Hidden EP Quiz No.12

The critique of 'New Urbanism' against so-called 'Gentrification' or upscaling of inner-city neighborhoods includes multiple reasons. Firstly, it argues that the focus of gentrification is on attracting new businesses rather than rebuilding the community, resulting in a soul-less and centerness environment. Secondly, gentrification leads to the exclusion of low-income groups as the cost of living and housing prices increase. Lastly, it suggests that gentrification does not create mixed communities of varied socio-economic and demographic groups. Therefore, all of the choices mentioned in the question are valid critiques of gentrification.

In the famous framework Survey-Analysis Plan, Geddes is the planner who emphasized the importance of conducting a survey as a prerequisite for effective planning. This suggests that Geddes recognized the value of gathering data and understanding the current situation before making informed decisions and formulating a comprehensive plan. By conducting a survey, planners can gather valuable insights, identify potential challenges, and tailor their plans to the specific needs and preferences of the community or target audience. Geddes' emphasis on the survey highlights the significance of evidence-based planning and the importance of understanding the context in which planning takes place.

The given statement describes various problems and issues that are commonly associated with unmanaged urbanization. Settlements in high-risk zones, buildings on natural wetlands, and rivers used as sewers are all examples of poor planning and lack of proper management in urban areas. The recurrent shortages of food, water, and power indicate the strain on resources due to rapid and unplanned urbanization. The presence of idle prime land in the city center suggests a lack of effective land use policies. Overall, these manifestations point towards the negative consequences of unmanaged urbanization.

The major blunder in Philippine economic policy and industrialization strategy occurred in the latter period of American colonial rule when free trade agreements with the USA narrowed Philippine agricultural output to cash crops for export. This led to a heavy dependence on the American market, which proved to be detrimental during the Great Depression. Additionally, the post-war import substitution policy focused on capital-intensive urban consumer goods rather than utilizing the agricultural surplus in provincial centers for resource-based agro-industrialization. Therefore, all of the choices mentioned in the question are correct explanations for the major blunder in Philippine economic policy and industrialization strategy.

Premature urbanization refers to the rapid and unplanned conversion of rural areas into urban spaces before the necessary infrastructure and population are in place. This phenomenon often occurs as a result of leapfrog or checkerboard development, where urbanization skips over certain areas and occurs in a sporadic and disjointed manner. Premature urbanization can have negative consequences such as inadequate housing, overburdened infrastructure, and social and environmental issues.

At the start of the 19th century, before the emergence of professional planners, the earliest urban planning practitioners who addressed city-wide problems including the 'germ versus filth' dilemma were doctors, epidemiologists, sanitarians, and public health personnel. These individuals had knowledge and expertise in understanding and combating diseases, as well as improving public health conditions in urban areas. They played a crucial role in identifying and implementing measures to address issues related to sanitation, hygiene, and disease prevention in cities during that time.

Rural areas are characterized by a low population density of less than 500 people per km2. The inhabitants of rural areas are primarily engaged in agriculture or the extraction of raw materials. In these areas, dwellings are widely spaced apart and often lack basic services or utilities.

The Public Lands Act of 1903 granted homesteads to 14 million Filipino families covering 5.3 million hectares. Among the given options, Mindanao is the correct answer. Mindanao is the second-largest island in the Philippines and has a large land area. The act aimed to distribute public lands to Filipino families, and Mindanao was one of the areas where homesteads were granted.

Le Corbusier is the correct answer because the statement "A city is the grip of man upon nature" aligns with his architectural philosophy. Le Corbusier believed in the rationalization of urban planning and the use of geometric forms to create functional and efficient cities. He emphasized the control of nature through the organization of space and the use of modern technology. His ideas greatly influenced the development of urban planning and architecture in the 20th century.

Bio-centrism is the correct answer because it aligns with the description provided. Bio-centrism focuses on the respect for all lifeforms, including both sentient animals and non-sentient organisms. It considers humans to be on equal moral footing with other living beings, such as pets, plants, and insects. This perspective places a strong emphasis on the value and importance of all forms of life, rather than prioritizing human interests or the community as a whole.

The invention of the steam engine as a source of power marked the start of the Industrial Age in 1769. This invention revolutionized the mode of economic production by providing a more efficient and reliable source of power for factories and machinery. The steam engine allowed for the mechanization of various industries, leading to increased productivity and the development of new manufacturing processes. This milestone played a crucial role in shaping the Industrial Age and setting the stage for further advancements in technology and industrialization.

