Human Nutrition 210 Final Exam

Vitamin B12 and folate are essential for red blood cell synthesis. Vitamin B12 is necessary for the production of healthy red blood cells and helps in the formation of DNA, which is crucial for cell division. Folate, also known as vitamin B9, plays a key role in the synthesis of DNA and RNA, which are essential for the production of new cells, including red blood cells. Therefore, both vitamin B12 and folate are important for the synthesis of red blood cells.

Vitamin A is a fat-soluble vitamin that can be stored in the body for future use. The liver is the primary organ responsible for storing and releasing vitamin A. It stores the vitamin in the form of retinol, which can be converted into its active form when needed by the body. The liver's role in storing vitamin A ensures that there is a constant supply of this essential nutrient, as it is involved in various biological processes such as vision, immune function, and cell growth.

A fortified breakfast cereal such as Total Raisin Bran would be a good choice for adding significant quantities of vitamins and minerals to your diet because it is specifically fortified with these nutrients. Enriched white flour used in a doughnut may have some added nutrients, but it is not as comprehensive as a fortified cereal. A banana and apple juice may contain some vitamins and minerals, but they are not as concentrated or fortified as the cereal. Therefore, a fortified breakfast cereal like Total Raisin Bran would be the best option for increasing your intake of vitamins and minerals.

Burt should gradually reduce his food intake before the wrestling season begins. This approach allows him to lose weight in a healthy and sustainable manner. Restricting fluids before weigh-in and sitting in a sauna can lead to dehydration, which is not recommended for overall health and performance. Taking diuretics to lose weight is also not advisable as it can have negative effects on the body. Gradually reducing food intake allows Burt to create a calorie deficit and shed pounds over time, making it a safer and more effective method.

Anorectics and bulimics have different responses towards food during a crisis. Anorectics tend to turn away from food, meaning they may restrict their intake or avoid eating altogether when they are faced with a crisis. On the other hand, bulimics turn towards food during a crisis, indicating that they may engage in episodes of binge eating followed by purging behaviors. This fundamental difference in coping mechanisms with food during difficult times is a key distinction between anorectics and bulimics.

Corn oil is a rich source of vitamin E because it is derived from corn, which naturally contains high levels of this vitamin. Vitamin E is a fat-soluble antioxidant that helps protect cells from damage caused by free radicals. It also plays a role in immune function and supports healthy skin. Corn oil is commonly used in cooking and food preparation, making it an easily accessible source of vitamin E in the diet.

Magnesium plays a crucial role in nerve and heart function. It helps regulate the electrical impulses that control the contraction and relaxation of muscles, including the heart. Magnesium also aids in maintaining a healthy heart rhythm and supports the proper functioning of the nervous system.

The correct answer is that olive oil is the second ingredient by weight. This means that it is the second most abundant ingredient in the spaghetti sauce when measured by weight. The order of ingredients on an ingredient label typically reflects the amount of each ingredient present in the product.

Cooking assists in carbohydrate digestion by softening tough skins. When carbohydrates are cooked, the heat breaks down the complex structures, making them easier to digest. This is particularly important for carbohydrates with tough skins, such as potatoes or grains, as cooking helps to soften them, making them more palatable and easier to digest.

Basal metabolism refers to the minimum amount of energy that the body needs to function while at rest, but awake, and in a fasting state. This energy is required for basic bodily functions such as breathing, circulating blood, regulating body temperature, and maintaining organ function. It does not include the energy expended during physical activity or the energy used to digest food. Therefore, the correct answer is "the energy expended when resting, but awake, and in a fasting state."

Growing up in a perfectionistic home with very high expectations is likely to contribute to the development of anorexia nervosa. Anorexia nervosa is an eating disorder characterized by an intense fear of gaining weight, a distorted body image, and restrictive eating habits. In a perfectionistic home with high expectations, there may be pressure to excel and meet unrealistic standards, which can lead to a preoccupation with body image and a desire for control over one's weight and appearance. This can contribute to the development of anorexia nervosa as individuals strive for perfection and control through extreme dieting and weight loss.

