Biological Molecules Quiz Questions

DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, is a molecule that contains the genetic instructions for the development and functioning of living organisms. It is composed of several components, including deoxyribose sugar, adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine. The deoxyribose sugar is a key component of DNA, providing the backbone for the molecule. Adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine are nitrogenous bases that pair up with each other to form the rungs of the DNA ladder. DNA is known for its double-stranded structure, with the two strands being held together by hydrogen bonds between the nitrogenous bases. Additionally, DNA is missing an oxygen group on the second carbon of the sugar, distinguishing it from ribose sugar found in RNA.

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The components of the endomembrane system, such as the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and lysosomes, are either continuous or connected through the transfer of vesicles. Vesicles are small membrane-bound sacs that transport molecules between different compartments of the endomembrane system. They bud off from one organelle and fuse with another, allowing for the transfer of proteins, lipids, and other molecules. This continuous flow of vesicles helps maintain the integrity and functionality of the endomembrane system.

The shape of a protein determines its function. Proteins are made up of long chains of amino acids that fold into specific shapes. These shapes are crucial for the protein to interact with other molecules and perform its specific function in the body. Different shapes allow proteins to bind to specific targets, catalyze reactions, transport molecules, and carry out various cellular processes. Therefore, the shape of a protein is a critical factor in determining its function.

The given answer is hydrocarbon, hydrocarbons. This is because compounds that consist only of carbon and hydrogen are called hydrocarbons. Hydrocarbons are organic compounds that are the building blocks of many important substances, such as fuels and plastics. They are composed of carbon atoms bonded together in chains or rings, with hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon atoms. The term "hydrocarbons" is used in the plural form because there are many different types and structures of hydrocarbon compounds.

Ammonium (NH4+) has four covalent bonds, with each hydrogen atom forming a bond with the nitrogen atom. Nitrogen has a valence of five, meaning it can form up to five covalent bonds. The sketch of the molecule would show the nitrogen atom in the center, with four hydrogen atoms surrounding it, each connected by a single bond.

To count the number of electrons in the sketch, we add up the valence electrons of each atom. Nitrogen has five valence electrons, and each hydrogen atom has one valence electron. So, the total number of electrons in the sketch would be 5 (from nitrogen) + 4 (from four hydrogen atoms) = 9.

Since the molecule has one more proton (positive charge) than electrons, the molecule will have a net positive charge of +1.

RNA is a type of nucleic acid that contains ribose sugar, which is one of its characteristic features. It also consists of the nitrogenous bases adenine, uracil, cytosine, and guanine. Unlike DNA, RNA has one more oxygen (hydroxyl group) attached to its ribose sugar, giving it a slightly different structure. Another characteristic of RNA is that it typically exists as single strands, whereas DNA can form double strands. Therefore, the given answer correctly identifies the characteristics of RNA.

Cytosol refers to the semi-fluid substance present in the cytoplasm of a cell. It is the liquid component of the cytoplasm, excluding any organelles or other insoluble components. Cytosol is responsible for various cellular functions such as metabolism, transportation of molecules, and providing a medium for chemical reactions to occur. It contains various ions, proteins, and other molecules necessary for cellular processes.

Dehydration reactions involve the removal of water molecules from monomers, allowing them to form covalent bonds and create polymers. This process is commonly seen in the synthesis of biological macromolecules such as proteins, nucleic acids, and carbohydrates. By eliminating water, cells can link monomers together and form larger, more complex structures necessary for various cellular functions.

Bacteria have cilia and flagella, which are appendages that help with movement. They also have a cell wall, which provides support and protection. Unlike eukaryotic cells, bacteria do not have separate organelles floating around in their cytoplasm. Instead, their cellular functions are carried out by various structures and molecules within the cytoplasm. Bacteria do not have membrane-bound organelles like eukaryotic cells do. Therefore, the correct answer is cilia, flagella, cell wall, and no separate organelles floating around.