The correct answer is American. The Torrens Title System was introduced in the Philippines during the American colonial period. This system was established to ensure secure land ownership by implementing a centralized land registration system. It aimed to provide a reliable and efficient way of transferring and proving land ownership, which was crucial for economic development and attracting foreign investment. The Torrens Title System is still in use today in the Philippines, reflecting the lasting impact of American colonial rule on land ownership laws in the country.

The theory of urbanization by RL Carneiro (1970) suggests that during the Dark Ages, the collapse of the army-based imperial government led to people congregating in cities for better protection from plunderers and marauders. This explanation aligns with Carneiro's theory that urbanization occurs as a response to external threats and the need for security. In this case, the lack of a centralized authority and the presence of lawlessness in the aftermath of the collapse led people to seek safety in fortified cities.

The information provided states that 95% of deaths and serious injuries from major disasters occurred in low-income to middle-income countries, and 90% of these deaths happened to the poorest people. This suggests that poverty, along with its physical dimensions such as the location of homes and livelihoods, increases people's vulnerability to disaster. This conclusion is supported by the fact that the majority of deaths and injuries occur in low-income areas and among the poorest individuals.

During the Spanish colonial period, 'encomiendas' referred to the right of a 'servant' of the Spanish Crown to collect tribute from residents of a territory without any ownership claim over that territory. This system allowed the Spanish Crown to grant individuals, known as encomenderos, the authority to extract labor and tribute from indigenous peoples in exchange for protection and Christianization. Encomenderos were essentially stewards of the land and its inhabitants, acting as intermediaries between the Spanish Crown and the indigenous population. This system was a key aspect of Spanish colonial control and exploitation in the Americas.

Harvard University offered the first academic degree course in city planning under its landscape architecture department in 1907. This program later became the first ever school of planning in 1929.

The answer pertains to the concept of "annihilation of space" in urban areas because it highlights the idea that cities eliminate the cost and time associated with transporting ideas, goods, and people. This means that information can travel quickly and transactions between producers and consumers can happen faster in cities, leading to a more efficient and interconnected urban environment.

Jane Jacobs, Kevin Lynch, and William H. Whyte were most concerned about "human scale and the social usage of urban space." These planners focused on creating cities and urban environments that were designed with the needs and experiences of individuals in mind. They emphasized the importance of creating walkable neighborhoods, promoting social interaction, and ensuring that urban spaces were accessible and enjoyable for all. Their work challenged the top-down, large-scale planning approaches of figures like Robert Moses and William Levitt, and instead advocated for a more bottom-up, community-centered approach to urban planning.

Professional planning differs from generic, common-sensical, or everyday planning because it has a broader scope and goals that go beyond the individual or a specific group. Generic planning is focused on action-planning for familiar problems and allows for personal flexibility. In contrast, professional planning considers larger issues and involves planning for society and nature. It takes into account the policy and market environment, whereas everyday planning primarily benefits oneself.

During the period 1565-1896, the Spanish colonial government designated the urban control points as "cabeceras y poblaciones". This means that the main centers or administrative hubs of the colonial government were the cabeceras, which were the main towns or cities, and the poblaciones, which were the smaller settlements or villages. These control points were strategically chosen by the Spanish government to establish their authority and maintain control over the urban areas in their colonial territories.

Common of piscary refers to everyone's right to take fish, game, or fowl from communal land.

Equity or Activist or Advocacy Planning is the school of thought that maintains that planners should abandon their presumed neutral stance and instead adopt the side of 'the poor and the disadvantaged' to demand for corrective or remedial measures from the State and from the Market through 'pressure from below' by way of conflict confrontation, creative mass actions, and backroom negotiations. This approach emphasizes the need for planners to actively advocate for social justice and equity in planning processes and outcomes.

The given answer is incorrect because it states that a plan has to be calculating and even Machiavellian, which is not a reason why Strategic Planning is called 'Innovative Planning' according to Henry Mintzberg. The other options provide valid reasons for why Strategic Planning is called 'Innovative Planning' such as introducing a novel goal, product, process, or pattern, focusing on organizational 'fitness' to create or shape change, and mobilizing the whole organization towards a new direction.

The correct answer is eight, which represents the major ethno-linguistic groups in the Philippines. This is supported by the fact that the Reorganization Plan 53-A of the Government Survey and Reorganization Commission delineated regions based on these groups. This decision was likely made to ensure representation and recognition of the diverse cultural and linguistic heritage of the country.

