (ACh) and norepinephrine (NE) as neurotransmitters.Rate this question:
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- 6.
What are the effects of the parasympathetic nervous system?
- A.
Stimulates bile release
- B.
Constricts bronchi
- C.
Slows heart beat
- D.
Accelerates heart beat
- E.
Dilates bronchi
- F.
Contracts bladder
- G.
Stimulates flow of saliva
Correct Answer(s)
A. Stimulates bile release
B. Constricts bronchi
C. Slows heart beat
F. Contracts bladder
G. Stimulates flow of salivaExplanation
The parasympathetic nervous system is responsible for the "rest and digest" response in the body. It promotes relaxation and conserves energy. Stimulating bile release helps in the digestion and absorption of fats. Constricting bronchi reduces airflow to the lungs, which is beneficial during rest. Slowing the heart rate helps to lower blood pressure and conserve energy. Contracting the bladder promotes urination and eliminates waste. Stimulating the flow of saliva aids in the digestion process by starting the breakdown of food.Rate this question:
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- 7.
What are the effects of the sympathetic nervous system?
- A.
Dilates pupil
- B.
Constricts bronchi
- C.
Slows heart beat
- D.
Accelerates heart beat
- E.
Dilates bronchi
- F.
Inhibits bladder contractions
- G.
Secretion of adrenaline and noradrenaline
Correct Answer(s)
A. Dilates pupil
D. Accelerates heart beat
E. Dilates bronchi
F. Inhibits bladder contractions
G. Secretion of adrenaline and noradrenalineExplanation
The sympathetic nervous system is responsible for the "fight or flight" response in the body. When activated, it causes the pupil to dilate, which allows more light to enter the eye and improves vision in low-light conditions. It also accelerates the heart rate, increasing blood flow and preparing the body for physical activity. The sympathetic nervous system dilates the bronchi, allowing more air to enter the lungs and improving breathing. It inhibits bladder contractions, preventing the need to urinate during times of stress. Additionally, it stimulates the secretion of adrenaline and noradrenaline, hormones that increase alertness and energy levels.Rate this question:
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- 8.
Consists of preganglionic fibers that originate in the
- A.
Spinal cord
- B.
Neck
- C.
CNS
- D.
Hypothalamus
Correct Answer
C. CNSExplanation
The correct answer is CNS. The central nervous system (CNS) consists of the brain and spinal cord. It is responsible for processing and coordinating information from the sensory organs and sending signals to the muscles and glands in the body. The CNS plays a crucial role in controlling and regulating various bodily functions, including the autonomic nervous system, which consists of preganglionic fibers that originate in the CNS. These fibers transmit signals from the CNS to the ganglia, which are clusters of nerve cells located outside the CNS.Rate this question:
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- 9.
ACh is the primary neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic nervous system.
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
A. TrueExplanation
ACh, or acetylcholine, is indeed the primary neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic nervous system. It is responsible for transmitting signals between nerve cells and plays a crucial role in regulating various bodily functions, such as digestion, heart rate, and glandular secretion. ACh acts on specific receptors in target tissues, leading to the activation of parasympathetic responses. Therefore, the statement "ACh is the primary neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic nervous system" is true.Rate this question:
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- 10.
ACh binds at which receptor(s)
- A.
Muscarinic
- B.
Muscarinic and nicotinic
- C.
Nicotinic
- D.
Neither
Correct Answer
B. Muscarinic and nicotinicExplanation
ACh, or acetylcholine, binds at both muscarinic and nicotinic receptors. Muscarinic receptors are found in various tissues and organs, including the heart, smooth muscles, and glands. Activation of muscarinic receptors by ACh leads to a variety of physiological responses, such as decreased heart rate and smooth muscle contraction. Nicotinic receptors are found in the neuromuscular junction and autonomic ganglia. Activation of nicotinic receptors by ACh results in muscle contraction and the transmission of signals between nerve cells. Therefore, ACh binds to both muscarinic and nicotinic receptors to mediate different physiological effects.Rate this question:
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- 11.
Most postganglionic sympathetic fibers use ___________ as a neurotransmitter.
