Chapter 1 & 2 Review Salon Fundamentals

HBV stands for Hepatitis B Virus, which is a highly infectious disease that primarily infects the liver. It is transmitted through contact with infected blood or other bodily fluids. HBV can cause both acute and chronic infections, leading to serious health complications such as liver cirrhosis or liver cancer. Unlike the other options listed, AIDS is caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and affects the immune system, while common cold and chicken pox are caused by different viruses and have different symptoms and modes of transmission.

Parasitic fungi are molds and yeasts that can cause contagious diseases. One of the diseases caused by these fungi is ringworm. Ringworm is a common fungal infection that affects the skin, scalp, and nails. It is characterized by a red, circular rash that may be itchy or painful. It can be transmitted through direct contact with an infected person or animal, or by touching contaminated objects. Treatment for ringworm usually involves antifungal medications to eliminate the infection.

Spirilla are spiraled or cork-screwed shaped bacteria that cause highly contagious diseases like syphilis, cholera, and Lyme disease. Bacilli are rod-shaped bacteria, diplococci are bacteria that occur in pairs, and streptococci are bacteria that occur in chains. Therefore, the correct answer is spirilla.

The information about the effectiveness of infection control products can be found on the efficacy label. The efficacy label provides details about the product's ability to kill or eliminate specific pathogens and the recommended usage instructions. This label is a reliable source of information for users to understand the product's effectiveness in controlling infections. Other options such as name, directions, and OSHA comments may provide additional information but may not specifically address the product's efficacy.

Mitosis is the correct answer because it is the process by which cells divide to create new cells. During mitosis, the cell's nucleus and genetic material are divided equally into two daughter cells, ensuring that each new cell receives a complete set of chromosomes. This process is vital for growth, development, and tissue repair in multicellular organisms.

One-celled microorganisms are commonly referred to as bacteria. Bacteria are single-celled organisms that can be found in various environments and can have both positive and negative effects on living organisms. They play a crucial role in the decomposition of organic matter and nutrient recycling, but some bacteria can also cause diseases in humans and animals. Therefore, bacteria are often associated with the term "germs" as they are commonly known to cause infections and illnesses.

Infection control refers to the measures taken to prevent the spread of disease and eliminate or kill microbes. This includes practices such as hand hygiene, disinfection, sterilization, and the use of personal protective equipment. The goal of infection control is to protect both healthcare workers and patients from acquiring or transmitting infections. It is an essential component of healthcare settings and plays a vital role in reducing the risk of healthcare-associated infections.

Saprophytes are a type of nonpathogenic bacteria that live on dead matter and do not produce disease. They obtain their nutrients from decomposing organic material, playing a crucial role in the process of decomposition. Unlike pathogenic bacteria, which can cause disease in living organisms, saprophytes are harmless and contribute to the ecosystem by breaking down dead matter and recycling nutrients.

Rod-shaped bacterial cells are known as bacilli. The term "bacilli" refers to a specific shape of bacterial cells, which is cylindrical or rod-like. This shape is characteristic of certain bacteria, such as Escherichia coli, that have a single, long, and cylindrical cell morphology.

Diplococci are bacterial cells that grow in pairs and are responsible for certain infections such as pneumonia. This term is derived from the Greek words "diplo" meaning double and "kokkos" meaning berry, referring to the characteristic arrangement of these bacteria. Unlike bacilli, which are rod-shaped, and spirilla, which are spiral-shaped, diplococci have a distinctive paired arrangement. Staphylococci, on the other hand, are bacteria that form clusters or grape-like structures. Therefore, the correct answer for this question is diplococci.

Ergonomics is the science that focuses on how body movements, positions, tools, and equipment impact the health and comfort of both individuals and clients. It involves studying and designing systems, products, and environments that are optimized for human use. This field aims to prevent injuries and promote overall well-being by ensuring that the physical interactions between people and their surroundings are efficient, safe, and comfortable.

The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is the organization that approves the efficacy of products used for infection control. The EPA is responsible for regulating and ensuring the safety and effectiveness of various products, including those used to control and prevent the spread of infections. They evaluate the efficacy of these products through rigorous testing and research to determine their effectiveness in killing or reducing the growth of pathogens.

Streptococci are pus-forming cocci that form into long chains. They are responsible for causing strep throat and blood poisoning. Bacilli are rod-shaped bacteria, staphylococci are cocci that form grape-like clusters, and spirilla are spiral-shaped bacteria. Therefore, streptococci is the correct answer as it matches the description given in the question.

70% of all bacteria is nonpathogenic and live on the surface of the skin. This means that a significant majority of bacteria found on the skin are harmless and do not cause any diseases or infections. These bacteria are part of the normal microbial flora of the skin and play a role in maintaining its health and balance. They can compete with and inhibit the growth of harmful bacteria, thereby protecting the skin from infections.

Sterilization standards require the use of a liquid sterilant and moist or dry heat because heat is an effective method for killing microorganisms. Moist heat, such as steam, is commonly used in autoclaves to sterilize medical instruments and equipment. Dry heat, on the other hand, is used for items that cannot be exposed to moisture, such as glassware or certain types of metal instruments. Both moist and dry heat can effectively destroy bacteria, viruses, and other pathogens, ensuring that the sterilization process is thorough and reliable.

Hygiene is the correct answer because it refers to the science and practice of maintaining and promoting health through cleanliness and proper sanitation. It involves practices such as regular handwashing, maintaining personal hygiene, and keeping the environment clean to prevent the spread of diseases and maintain overall well-being. While ergonomics, nutrition, and exercise are also important aspects of health, hygiene specifically focuses on cleanliness and sanitation practices.

Broad spectrum disinfectants are capable of killing a wide range of microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and pseudomonas. These disinfectants are often referred to as hospital-grade or hospital-level disinfectants because they are effective in healthcare settings where there is a higher risk of infection. Unlike sanitizers, which primarily reduce the number of microorganisms but may not kill all types, broad spectrum disinfectants provide a higher level of protection by effectively eliminating various pathogens. Bactericidals specifically target bacteria and may not be effective against other types of microorganisms. Registered disinfectants simply indicate that the product has been approved by relevant authorities, but it does not necessarily imply broad spectrum efficacy.

Staphylococci are pus-forming bacterial cells that form grape-like clusters. They are commonly found in abscesses, which are localized collections of pus. Staphylococci are spherical in shape and can cause various infections in humans, ranging from minor skin infections to more serious conditions such as pneumonia and sepsis. They are also known for their ability to develop antibiotic resistance, making them a significant concern in healthcare settings. Streptococci, on the other hand, are bacterial cells that form chains and are responsible for causing infections such as strep throat and certain types of pneumonia. Diplococci are bacteria that form pairs, and spirilla are spiral-shaped bacteria.

The correct answer is 60% because the question asks for the percentage of carbohydrates that should be included in a diet that follows FDA daily averages. The FDA recommends that carbohydrates should make up about 45-65% of daily caloric intake, with 60% falling within this range. Therefore, a diet that follows FDA daily averages should include 60% of carbohydrates.

The registration number on a product's label ensures that the product is both safe and effective. This number indicates that the product has been registered with the appropriate regulatory agency and has undergone testing and evaluation to meet safety and effectiveness standards. It provides assurance to consumers that the product has met the necessary requirements and can be trusted for use.

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