During the Middle Ages, Cathedral Towns showcased the dominance of the Church in all aspects of life. These cities had narrow, twisty, irregular streets radiating from the center, and were often congested with poor sanitation infrastructure, making them vulnerable to epidemics. However, the given answer states that the loss of privacy due to overcrowding resulted in loose sexual morals of the population. This statement is not supported by the information provided in the explanation.

Hyper-Urbanization refers to the phenomenon where the rate of population growth in megacities surpasses the capacity of the cities to handle the increasing population. This includes both the natural carrying capacity of the city's ecosystems and the capacity of city institutions to provide resources and personnel to address the complex problems that arise from rapid urbanization. In hyper-urbanization, cities become overwhelmed by the population growth, leading to various challenges and issues related to infrastructure, housing, transportation, and social services.

Unmanaged Population Growth should come first in this series or chain of intertwined, multi-dimensional problems because it is the root cause of several other issues mentioned in the list. Uncontrolled population growth puts pressure on resources, leads to increased pollution and environmental degradation, contributes to poverty, and exacerbates climate change through increased carbon footprint. Therefore, addressing population growth is crucial in order to effectively tackle the other problems in the chain.

According to Max Weber, the key factor in the transition from mercantile economies controlled by European monarchies to profit-driven individual enterprise or laissez faire was the emphasis on certain values and behaviors by early Protestants. They generally emphasized hard work, simplicity, thrift, discipline, savings, and the re-investment of savings. These values and behaviors promoted a more entrepreneurial spirit and a focus on individual profit, which contributed to the shift towards profit-driven capitalism.

Social engineering refers to the manipulation and influencing of people's values, mindsets, habits, and behaviors in order to achieve certain societal goals. It involves tactics such as persuasion, deception, and manipulation to change the way individuals think and act. The aim is to shape society by altering people's attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors towards a desired outcome. This can be done through various means, including propaganda, education, advertising, and social influence.

Robert Owen is the correct answer because he was a philanthropist who showcased normative or Utopian socialism in New Lanark, Scotland in 1799. He believed in improving working conditions, providing decent housing, and offering cheap services for the working class, which ultimately increased productivity and profit. He is also recognized as the father of the cooperative movement.

The emergence of the earliest cities in Antiquity can be explained by a combination of factors. Irrigation for farms played a crucial role in revolutionizing economic production and social organization by creating a surplus of food. This surplus necessitated the construction of large storage warehouses to prepare for times of war or drought. Additionally, the need to distribute water for irrigation and ration food led to the rise of strongman rule. With an abundance of food, non-farming workers emerged, leading to the division of labor and occupational specialization. Lastly, city-building focused on immortalizing kings and heroes through grandiose monuments and temples. Therefore, all of the above factors contributed to the emergence of the earliest cities.

The explanation for the correct answer, Socio-Cultural Theory of Urbanization, is that Dr. Gideon Sjoberg argues that cultural exchange through trade and commerce in pre-industrial times led to the formation of cities. This exchange brought together literate individuals, craftsmen, and tool-makers who would share and challenge each other's ideas. The competition among non-farming specialists in these cities gave rise to the scientific method and technological advancements in agriculture. This theory suggests that urbanization is a result of the social and cultural interactions that occur in cities.

Dr. Barry Commoner is the correct answer because he is the one who formulated the Basic Laws of Ecology in layman's vernacular. The laws he formulated, such as "Nature knows best" and "Everything is connected to everything else," reflect his understanding of the interconnectedness and complexity of ecological systems. His work emphasized the importance of considering the environmental impacts of human actions and the need for sustainable practices.

The concept of ecological footprint, coined by Dr William Rees in 1992, is a measure of the amount of productive space needed to sustain a population's consumption of resources and disposal of waste. It is measured in terms of global hectare (gha) per capita and takes into account various factors such as food, water, energy, building materials, and pollution. The ecological footprint is a comprehensive index that reflects the environmental impact of a population's lifestyle and consumption patterns.

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The given question is asking for the person who is associated with the term "Gaia-Mother Earth". The term "Gaia-Mother Earth" is commonly associated with James Lovelock. James Lovelock is a British scientist and environmentalist who proposed the Gaia hypothesis, which suggests that the Earth is a self-regulating system. This term reflects Lovelock's belief in the interconnectedness and interdependence of all living organisms on Earth.