Correct Answer
NE
norepinephrineExplanation
Most postganglionic sympathetic fibers use norepinephrine (NE) as a neurotransmitter.Rate this question:
- 12.
Acetylcholine is made from
- A.
Acetyl coenzyme A (CoA)
- B.
Mitochondria
- C.
Choline
- D.
Acetylcholinesterase
Correct Answer(s)
A. Acetyl coenzyme A (CoA)
C. CholineExplanation
Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter that is involved in the transmission of nerve impulses. It is synthesized in the body from acetyl coenzyme A (CoA) and choline. Acetyl CoA provides the acetyl group, while choline provides the other component necessary for the synthesis of acetylcholine. Acetylcholinesterase, on the other hand, is an enzyme that breaks down acetylcholine, rather than being involved in its synthesis. Therefore, the correct answer is acetyl coenzyme A (CoA) and choline.Rate this question:
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- 13.
Choline is transported into neurons from the plasma
- A.
Via passive transport
- B.
Via active transport
- C.
Osmosis
- D.
Choline is degraded ACh in nerve terminals
Correct Answer
B. Via active transportExplanation
Choline is recycled from degraded ACh in nerve terminals.Rate this question:
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- 14.
_______________catalyzes the final step in ACh biosynthesis.
- A.
Choline acetyltransferase
- B.
Acetylcholine acetyltransferase
- C.
Acetate acetyltransferase
- D.
Catecholine acetyltransferase
Correct Answer
A. Choline acetyltransferaseExplanation
Choline acetyltransferase catalyzes the final step in acetylcholine (ACh) biosynthesis. ACh is a neurotransmitter that is involved in various physiological processes, including muscle contraction and cognitive function. Choline acetyltransferase transfers an acetyl group from acetyl-CoA to choline, resulting in the formation of ACh. This enzyme is primarily found in cholinergic neurons, where it plays a crucial role in maintaining proper levels of ACh for normal neurotransmission. Acetylcholine acetyltransferase, acetate acetyltransferase, and catecholine acetyltransferase are not involved in the final step of ACh biosynthesis, making choline acetyltransferase the correct answer.Rate this question:
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- 15.
Nicotinic receptors (nAChRs) are ligand-gated ion channels found in
- A.
The skeletal neuromuscular junction
- B.
The autonomic ganglia
- C.
The adrenal medulla
- D.
The CNS
Correct Answer(s)
A. The skeletal neuromuscular junction
B. The autonomic ganglia
C. The adrenal medulla
D. The CNSExplanation
Nicotinic receptors (nAChRs) are ligand-gated ion channels found in multiple locations in the body. They are present in the skeletal neuromuscular junction, where they mediate muscle contraction. They are also found in the autonomic ganglia, where they play a role in the transmission of signals between the central nervous system and the autonomic nervous system. Additionally, nAChRs are present in the adrenal medulla, where they regulate the release of adrenaline. Lastly, they are found in the central nervous system, where they are involved in various functions such as learning, memory, and reward.Rate this question:
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- 16.
Binding of ___ ACh molecules causes the gating of a Na++ channel in Nicotinic receptors (nAChRs)
Correct Answer(s)
two
2Explanation
Binding of two ACh molecules causes the gating of a Na++ channel in Nicotinic receptors (nAChRs). This means that for the channel to open and allow the influx of Na+ ions, two molecules of acetylcholine need to bind to the receptor. This binding triggers a conformational change in the receptor, leading to the opening of the channel. This mechanism is essential for the transmission of signals in the nervous system, as it allows the flow of ions across the cell membrane, resulting in the generation of action potentials.Rate this question:
- 17.
Termination of ACh Secretion by Acetylcholinesterase
- A.
AChE is a membrane bound enzyme that converts ACh to choline and acetate
- B.
Located in the neuromuscular junction and in cholinergic synapses in the CNS
- C.
One AChE molecule can degrade ~25K ACh molecules
- D.