Less muscle mass is not a benefit of physical fitness because physical fitness is typically associated with increased muscle mass. Regular exercise and physical activity help to build and maintain muscle strength and mass. Therefore, having less muscle mass would not be considered a benefit of physical fitness.

Anorexia nervosa is an eating disorder characterized by an intense fear of gaining weight and a distorted body image. People with anorexia often have a significantly low body weight and may exhibit physical symptoms such as decreased heart rate, denial of appetite, and a distorted body image. However, increased body temperature is not a characteristic of anorexia nervosa. This disorder is associated with a decreased body temperature due to the body's decreased metabolic rate and lack of body fat.

The correct answer is societal emphasis on being thin and the link between thinness and social value. This is because North American culture places a high value on thinness, associating it with attractiveness, success, and social acceptance. This emphasis on thinness can lead to body dissatisfaction and a desire to achieve unrealistic beauty standards, which can contribute to the development of eating disorders.

Legumes (dry beans) are categorized in the Meat/protein group of the Food Guide Pyramid. This is because legumes are a rich source of protein and are often used as a meat substitute in vegetarian and vegan diets. Legumes provide essential amino acids and are a nutritious alternative to animal-based proteins. Including legumes in the diet helps meet the body's protein requirements and promotes overall health.

Lipids are known to supply a concentrated form of fuel for the body. Unlike carbohydrates and proteins which provide 4 kcalories per gram, lipids are a dense source of energy, providing 9 kcalories per gram. They are stored in adipose tissue and can be broken down to release energy when needed. Lipids also play a role in insulation and protection of organs, as well as the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins.

Lactose is not a monosaccharide because it is a disaccharide composed of two monosaccharides, glucose and galactose, joined together by a glycosidic bond. Monosaccharides are the simplest form of carbohydrates and cannot be broken down into smaller sugar molecules. Glucose, fructose, and galactose are all monosaccharides because they consist of a single sugar unit.

When the diet is lacking an essential amino acid, the course of action is that protein synthesis will be limited. Essential amino acids are required for the production of proteins in the body. If a particular essential amino acid is missing from the diet, the body will not be able to synthesize proteins that require that specific amino acid. This can lead to a decrease in protein synthesis and potentially affect various physiological processes that rely on proteins for their functioning.

Potassium is associated with lowering blood pressure. This is because potassium helps to relax and widen blood vessels, allowing for better blood flow and reducing the strain on the cardiovascular system. It also helps to balance the effects of sodium, which can contribute to high blood pressure when consumed in excess. Therefore, increasing potassium intake through diet or supplements can be beneficial in managing and reducing high blood pressure.

Individuals who develop eating disorders typically do not have high self-esteem. Eating disorders often stem from feelings of low self-worth and a distorted body image. People with eating disorders may engage in extreme dieting, binge eating, or purging behaviors in an attempt to gain control over their bodies and emotions. This behavior is often driven by a desire to conform to societal standards of beauty and a belief that their self-worth is tied to their appearance. Therefore, having high self-esteem is not characteristic of individuals who develop eating disorders.

Sports drinks are specifically designed to provide hydration and replenish electrolytes during prolonged physical activity. Activities lasting 60 to 90 minutes fall within the range where the body's glycogen stores may become depleted and electrolyte imbalances can occur. Therefore, consuming sports drinks during this duration can help maintain endurance and performance by providing the necessary carbohydrates and electrolytes to sustain energy levels and prevent dehydration.

If a woman athlete is not menstruating regularly, it could be due to a condition called amenorrhea, which is often caused by low body fat levels. Increasing exercise intensity can further decrease body fat levels and exacerbate the issue. Therefore, it is not recommended for her to exercise more intensely. Instead, she should focus on increasing her calorie intake to support hormonal balance, ensuring adequate calcium intake for bone health, and checking her body fat percentage to determine if it is within a healthy range.