Water is less dense as a solid than as a liquid due to its unique molecular structure. When water freezes, the molecules arrange themselves in a lattice structure with open spaces between them. This causes the solid form of water, which is ice, to have a lower density than its liquid form. This is why ice floats on water. In contrast, when water is in its liquid state, the molecules are closer together, resulting in a higher density.

Polar covalent bonds are associated with molecules that are soluble in water. In a polar covalent bond, electrons are shared unequally between atoms, creating partial positive and negative charges. Water is a polar molecule, with a slightly positive hydrogen end and a slightly negative oxygen end. When a molecule with polar covalent bonds comes into contact with water, the positive end of water attracts the negative end of the molecule and vice versa. This allows the molecule to dissolve in water, making it soluble and preventing it from precipitating.

Hydrophobic amino acids, such as valine, are nonpolar and repel water molecules. Therefore, they tend to be found in regions of a protein that are shielded from water, such as the interior of the folded protein. Additionally, hydrophobic amino acids can also be found in the transmembrane portion of proteins, where they interact with the hydrophobic lipid fatty acid chains of the cell membrane. Therefore, the correct answer is that valine can be found in the interior of the folded protein, away from water, or in a transmembrane portion interacting with lipid fatty acid chains.

Hydrogen bonds are responsible for stabilizing the α helix and β pleated sheet structures of proteins. These bonds occur between the hydrogen atom of one amino acid and the oxygen or nitrogen atom of another amino acid. The hydrogen bond is a relatively weak bond, but when many hydrogen bonds are present in a protein structure, they collectively provide stability and help maintain the secondary structure of the protein.

Glycogen, chitin, cellulose, and starch are all examples of polysaccharides. Polysaccharides are complex carbohydrates composed of multiple sugar units bonded together. Glycogen is a polysaccharide found in animals and serves as a storage form of glucose. Chitin is a polysaccharide found in the exoskeleton of insects and crustaceans, as well as in the cell walls of fungi. Cellulose is a polysaccharide found in the cell walls of plants and provides structural support. Starch is a polysaccharide found in plants and serves as a storage form of glucose.

The central dogma of biology states that DNA undergoes transcription to turn into mRNA, which then undergoes translation to form proteins. Transcription is the process of creating an RNA copy of a DNA sequence, while translation is the process of using the mRNA sequence to synthesize a protein. Therefore, the correct order is DNA, transcription, mRNA, translation, proteins.

When amino acids bond, a process called dehydration synthesis occurs, where a water molecule is released. This happens because one amino acid donates a hydrogen atom (H) and the other donates a hydroxyl group (OH), resulting in the formation of a covalent bond between the two amino acids. The hydrogen atom and hydroxyl group combine to form a water molecule (H2O), which is released as a byproduct of the bonding process.

Genes are segments of the chromosome that contain the instructions to make proteins. They are found in the nucleus of the cell and are made up of pieces of DNA. Therefore, all the given options accurately describe genes.

A molecule with the chemical formula C6H12O6 is most likely a carbohydrate because carbohydrates are organic compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms. Monosaccharides are the simplest form of carbohydrates and have the general formula (CH2O)n, where n is usually between 3 and 7. C6H12O6 fits this general formula and is therefore a monosaccharide. Fatty acids, disaccharides, polysaccharides, proteins, and lipids do not have the same chemical formula as C6H12O6, so they are not the correct answer.

If something is going to be in contact with water, the polarity of the molecule will be on the exterior surface of the protein.

A molecule with the formula C18H36O2 is likely a fatty acid because it contains a long chain of carbon atoms (C18) with hydrogen atoms attached to them (H36), along with two oxygen atoms (O2). Fatty acids are organic compounds that are an important component of lipids, which are essential for energy storage and insulation in organisms. They are characterized by their long hydrocarbon chains with a carboxyl group (COOH) at one end.

Sucrose, lactose, and maltose are all examples of disaccharides. Disaccharides are carbohydrates composed of two monosaccharide units joined together by a glycosidic bond. Sucrose is made up of glucose and fructose, lactose is made up of glucose and galactose, and maltose is made up of two glucose molecules. Starch, glucose, and galactose are not disaccharides. Starch is a polysaccharide made up of many glucose units, while glucose and galactose are monosaccharides, which are single sugar units.