All are true
Correct Answer
D. All are trueExplanation
The given answer states that all the statements provided are true. The statements mentioned in the question are as follows:
1. AChE is a membrane-bound enzyme that converts ACh to choline and acetate.
2. AChE is located in the neuromuscular junction and in cholinergic synapses in the CNS.
3. One AChE molecule can degrade approximately 25,000 ACh molecules.
The explanation for the given answer is that all these statements are accurate. AChE is indeed a membrane-bound enzyme responsible for breaking down the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) into choline and acetate. It is found in both the neuromuscular junction and cholinergic synapses in the central nervous system. Additionally, one molecule of AChE has the ability to degrade around 25,000 molecules of ACh. Therefore, all the statements provided are true.Rate this question:
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- 18.
Which of the following are synthesized from tyrosine?
- A.
Serotonin
- B.
Norepinephrine
- C.
Dopamine
- D.
Epinephrine
- E.
Acetylcholine
Correct Answer(s)
B. NorepinepHrine
C. Dopamine
D. EpinepHrineExplanation
Norepinephrine, dopamine, and epinephrine are synthesized from tyrosine. Tyrosine is an amino acid that serves as a precursor for the synthesis of these neurotransmitters and hormones. These compounds play important roles in the nervous system and are involved in various physiological processes such as mood regulation, stress response, and cardiovascular function. Acetylcholine, on the other hand, is not synthesized from tyrosine but from choline. Serotonin is derived from the amino acid tryptophan, not tyrosine.Rate this question:
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- 19.
NE in peripheral nerves (sympathetic fibers) is often secreted with ___________. These include neuropeptide Y (NPY) and ATP.
Correct Answer(s)
co-transmittersExplanation
NE, or norepinephrine, is a neurotransmitter that is commonly secreted along with other substances known as co-transmitters in peripheral nerves. These co-transmitters include neuropeptide Y (NPY) and ATP. Co-transmitters work together with NE to modulate the activity of the sympathetic nervous system, which is responsible for the body's fight or flight response. By acting in concert, NE and co-transmitters can have a more potent effect on target cells and help regulate various physiological processes.Rate this question:
- 20.
Termination of catecholamine signaling is accomplished in a number of ways:
- A.
Reuptake into nerve terminals and nearby glial cells
- B.
Diffusion out of the synaptic cleft
- C.
Metabolic transformation by monoamine oxidase and catechol-O-methyltransferase
- D.
All are true
- E.
None are true
Correct Answer
D. All are trueExplanation
The termination of catecholamine signaling involves multiple mechanisms. Catecholamines can be taken back up into the nerve terminals and nearby glial cells through a process called reuptake. They can also diffuse out of the synaptic cleft. Additionally, catecholamines can undergo metabolic transformation by enzymes like monoamine oxidase and catechol-O-methyltransferase. Therefore, all of the given statements are true.Rate this question:
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- 21.
What are presynaptic noradrenergic receptors?
Correct Answer
alpha and beta 2Explanation
Presynaptic noradrenergic receptors refer to the receptors located on the presynaptic neuron that bind to the neurotransmitter noradrenaline (norepinephrine). These receptors are categorized into two types: alpha and beta 2. The alpha receptors are further divided into alpha-1 and alpha-2 subtypes, while the beta 2 receptors are part of the beta adrenergic receptor family. Activation of these receptors can modulate the release of noradrenaline, thereby influencing various physiological processes in the body.Rate this question:
- 22.
Both alpha 2 and beta 2 receptors are found in areas that are relatively distant from presynaptic terminals –This is seen in ______________ –Allows for activation by circulating catecholamines
Correct Answer
vascular smooth muscle, plateletsExplanation
Both alpha 2 and beta 2 receptors are found in vascular smooth muscle and platelets. This is significant because these receptors are located in areas that are relatively distant from presynaptic terminals. This means that they can be activated by circulating catecholamines, which are hormones that are released into the bloodstream and can travel to these distant receptor sites. This allows for a more widespread and systemic effect of the catecholamines on vascular smooth muscle and platelets.Rate this question:
- 23.
In the vas deferens, ATP acts on smooth muscle P2X receptors (ligand-gated cation channel) to cause a rapid twitch, and NE acts on __________ receptors to cause sustained contraction.
