Can You Pass The Endocrinology Exam? Quiz

Explanation
Exocrine glands secrete into ducts which empty into body cavities. Endocrine glands secrete products either into the bloodstream or to nearby tissues/cells.

Explanation
Both down and up-regulation are examples of negative feedback. Negative feedback - self-limiting. Oxytocin is an example of positive/feedforward feedback

Explanation
Exocrine - Secreted into ducts Paracrines and Autocrines - act without first entering bloodstream (local hormones)

Explanation
Estrogen is a steroid - steroids are lipid soluble.

Explanation
It receives input from cortex, thalamus, and limbic system as well as controls pituitary gland with regulating hormones.

Explanation
Gonadotrophs produce gonadotropins (FSH and LH)

Explanation
The posterior lobe is derived from neural tissue.

Explanation
ADH and Oxytocin are released in the posterior pituitary but are produced in the hypothalamus.

Explanation
Adenohypophyseal hormones are hormones produced by the anterior pituitary gland. FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone), MSH (melanocyte-stimulating hormone), TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone), and PRL (prolactin) are all adenohypophyseal hormones. These hormones play important roles in various physiological processes such as reproduction, melanin production, thyroid function, and lactation. ADH (antidiuretic hormone), oxytocin, and adrenaline are not adenohypophyseal hormones as they are produced by the posterior pituitary gland and adrenal glands, respectively.

Explanation
IGF secretion is decreased by obesity.

Explanation
PRL = Milk production
Oxytocin = Milk let down

Explanation
ADH promotes arteriolar constriction. Therefore decreased ADH will result in decreased arteriolar constriction.

Explanation
T3 being 10X more active than T4 means that T3 has a higher biological activity compared to T4. This implies that T3 is more potent and effective in carrying out its functions in the body. Therefore, the statement "T3 is 10X more active than T4" is true.

Explanation
Low blood pressure stimulates the release of renin by the kidneys. Renin then acts on angiotensinogen to produce angiotensin 1, which is further converted to angiotensin 2 by the action of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE). Angiotensin 2 is a potent vasoconstrictor and stimulates the reabsorption of sodium by the kidneys, leading to an increase in blood volume and blood pressure. Additionally, angiotensin 2 also stimulates the secretion of aldosterone, which promotes the excretion of potassium (K+) by the kidneys, resulting in an increase in K+ excretion. Therefore, the correct answer is that low blood pressure leads to an increase in angiotensin 2, Na reabsorption, blood pressure, and an increase in K+ excretion.

Explanation
When blood glucose levels increase, the pancreas releases insulin. Insulin helps regulate blood sugar levels by allowing cells to take in glucose from the bloodstream. It promotes the storage of glucose in the liver and muscles as glycogen, and it also stimulates the conversion of glucose into fat for long-term energy storage. Therefore, in response to increased blood glucose, insulin is released to lower the levels back to normal.

Explanation
In states of fasting, blood glucose is low and the body must resort to using glucose reserves (in glycogen, body fat, proteins)

Explanation
In the follicular phase (usually days 1-11) estrogen produced by the follicles acts through negative feedback to inhibit FSH and LH. Right before ovulation, the negative feedback switches to positive feedback and there is a surge in FSH & LH, which causes ovulation. After ovulation, the corpus luteum secrets estrogen, progesterone, and inhibin, which inhibit FSH & LH secretion.

Explanation
After puberty, the thymus is replaced with adipose tissue.