Proteins are essential to the structures and functions of life. They are polymers built from various combinations of 20 amino acid monomers. This means that proteins are made up of long chains of amino acids, which are the building blocks of life. These chains can fold into complex three-dimensional structures, allowing proteins to carry out a wide range of functions in cells and organisms. Therefore, proteins are crucial for the proper functioning and survival of living organisms.

*chloroplasts found in plant cells or cells of photosynthetic eukaryotes

Insoluble fiber refers to cellulose, which is a complex carbohydrate found in the cell walls of plants. It is not easily broken down by the digestive system and passes through the body relatively intact. Cellulose adds bulk to the stool and helps promote regular bowel movements. It also aids in preventing constipation and maintaining overall digestive health.

To completely hydrolyze a polymer that is 11 monomers long, each monomer needs to be broken down by a water molecule. Since there are 11 monomers, we need 11 water molecules to fully hydrolyze the polymer. Therefore, the correct answer is 11.

The monosaccharides are the simplest form of carbohydrates and cannot be broken down into smaller sugar molecules. Glucose, galactose, and fructose are all monosaccharides because they consist of a single sugar unit. Lactose, sucrose, starch, and maltose, on the other hand, are not monosaccharides as they are composed of two or more sugar units.

Saturated fats are characterized by their ability to solidify at room temperature. This is because they have a higher melting point compared to unsaturated fats. They also form single bonds only, which means that all of the carbon atoms in the fatty acid chain are bonded to the maximum number of hydrogen atoms possible. This results in a straight and rigid structure, which contributes to their solid state. Additionally, saturated fats have the maximum amount of hydrogen bonded to carbons, further enhancing their stability and solidifying properties.

Greater number of nucleotides = higher temperature to melt it
C-G bond is harder to break because extra hydrogen bond
But when doing melting point, more hydrogen bonds = more energy to break it = higher melting point needed

The cell theory states that all organisms are made of cells, which means that cells are the basic building blocks of life. It also states that cells are the simplest collection of matter that can be alive, meaning that cells are the smallest unit of life. Additionally, the cell theory states that all cells are related by descent from earlier cells, implying that all cells come from pre-existing cells through cell division. This theory does not support the idea that living things can be made without cells or that cells can be created spontaneously.

The atomic number of an atom is defined as the number of protons in the nucleus. This is because the atomic number determines the element and its properties. The number of protons in an atom's nucleus is unique to each element and determines its identity on the periodic table.

Saturated fats are known to contribute to heart disease, contain more hydrogen than unsaturated fats with the same number of carbon atoms, and generally solidify at room temperature. However, they do not have multiple double bonds in the carbon chains of their fatty acids. Instead, saturated fats have single bonds between all carbon atoms, which is why they are "saturated" with hydrogen atoms. This lack of double bonds makes them less prone to oxidation and more stable.

The correct answer is "partially hydrogenated." Partially hydrogenated refers to a process where hydrogen is added to unsaturated fats, making them more solid at room temperature. This process creates trans fats, which are known to be unhealthy and increase the risk of heart disease. Therefore, partially hydrogenated is another term used to describe trans fat.

Enzymes, proteins, antibodies, insulin, and hemoglobin all contain amino acids. Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins, and these substances are all types of proteins. Enzymes are a specific type of protein that act as catalysts in biochemical reactions. Antibodies are proteins produced by the immune system to help fight off foreign substances. Insulin is a hormone that regulates blood sugar levels and is made up of amino acids. Hemoglobin is a protein found in red blood cells that carries oxygen throughout the body. Cholesterol, on the other hand, is a type of lipid and does not contain amino acids.

The primary structure in the polypeptide chain differs from protein to protein. This refers to the specific sequence of amino acids that make up a protein. Each protein has its own unique sequence, which is determined by the genetic code. This sequence determines the overall shape and function of the protein. Therefore, even though proteins may have similar secondary, tertiary, or quaternary structures, their primary structures will be different, leading to differences in their overall properties and functions.

