The Penultimate CCNA Practice Certification Exam # 2

The correct sequence of forwarding modes signified by the numbered arrows is 1) fast forward, 2) fragment free, and 3) store-and-forward.

The role of the SW3 switch is to act as the root bridge in the network. The root bridge is responsible for initiating the spanning tree protocol (STP) and determining the shortest path for data transmission in the network. It is the central point of the network and all other switches in the network are connected to it. By being the root bridge, SW3 ensures efficient and optimal data transmission by preventing loops and selecting the best paths for communication.

VTP (VLAN Trunking Protocol) is a Cisco proprietary protocol used to manage VLANs in a network. In order for VTP to operate, the 802.1Q protocol needs to be functioning on a link. 802.1Q is an IEEE standard that defines the method for tagging VLAN information on Ethernet frames. It allows for the transmission of VLAN information between switches, enabling the creation and management of VLANs across a network. Therefore, the 802.1Q protocol is necessary for VTP to function properly.

The correct answer is IEEE 802.1Q. IEEE 802.1Q is a protocol used for VLAN tagging in Ethernet networks. By configuring IEEE 802.1Q on SW-A Port 0/1, it allows the switch to send traffic from multiple VLANs to switch SW-B by adding a VLAN tag to each Ethernet frame. This tag carries the VLAN information, allowing SW-B to correctly identify and handle the traffic from different VLANs.

The error message indicates that the SwA switch received an 802.1Q BPDU on a non-trunk port, specifically FastEthernet0/1 VLAN1. This suggests that the SwA port is configured as a trunk port, which is designed to carry traffic for multiple VLANs, while the SwB port is configured as an access port, which is intended for a single VLAN. This inconsistency in port configuration can cause the error message to occur.

In the exhibited network, there are three broadcast domains because each VLAN represents a separate broadcast domain. The sales VLAN on switch A and the accounting VLAN on switch B are two separate broadcast domains, and the third broadcast domain is the default VLAN, which includes all ports on both switches.

There are nine collision domains because each port on a switch represents a separate collision domain. Switch A has five ports in the sales VLAN, and switch B has four ports in the accounting VLAN. Therefore, there are a total of nine collision domains in the network.

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PDU #1 is a frame because it is at the data link layer, which is responsible for framing data into frames. PDU #3 is a segment because it is at the transport layer, which segments data into smaller units for transmission. The correct order in which these PDUs are created during the encapsulation process is 3, 4, 1, 2, starting from the transport layer, then moving to the network layer, data link layer, and finally the application layer.

To configure an interface on the high-end Catalyst switch to carry traffic from all VLANs to the Catalyst 2960 switch, the two required commands are "switchport mode trunk" and "switchport trunk encapsulation dot1q". The "switchport mode trunk" command is used to configure the interface as a trunk port, which allows traffic from multiple VLANs to pass through. The "switchport trunk encapsulation dot1q" command is used to specify that the trunk should use the IEEE 802.1Q encapsulation method for tagging VLAN traffic.

SMTP, FTP, and HTTP are the three application layer protocols that use TCP. SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) is used for sending and receiving email messages. FTP (File Transfer Protocol) is used for transferring files between a client and a server. HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) is used for transmitting and receiving web pages and other resources on the internet. These protocols require a reliable and connection-oriented transport protocol like TCP to ensure the successful delivery of data.

SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol) and TFTP (Trivial File Transfer Protocol) both use the UDP (User Datagram Protocol) at the application layer. UDP is a connectionless protocol that provides a fast and lightweight communication method, making it suitable for applications like network management (SNMP) and file transfer (TFTP). Telnet, SMTP, and SQL, on the other hand, typically use TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) for reliable and ordered communication.

The three factors that contribute to congestion on an Ethernet LAN are the improper placement of enterprise-level servers, the addition of hosts to a physical segment, and the increasing use of bandwidth-intensive network applications. Improper placement of servers can lead to uneven distribution of network traffic and bottleneck situations. Adding hosts to a physical segment without considering the capacity can also cause congestion. Additionally, the increasing use of bandwidth-intensive applications can consume a significant amount of network resources and contribute to congestion.

The error message indicates that the interface's trunk encapsulation is set to "Auto" and cannot be configured to "trunk" mode. This means that the current encapsulation protocol is not compatible with trunking. To resolve the issue, the administrator needs to change the encapsulation type to a compatible protocol before enabling trunk mode on the port.

The computers are unable to ping or telnet to RT_1 because the interface fa0/24 on SW_1 is not configured correctly. By using the command "SW_1(config)# interface fa0/24 SW_1(config-if)# switchport mode trunk", the interface will be configured as a trunk port, allowing the VLAN traffic to pass between RT_1 and SW_1.

At the Internet layer of the TCP/IP model, two functions that occur are the determination of best paths through the network and packet switching. The determination of best paths through the network involves finding the most efficient routes for data to travel from the source to the destination. Packet switching is the process of breaking data into smaller packets and sending them individually across the network, allowing for more efficient and reliable transmission. These two functions work together to ensure that data is delivered efficiently and effectively across the network.

Based on the exhibited configuration and output, the result of the command "telnet 192.168.1.10" would be that all packets will be dropped. This can be inferred from the fact that the output does not show any successful connection or response from the specified IP address, indicating that there is no active Telnet service or device available at that address. Therefore, any packets sent to that address will not be able to establish a connection and will be dropped.

The two commands needed to complete the switch configuration are:
1. SW_1(config)# username david password class: This command creates a username "david" with a password "class" for authentication purposes.
2. SW_1(config)# line vty 0 15 SW_1(config-line)# login local SW_1(config-line)# transport input ssh: This command configures the virtual terminal lines (vty) for local login authentication and specifies that SSH is allowed as the transport input method. This allows SSH to be used for telnet from host A to SW_1.

The RSTP (Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol) replaced the STP (Spanning Tree Protocol) states of listening, blocking, and disabled with its own discarding state. In RSTP, the discarding state is equivalent to the listening state in STP, where the switch receives BPDUs (Bridge Protocol Data Units) but does not forward any frames. The blocking state in STP, where the switch does not forward frames but still participates in the STP topology, is replaced by the discarding state in RSTP. Additionally, the disabled state in STP, where the switch is completely inactive, is also replaced by the discarding state in RSTP.