Aldo Leopold is considered the father of wildlife ecology and in 1948, he advocated for a "personal land ethic" for humans. This ethic encourages individuals to become stewards of the land and view themselves as members of the land-community, rather than conquerors or dominators. Leopold's ideas were influential in shaping the modern environmental movement and promoting a more sustainable and harmonious relationship between humans and the natural world.

The objective of the 'New Urbanism' movement, associated with Jane Jacobs, Leon Krier, Andres Duany, Elizabeth Plater-Zyberk, et al., is to revitalize urban communities by creating centers and by reviving traditional civic values. This means focusing on improving and rejuvenating urban areas by creating vibrant and inclusive community centers and promoting traditional values that foster a sense of community and belonging. This approach aims to enhance the quality of life in urban areas and create sustainable, livable communities.

During the Renaissance period, Mercantile Cities were important trading ports for overseas commerce and were instrumental in the accumulation of gold and silver by European monarchies and principalities. However, Dortmund, Germany is the exception to this trend. It was not a significant mercantile city during this time and did not play a major role in overseas trade or the accumulation of wealth.

The correct answer is Cornucopians. Cornucopians are individuals who believe in the abundance of resources and the ability of technology and human knowledge to solve environmental problems. They have an optimistic view and believe that necessity drives invention and innovation. They believe that with advancements in science and technology, all environmental problems can be solved.

The question "how do we know if it is working?" seeks to determine the efficacy or success of a chosen option or course of action. It focuses on evaluating the progress and outcomes of the chosen option to determine if it is achieving the desired results. This question is crucial in the planning and management process as it allows for monitoring and assessment of the effectiveness of the chosen approach.

According to David Harvey and Ray Pahl, planning is seen as an agent of change and development that aims to address poverty and inequality. Planners are viewed as creators of urban space and not just neutral decision-makers. This perspective aligns with the principles of critical/radical planning, which emphasizes the need for social justice and challenging existing power structures in urban development. Therefore, the correct answer is critical/radical planning.

The correct answer is Local Autonomy Act of 1949. This act gave local government units (LGUs) the power to govern themselves and make decisions regarding their own development plans. It allowed LGUs to form local planning boards, which would be responsible for creating these plans with the guidance of national government agencies. This act aimed to decentralize power and promote local autonomy in the Philippines.

Camilo Sitte was the earliest among the City Beautiful Movement planners to articulate the principles of urban design in his book "City Planning According to Artistic Principles" published in 1889. This suggests that Sitte was one of the pioneers in the field of urban design and his ideas and principles laid the foundation for future planners and architects.

The correct answer is Annexation and Amalgamation (one-tier government). This means that under Presidential Decree 824, the Metro Manila Commission was created as a single-tier government structure for metropolitan governance in the Philippines. This suggests that the different local governments within Metro Manila were merged or combined into one unified entity, rather than having separate jurisdictions or fragmented governance.

The correct answer is the goal to decongest the city by increasing congestion at its core. This critique suggests that Le Corbusier's modernist city design aimed to alleviate congestion in the city by concentrating it in the central area. However, this approach can actually lead to an increase in congestion and overcrowding in the core, which goes against the goal of decongestion.

The principle of subsidiarity supports the saying "Think Global, Act Local" because it suggests that decisions and actions should be taken at the lowest appropriate level. In the context of sustainable development, this means that while global cooperation and coordination are important, the responsibility for implementing sustainable practices and making environmentally conscious choices lies primarily with local communities and individuals. This principle encourages individuals to consider the global impact of their actions, but also emphasizes the importance of taking action at the local level to achieve sustainable development goals.

William Penn is credited with designing the first grid-iron orthogonal street pattern in continental America for Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. This street pattern consists of a grid of streets intersecting at right angles, creating a system of squares and blocks. This design was innovative for its time and has since become a common layout for many cities in the United States.

Norman Krumholtz and John Friedman are the correct answer because they were part of the 'school of transactive planning' that advocated for radical and critical planning. This approach aimed to challenge and dismantle structures of domination and subjugation in society. The other options do not align with this specific school of thought.

The correct answer suggests that growth is a necessary condition for development, but it is not enough on its own. This means that economic growth, such as an increase in income and infrastructure, is important for development, but it is not the only factor. Development also includes qualitative aspects such as tranquility, peace, and order, indicating that it involves societal and individual well-being beyond just economic indicators.