Adenine and guanine are nitrogenous bases of the purine type because they have a two-ring structure. Cytosine, uracil, and thymine are nitrogenous bases of the pyrimidine type, as they have a single-ring structure.

Carbon actually has the capacity to form polar bonds with hydrogen. This is due to the difference in electronegativity between carbon and hydrogen, where carbon is slightly more electronegative. As a result, the carbon-hydrogen bond has a partial positive charge on the hydrogen atom and a partial negative charge on the carbon atom.

In the tertiary level of protein structure, interactions between the side chains (R groups) are most important. This is because the tertiary structure is characterized by the folding of the polypeptide chain into a 3D shape, and the side chains play a crucial role in determining the specific folding pattern. The interactions between the side chains can include hydrogen bonding, disulfide bridges, hydrophobic interactions, and electrostatic attractions, which all contribute to the stability and functionality of the protein.

Fatty acids are not formed by dehydration reactions. Dehydration reactions involve the removal of water molecules to form larger molecules. Amylose, disaccharides, carbohydrates, DNA, and proteins are all formed through dehydration reactions. However, fatty acids are formed through hydrolysis reactions, which involve the addition of water molecules to break down larger molecules. Therefore, fatty acids are the only molecule listed that is not formed by dehydration reactions.

In animal metabolism, most of the monomers released by digestion of food macromolecules are metabolized to provide energy. This process involves breaking down the monomers into smaller molecules, which releases energy and produces waste products, including water. Therefore, water is consumed by animal metabolism as it is needed for various metabolic processes and is produced as a byproduct of these processes.

Independent: what you manipulate to measure the dependent variable
Dependent: what you measure (depends on independent variable)

Insulin is initially synthesized in the rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER), where it undergoes post-translational modifications. It is then transported to the Golgi apparatus, where further processing and packaging take place. Finally, the insulin-containing vesicles fuse with the cell membrane, allowing the release of insulin into the bloodstream.

Dehydration reactions involve the removal of water molecules to form larger molecules, such as polymers. On the other hand, hydrolysis reactions break down polymers by adding water molecules. Therefore, the correct answer states that dehydration reactions assemble polymers, while hydrolysis reactions break down polymers.

All of the options listed (cellulose, chitin, DNA, and starch) are polymers. A polymer is a large molecule composed of repeating subunits called monomers. Cellulose and chitin are both polysaccharides, which are polymers made up of sugar monomers. DNA is a nucleic acid polymer made up of nucleotide monomers. Starch is also a polysaccharide made up of glucose monomers. Therefore, all of the options provided are examples of polymers.

Nitrogen and oxygen are the most electronegative elements in the body. Electronegativity is a measure of an atom's ability to attract electrons towards itself in a chemical bond. Nitrogen and oxygen have higher electronegativity values compared to carbon and hydrogen. This means that nitrogen and oxygen atoms have a stronger pull on the shared electrons in a chemical bond, resulting in a more polar bond. In the body, nitrogen and oxygen play important roles in various biological processes, including protein synthesis, respiration, and DNA replication.

Disulfide bonds are covalent bonds formed between two cysteine amino acid residues. These bonds play a crucial role in maintaining a polypeptide's specific three-dimensional shape by stabilizing the protein structure. Disulfide bonds form when two cysteine residues come close together and undergo oxidation, resulting in the formation of a covalent bond between their sulfur atoms. This bond helps to hold different regions of the polypeptide together, contributing to the overall stability and shape of the protein.

An atom with six electrons in its valence shell would typically form two single covalent bonds in most circumstances. This is because each covalent bond involves the sharing of two electrons, and with six valence electrons, the atom can share two electrons with two other atoms to form two bonds.

A particular nucleotide sequence that can instruct the formation of a polypeptide is called a gene. Genes are segments of DNA that contain the instructions for building proteins, which are essential for the structure and function of cells. These instructions are encoded in the nucleotide sequence of the gene and are transcribed into mRNA, which is then translated into a polypeptide during protein synthesis. Therefore, a gene is the fundamental unit of heredity and plays a crucial role in determining the characteristics and traits of an organism.