A major characteristic of an anorectic that significantly inhibits successful treatment is denial of the problem. This means that individuals with anorexia often refuse to acknowledge or recognize that they have a problem with their eating habits or body image. This denial can make it difficult for them to seek help or adhere to treatment plans, leading to a lack of progress in their recovery. By denying the problem, anorectics may continue to engage in harmful behaviors and resist efforts to address their condition.

Carotene is converted to vitamin A in the body. Carotene is a pigment found in fruits and vegetables, particularly in orange and yellow ones like carrots and sweet potatoes. Once consumed, carotene is converted into retinol, which is a form of vitamin A that is essential for maintaining healthy vision, immune function, and skin health. Therefore, carotene serves as a precursor to vitamin A and is converted into this essential nutrient in the body.

When the body consumes more protein than it needs and has enough energy, the excess amino acids are metabolized. The energy in these molecules is then stored as glycogen and/or fat. This is because glycogen is the stored form of glucose, which is the body's primary source of energy. If the glycogen stores are already full, the excess energy is converted into fat and stored in adipose tissue for later use. This process helps the body maintain energy balance and store excess energy for times when it is needed.

Healthy People 2010 was a program aimed at improving the overall health of Americans by promoting healthy lifestyles and reducing preventable deaths and disabilities. The program focused on encouraging individuals to adopt healthier practices and behaviors, such as exercising regularly, eating a balanced diet, and avoiding risky behaviors. By doing so, the goal was to prevent chronic diseases, eliminate dietary inadequacies and excesses, and ultimately improve the overall health and well-being of all Americans.

Pellagra is a disease caused by a deficiency of niacin (also known as vitamin B3) in the diet. Niacin is necessary for the body to convert food into energy and for the proper functioning of the nervous system. Without enough niacin, individuals can develop symptoms such as skin rashes, digestive problems, and mental confusion, which are characteristic of pellagra. Therefore, niacin is necessary to prevent the disease pellagra.

The correct answer is 50-65. This range represents the percentage of water that makes up the human body weight. Water is essential for various bodily functions such as regulating body temperature, transporting nutrients, and removing waste. The body's water content can vary depending on factors such as age, gender, and overall health. However, on average, water makes up approximately 50-65% of an individual's body weight.

An essential amino acid is a type of amino acid that cannot be synthesized in sufficient quantity to meet the body's needs. This means that it must be obtained through the diet in order to ensure that the body has an adequate supply. While the body can synthesize some amino acids, essential amino acids must be consumed from external sources such as food. Therefore, the correct answer is that an essential amino acid cannot be synthesized in sufficient quantity to meet body needs.

Peanut butter is not a source of cholesterol because it is made from peanuts, which are plant-based and do not contain cholesterol. Cholesterol is only found in animal-based products such as turkey meat, whole milk, and butter. Therefore, peanut butter is the correct answer as it is the only option that is not a source of cholesterol.

The given statement suggests that all the statements about many popular diets are true except for the fact that they help people make permanent changes in eating habits. This implies that popular diets may recommend expensive supplements, use testimonials from famous people, and promote quick weight loss that primarily consists of water and lean muscle mass. However, they may not be effective in helping individuals make long-term changes in their eating habits.

Aerobic glucose breakdown refers to the process of breaking down glucose in the presence of oxygen to produce energy. This process is efficient and can provide a sustained energy source for sports activities lasting 2 minutes to 4 hours. During this time frame, the body can continuously supply oxygen to the muscles, allowing for the efficient breakdown of glucose and the production of energy.

Triglyceride is the correct answer because it is a type of lipid that can store a large amount of energy in the body. Triglycerides are made up of glycerol and three fatty acids, and they are the main form of stored energy in adipose tissue. Unlike glycogen, which is a form of stored glucose that is limited in quantity and primarily found in the liver and muscles, triglycerides can be stored in adipose tissue in almost unlimited amounts. Similarly, protein and glucose are not as efficient as triglycerides in storing energy in the body.