Correct Answer
alpha 1Explanation
In the vas deferens, ATP acts on smooth muscle P2X receptors to cause a rapid twitch. This is because P2X receptors are ligand-gated cation channels that, when activated by ATP, allow the influx of cations into the smooth muscle cells, leading to muscle contraction. On the other hand, NE acts on alpha 1 receptors to cause sustained contraction. Alpha 1 receptors are G-protein coupled receptors that, when activated by NE, initiate a signaling cascade that ultimately leads to the sustained contraction of smooth muscle in the vas deferens.Rate this question:
- 24.
•NPY is co-localized with _______________ –NPY receptor is GPCR coupled to Gq –Has both prejunctional (negative feedback) and postjunctional (contraction) actions
- A.
Both ATP and NE
- B.
ATP
- C.
NE
- D.
Both ATP and 5-HT
Correct Answer
A. Both ATP and NE -
- 25.
•Purines such as adenosine are used as transmitters in the ____________________ –Activate purine (P1) receptors and ATP receptors (P2X, etc) –Four adenosine-specific receptors: A1, A2A, A2B, A3
- A.
GI
- B.
Blood vessels
- C.
Adrenal
- D.
Hepatic
Correct Answer(s)
A. GI
B. Blood vesselsExplanation
Purines such as adenosine are used as transmitters in the gastrointestinal (GI) system and blood vessels. They activate purine (P1) receptors and ATP receptors (P2X, etc). Additionally, there are four adenosine-specific receptors, namely A1, A2A, A2B, and A3. These receptors are present in the GI tract and blood vessels, where adenosine acts as a transmitter.Rate this question:
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- 26.
___________ are peptides stored in vascular endothelial cells.
Correct Answer(s)
Endothelins
ETExplanation
Endothelins, also known as ET, are peptides that are stored in vascular endothelial cells. These peptides play a crucial role in regulating blood vessel constriction and dilation, as well as in the control of blood pressure. Endothelins are released by endothelial cells in response to various stimuli, such as inflammation or injury, and they act on nearby smooth muscle cells to cause vasoconstriction. This helps to regulate blood flow and maintain proper vascular tone. Overall, endothelins are important mediators of cardiovascular function and play a role in various physiological processes.Rate this question:
- 27.
Bind endothelin receptors (ETA, ETB1, ETB2), which are GPCRs coupled to __________
- A.
Gi
- B.
Gs
- C.
Gq
- D.
Gp
Correct Answer
C. GqExplanation
Endothelin receptors (ETA, ETB1, ETB2) are GPCRs (G-protein coupled receptors) that are coupled to Gq proteins. Gq proteins are responsible for activating phospholipase C (PLC), which leads to the production of inositol trisphosphate (IP3) and diacylglycerol (DAG). These second messengers then trigger various intracellular signaling pathways, such as calcium release and protein kinase C (PKC) activation. Therefore, the correct answer is Gq.Rate this question:
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- 28.
Release of Endothelins onto vascular smooth muscle causes ___________
Correct Answer
vasoconstriction, vasoconstrictionExplanation
The release of endothelins onto vascular smooth muscle causes vasoconstriction. Endothelins are potent vasoconstrictor peptides that lead to the contraction of vascular smooth muscle, thereby reducing the diameter of blood vessels and increasing blood pressure.Rate this question:
- 29.
What is true about the Autonomic Neurotransmission of NO?
- A.
Nitric oxide (NO) is a used as a transmitter in a variety of tissues, including the brain
- B.
Was formerly known as endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF)
- C.
Activation of specific GPCRs on endothelial cells causes NO production
- D.
NO in turn stimulates the production of cyclic GMP
- E.
NO in turn inhibits the production of cyclic GMP
- F.
Nitric oxide (NO) is a used as a transmitter in a variety of tissues, but not including the brain
Correct Answer(s)
A. Nitric oxide (NO) is a used as a transmitter in a variety of tissues, including the brain
B. Was formerly known as endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF)
C. Activation of specific GPCRs on endothelial cells causes NO production
D. NO in turn stimulates the production of cyclic GMPExplanation
Nitric oxide (NO) is used as a transmitter in various tissues, including the brain. It was previously known as endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF). Activation of specific GPCRs (G-protein coupled receptors) on endothelial cells leads to the production of NO. NO, in turn, stimulates the production of cyclic GMP (cyclic guanosine monophosphate).Rate this question:
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