However, lipids are good for storage. The fact that they are insoluble in water makes helps in this cause, and also they can provide twice as much energy (or more) as some carbohydrates.

The endomembrane system is a network of membranes within a eukaryotic cell that is involved in the synthesis, processing, and transport of proteins and lipids. It includes the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), Golgi body, lysosomes, vacuoles, nuclear envelope, and plasma membranes. These components work together to ensure the proper functioning of the cell. The ER is responsible for protein synthesis and lipid metabolism, while the Golgi body modifies and packages proteins for transport. Lysosomes contain enzymes for intracellular digestion, vacuoles store substances, the nuclear envelope encloses the nucleus, and plasma membranes control the exchange of materials with the surroundings.

RNA differs from DNA because RNA contains uracil instead of thymine. DNA and RNA both contain adenine, cytosine, and guanine, but DNA exclusively contains thymine while RNA exclusively contains uracil. This difference in base pairs is one of the key distinctions between DNA and RNA.

carbohydrates have a typical general formula of (CH2O)n

The macromolecules of life are lipids (fats), proteins, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids. Lipids are important for energy storage and insulation. Proteins are involved in various cellular functions and are made up of amino acids. Carbohydrates are a major source of energy for the body and include sugars. Nucleic acids, such as DNA and RNA, store and transmit genetic information.

When the atoms involved in a covalent bond have the same electronegativity, it means that they have an equal pull for the shared electrons. This results in a nonpolar covalent bond, where the electrons are shared equally between the atoms. In this type of bond, there is no separation of charge and the molecule is symmetrical.

When three glucose molecules are linked together by dehydration reactions, a water molecule is removed for each linkage. Since there are three glucose molecules, three water molecules are removed in total. The molecular formula for glucose is C6H12O6, so each glucose molecule contributes 6 carbon atoms, 12 hydrogen atoms, and 6 oxygen atoms. Therefore, when three glucose molecules are linked together, the resulting molecule would have 18 carbon atoms, 32 hydrogen atoms, and 16 oxygen atoms, which corresponds to the molecular formula C18H32O16.

The correct answer is trans, trans fat. Trans fat is a type of fat that is artificially saturated, meaning that hydrogen atoms are added to unsaturated fats to make them solid at room temperature. This process is called hydrogenation and it creates trans fats, which are known to be unhealthy and increase the risk of heart disease. Therefore, artificially saturating the carbons results in trans fats.

Polysaccharides, triacylglycerides, and proteins are all macromolecules that are synthesized from smaller subunits. Dehydration reactions occur during the synthesis of these macromolecules, where water molecules are removed to form covalent bonds between the subunits. This process allows the subunits to join together and form larger molecules. Therefore, the correct answer is that polysaccharides, triacylglycerides, and proteins are synthesized from subunits by dehydration reactions.

Lysosomes are membranous sacs filled with hydrolytic enzymes that can break down macromolecules. These enzymes can hydrolyze proteins, fats, polysaccharides, and nucleic acids. Lysosomes also have the ability to fuse with other vesicles and organelles in order to digest their contents. Additionally, lysosomes are involved in the transport of budded off vesicles to the Golgi Apparatus. Lysosomes do not metabolize carbohydrates, create ATP, store water, or detoxify drugs and poisons.

All cells, both prokaryotic and eukaryotic, have a plasma membrane, which is a selectively permeable barrier that separates the cell from its environment. Cytosol refers to the fluid portion of the cell where various cellular processes occur. Chromosomes are the structures that carry genetic information and are present in all cells. Ribosomes are responsible for protein synthesis and are found in all cells. However, endoplasmic reticulum and nucleus are not present in prokaryotic cells, so they are not correct for the question.

because oxygen is more electronegative

The elements carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and hydrogen are the most common in the human body. These elements are essential for life and are found in various molecules such as proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acids, and lipids. Carbon is the backbone of organic molecules, while nitrogen is a component of proteins and nucleic acids. Oxygen is necessary for cellular respiration, and hydrogen is involved in various biochemical reactions. These elements play crucial roles in maintaining the structure and function of cells and are abundant in the human body.