Fats are hydrophobic molecules and cannot dissolve in the blood, which is mostly water-based. Therefore, they need to be transported in a form that can be carried in the bloodstream. Lipoproteins are the structures responsible for transporting fats in the body. They consist of a core of fats (such as cholesterol and triglycerides) surrounded by a shell made of proteins and phospholipids. This combination allows fats to be transported through the watery environment of the blood, delivering them to different tissues and organs where they are needed.

The correct answer is increased heart rate. Anorexia nervosa is an eating disorder characterized by severe restriction of food intake, leading to semistarvation. This can cause various physiological changes in the body. Lanugo hair refers to the growth of fine, downy hair on the body, which is a response to the body's attempt to conserve heat. Iron-deficiency anemia can occur due to inadequate nutrient intake. Dry, scaly, cold skin is a result of decreased body fat and decreased production of oil by the skin glands. However, increased heart rate is not a typical physiological change seen in anorexia nervosa.

Nutrient density refers to the amount of specific nutrients present in a serving of food relative to the number of calories in that serving. This measure allows individuals to assess the nutritional value of a food by considering the amount of essential nutrients it provides in relation to its calorie content. By dividing the amount of a particular nutrient by the number of calories in a serving, one can determine the nutrient density of that food item.

The thermic effect of food refers to the Kcalories needed to digest, absorb, and process ingested food. This means that when we eat, our body uses energy to break down the food, absorb the nutrients, and convert them into usable forms. This energy expenditure is known as the thermic effect of food. It is separate from the basal metabolism, which is the energy needed to maintain basic bodily functions at rest. The thermic effect of food is estimated to account for approximately 20 percent of total energy expenditure.

A daily deficit of 500 kcalories means that you are consuming 500 fewer calories than your body needs to maintain its current weight. Since 1 pound of body weight is approximately equal to 3500 calories, a deficit of 500 calories per day would result in a weight loss of about 1 pound per week.

Fluctuating weight is more indicative of bulimia than anorexia nervosa. While both eating disorders involve distorted body image and an intense fear of gaining weight, individuals with bulimia often engage in episodes of binge eating followed by compensatory behaviors such as vomiting or excessive exercise. These behaviors can lead to weight fluctuations, whereas individuals with anorexia nervosa typically maintain a consistently low body weight due to severe restrictions on food intake.

The best way to determine how much fluid must be replaced as a result of a workout is to weigh before and after the workout. This is because the weight difference reflects the amount of fluid lost through sweat during the workout. By comparing the pre-workout weight to the post-workout weight, one can estimate the amount of fluid that needs to be replaced to maintain proper hydration levels.

The statement "Consume foods that have the most nutrition for their kcalories" best describes nutrient density. Nutrient density refers to the amount of essential nutrients, such as vitamins, minerals, and fiber, in a food relative to its calorie content. Foods that are nutrient-dense provide a high amount of nutrients compared to the number of calories they contain. By choosing foods that have the most nutrition for their kcalories, individuals can ensure that they are getting the maximum nutritional benefit from the foods they consume.

Vitamin D can be considered both a vitamin and a hormone because it is essential for the body's absorption of calcium and phosphorus, which are important for bone health. It is obtained through diet and also synthesized in the skin when exposed to sunlight. Once in the body, vitamin D undergoes a series of transformations to become an active hormone that regulates the expression of genes involved in calcium metabolism. Therefore, it functions as both a vitamin, which is obtained from external sources, and a hormone, which is produced within the body and regulates various physiological processes.

A low kcalorie intake is not associated with an increase in basal metabolism because when the body is not receiving enough calories, it goes into a state of conservation and slows down the metabolic rate in order to conserve energy. This is a survival mechanism that allows the body to function with fewer calories. In contrast, an increase in lean body mass, caffeine use, and an increase in body temperature are all associated with an increase in basal metabolism because they require more energy for the body to function properly.