Cytosine, thymine, and uracil are nitrogenous bases of the pyrimidine type because they have a single ring structure. Adenine and guanine, on the other hand, are purine bases, which have a double-ring structure.

Phosphorous has an atomic number of 15, which means it has 15 protons and 15 electrons. The electrons are distributed in different shells around the nucleus. The first shell can hold a maximum of 2 electrons, so it has 2 electrons. The second shell can hold a maximum of 8 electrons, so it has 8 electrons. The remaining 5 electrons are in the third shell. Therefore, the correct answer is 2, two, 8, eight, 5, five.

The R group attached to an alpha carbon is what makes one amino acid different from another. The alpha carbon is a central carbon atom in the amino acid molecule, and the R group is a variable side chain that differs between amino acids. This R group can be a simple hydrogen atom or a complex structure, and it determines the unique properties and functions of each amino acid.

The smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER) has several functions. It stores calcium ions, which are important for various cellular processes such as muscle contraction and cell signaling. It also detoxifies drugs and poisons by metabolizing them into less harmful substances. The smooth ER synthesizes lipids, which are essential components of cell membranes and play a role in hormone production. Additionally, it metabolizes carbohydrates, converting them into energy or storing them for later use.

Water is polar because it has a positive charge on one end and a negative charge on the other due to its bent molecular structure. This polarity allows water molecules to attract each other, giving it a cohesive property. Water is also known as a versatile solvent because it can dissolve many different substances due to its polar nature. Additionally, water has a high specific heat, meaning it can absorb and retain a large amount of heat without a significant change in temperature. Lastly, water expands upon freezing, which is why ice floats on water.

Amylase is an enzyme that specifically breaks down glycosidic linkages between glucose monomers. Glycogen is a polysaccharide composed of glucose monomers linked together by glycosidic bonds, and these glucose monomers are in the α form. Therefore, amylase can break down glycogen by breaking the glycosidic linkages between the α-glucose monomers. On the other hand, cellulose, starch, and chitin consist of glucose monomers linked together by glycosidic bonds, but the glucose monomers in these polysaccharides are in the β form. Since amylase can only break glycosidic linkages between glucose monomers in the α form, it cannot break down cellulose, starch, or chitin.

This image is showing the α helix secondary structure of a polypeptide. The α helix is a common folding pattern in proteins where the polypeptide chain forms a right-handed helical structure stabilized by hydrogen bonds between the amino acids. This structure allows the protein to have a compact and stable conformation.

Ice floats in liquid water because of hydrogen bonds. These bonds stabilize and keep the molecules of ice farther apart compared to the water molecules in liquid water. This leads to a decrease in the density of ice, causing it to float on top of the liquid water.

Unsaturated fats have the characteristic of forming oils at room temperature because they contain double bonds between carbon atoms in their fatty acid chains. These double bonds create kinks in the chains, preventing them from packing tightly together and forming a solid structure. This is in contrast to saturated fats, which have single bonds between carbon atoms and are solid at room temperature. Unsaturated fats can form double bonds, allowing for flexibility and the ability to remain liquid or semi-solid at room temperature.

-maintaining internal environment
-regulates homeostasis

A triglyceride consists of three fatty acids attached to a glycerol. This means that there are three fatty acid molecules bonded to a glycerol molecule. Triglycerides are hydrophobic, meaning they do not dissolve in water. This is because the fatty acid chains are nonpolar and repel water molecules. Triglycerides also play a role in energy storage. They are a major form of stored energy in the body and can be broken down to release energy when needed.

When ten glucose molecules are linked together by dehydration reactions, water molecules are removed, resulting in the formation of a polymer. Since each glucose molecule has the molecular formula C₆H₁₂O₆, the total number of carbon atoms in the polymer would be 6 multiplied by 10, which is 60. Similarly, the total number of hydrogen atoms would be 12 multiplied by 10, which is 120, and the total number of oxygen atoms would be 6 multiplied by 10, which is 60. Therefore, the molecular formula for the polymer would be C₆₀H₁₀₂O₅₁.

Brief heating to 95°C will cause proteins to unfold and denature. This is because heat disrupts the weak interactions, such as hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions, that maintain the protein's folded structure. Denaturation leads to the loss of the protein's functional shape and can result in the loss of its biological activity. On the other hand, DNA duplexes will unwind and separate under brief heating. The heat disrupts the hydrogen bonds between the complementary base pairs, causing the double-stranded DNA to separate into single strands. This process is known as DNA melting or denaturation.

The correct answer is "Molecules of this type are usually liquid at room temperature." This is because the previous statements mention that it is a saturated fatty acid and a diet rich in this molecule may contribute to atherosclerosis, but they do not indicate anything about the physical state of the molecule. However, the statement that molecules of this type are usually liquid at room temperature provides new information and completes the explanation.

Protein vesicles from the rough ER enter at the cis face of the Golgi and exit at the trans face of the Golgi Body. The cis face is the receiving side of the Golgi, where vesicles fuse and deliver their cargo. The trans face is the shipping side of the Golgi, where vesicles bud off and transport proteins to their final destinations.

The correct answer includes several key points about the structure and function of the nucleus. It mentions that the nucleus is surrounded by a double membrane called the nuclear envelope and that it houses chromosomes made of chromatin, as well as DNA and protein. It also notes that the nucleus has nucleoli, which are responsible for making ribosomes. Additionally, it states that the pores in the nuclear envelope regulate the entry and exit of materials, and that the nuclear envelope is continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum.

Carboxyl and hydroxyl functional groups may form polymers via dehydration reactions. In a dehydration reaction, a water molecule is removed to form a covalent bond between two monomers. Carboxyl groups (-COOH) contain both a carbonyl group and a hydroxyl group, allowing them to participate in polymerization reactions. Hydroxyl groups (-OH) also have the necessary hydroxyl group to react with other monomers. Amino groups (-NH2) and R groups (representing any side chain) are not typically involved in dehydration polymerization reactions.

The correct answer is glycerol and fatty acids. Glycerol and fatty acids are the two components that make up fats. Glycerol is a type of alcohol that combines with fatty acids to form triglycerides, which are the main type of fat found in our bodies and in food. Fatty acids are long chains of carbon atoms with a carboxyl group at one end, and they can be saturated or unsaturated depending on the presence of double bonds. Together, glycerol and fatty acids create the structure and function of fats in our bodies.

Phospholipids are composed of a hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tails. The hydrophilic head is attracted to water molecules and is polar, while the hydrophobic tails repel water and are nonpolar. This arrangement results in the formation of a phospholipid bilayer, with the hydrophilic heads facing the aqueous environment on both sides and the hydrophobic tails forming a barrier in the middle. This structure allows the plasma membrane to regulate the passage of substances in and out of the cell.

Internal Membranes and Organelles:
Prokaryotes → extensive internal membranes only in photosynthetic species; limited types and numbers of organelles
Eukaryotes → large numbers of organelles; many different types
Cytoskeleton:
Helps move around individual proteins, enzymes, vesicles, etc
Prokaryotes → limited in extent, relative to eukaryotes
Eukaryotes → extensive, usually found throughout volume of cell
Overall Size:
Prokaryotes → usually small compared to eukaryotes
Eukaryotes → most are larger than prokaryotes

If a DNA sample is composed of 10% thymine, it means that the remaining 90% must be made up of the other three nucleotides: adenine, cytosine, and guanine. Since DNA is a double-stranded molecule, the percentage of guanine would be the same as the percentage of cytosine. Therefore, if thymine accounts for 10% of the DNA, guanine and cytosine together would account for the remaining 90%. Dividing this 90% in half gives us 45%, which means that guanine would also be 45% of the DNA.