Vitamin A has been found to be helpful in large doses as a treatment for acne. It helps in reducing the production of excess sebum, which is a major contributor to acne. Additionally, vitamin A promotes the growth and repair of skin cells, helping to prevent clogged pores and inflammation. However, it is important to note that taking excessive amounts of vitamin A can be harmful, so it should only be taken under the guidance of a healthcare professional.

Thermogenesis refers to the process of generating heat in the body. It includes activities such as shivering and fidgeting when cold, as well as the ability to regulate body temperature within narrow limits. Brown adipose tissue is also involved in thermogenesis, particularly in hibernating animals. However, the energy required during sleep at night is not considered a form of thermogenesis, as the body's metabolic rate tends to decrease during sleep.

A suboptimal intake of chromium in individuals in the U.S. may be linked to impaired glucose tolerance. Chromium plays a crucial role in glucose metabolism and insulin action. Insufficient chromium intake can lead to insulin resistance, where the body's cells become less responsive to insulin, resulting in impaired glucose tolerance. This can increase the risk of developing type 2 diabetes and other metabolic disorders.

Underwater weighing is considered the most accurate way of measuring percent body fat because it relies on the principle of buoyancy. This method involves submerging the individual in water and measuring the amount of water displaced, which is directly related to body density. Since body fat is less dense than lean body mass, underwater weighing can accurately determine the percentage of body fat. Other methods like infrared light, skinfolds, and bioelectrical impedance have limitations and may provide less accurate results.

Most athletes eating a variety of foods will easily meet their protein needs. This is because a well-balanced diet that includes a variety of protein-rich foods such as lean meats, poultry, fish, dairy products, beans, and nuts can provide sufficient protein for athletes. It is not necessary for most athletes to rely on protein supplements or amino acid supplements as long as they maintain a balanced diet.

Carbohydrate loading involves gradually reducing the intensity of workouts while simultaneously increasing the percentage of carbohydrate intake. This strategy is used to maximize glycogen stores in the muscles and liver, which are the body's primary fuel source during endurance events. By tapering the workouts and increasing carbohydrate intake, the body is able to store more glycogen, resulting in improved performance and endurance during the event. This method has been shown to be effective in enhancing athletic performance.

Indirect calorimetry is the method for determining energy expenditure by measuring the amount of oxygen a person uses. This method indirectly calculates the energy expenditure by measuring the oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production. It is based on the principle that the body's metabolism requires oxygen to produce energy, and the amount of oxygen consumed is proportional to the energy expended. This method is commonly used in research and clinical settings to assess metabolic rate and energy balance in individuals.

The loss of menstrual periods associated with anorexia nervosa is caused by low body fat content. Anorexia nervosa is an eating disorder characterized by an intense fear of gaining weight, resulting in severe restriction of food intake. When the body does not receive enough nutrients, it goes into a state of starvation, causing a decrease in body fat. This low body fat content disrupts the normal hormonal balance, leading to the loss of menstrual periods.

Vomiting is the correct answer because it is a common behavior in individuals with bulimia. The repeated act of self-induced vomiting can lead to a range of health problems. Vomiting can cause damage to the esophagus and teeth due to the exposure of stomach acid. It can also disrupt the body's electrolyte balance, leading to dehydration and electrolyte imbalances. Additionally, frequent vomiting can cause inflammation in the throat and mouth, and can also lead to digestive issues such as acid reflux and gastrointestinal problems.

The correct answer is 3. This means that for every pound lost during a workout, three cups of water should be consumed during or after exercise. This is important because when we exercise, we lose water through sweat and it is crucial to stay hydrated to maintain optimal performance and prevent dehydration. Consuming enough water helps to replace the lost fluids and maintain the body's water balance.

Physical activity includes daily activities as seemingly insignificant as fidgeting. This means that even small movements like fidgeting can contribute to overall energy expenditure.

The condition characterized by disordered eating, lack of menstrual periods, and osteoporosis is known as the female athlete triad. This condition is commonly seen in female athletes who engage in intense physical training and have inadequate calorie intake. It is a serious health concern that can lead to long-term complications such as hormonal imbalances, bone loss, and increased risk of fractures.