Unit 7 Test - Cities And Urban Land Use

The threshold refers to the minimum number of people required to support a business. It represents the minimum population needed to sustain the demand for goods and services and ensure the profitability of the business. The threshold can vary depending on the type of business and the specific market conditions.

The challenges for mega cities in More Developed Countries (MDCs) include overcrowding, infrastructure maintenance, crime, and pollution. Overcrowding is a significant issue in mega cities, as the population density exceeds the capacity of the city's resources. Infrastructure maintenance is crucial to ensure the smooth functioning of the city and to meet the needs of its inhabitants. Crime rates tend to be higher in densely populated areas, posing a challenge for safety and security. Pollution is also a major concern in mega cities, with increased emissions from vehicles, industries, and waste management. Therefore, all of these factors contribute to the challenges faced by mega cities in MDCs.

Metro area municipalities often struggle to solve problems such as air pollution, traffic congestion, solid waste disposal, and affordable housing without the assistance of regional governmental agencies. These issues are complex and require a coordinated effort among multiple municipalities to effectively address them. Regional agencies can provide the necessary resources, expertise, and coordination to develop and implement comprehensive solutions that benefit the entire metropolitan area. Without regional governmental agencies, municipalities may face challenges in coordinating their efforts, sharing resources, and implementing long-term, sustainable solutions to these pressing issues.

According to the classic bid-rent curve, the value of land increases as one gets closer to the Central Business District (CBD). This is because the demand for land near the CBD is higher due to its proximity to commercial and economic activities, leading to higher prices. As a result, land becomes more expensive as one moves closer to the CBD.

The concentric zone model suggests that a city grows outward from a central location in a series of rings. These rings are characterized by different land uses and socio-economic activities. The model proposes that the central business district (CBD) is surrounded by a transition zone, followed by zones of working-class housing, middle-class housing, and finally, the outermost zone of suburban or rural areas. This model helps explain the spatial organization and patterns of urban development in many cities around the world.

The three most important cities in the world are New York, London, and Tokyo. These cities are considered important due to their significant influence in various aspects such as finance, commerce, culture, and politics. New York is a global financial hub and a major center for media, arts, and entertainment. London is renowned for its historical and cultural significance, as well as being a major financial and business center. Tokyo is a leading global city known for its technological advancements, economic power, and cultural heritage. Together, these cities play a crucial role in shaping global trends and developments.

The correct answer is "All of the above". In Chauncy Harris and Edward Ulman's Multiple Nuclei Model, nodes refer to the various specialized centers within a city that attract and generate economic activity. University centers, hospital centers, airport and transportation centers, and the central business district are all considered nodes in this model. These nodes serve as focal points for different activities and contribute to the overall functionality and development of the city.

The correct answer is Toronto, Montreal, and Vancouver. This is because these three cities have the highest populations and are considered the most populous metropolitan areas in Canada. Toronto is the largest metropolitan area, followed by Montreal and then Vancouver.

Urban sprawl is responsible for the loss of biodiversity because as cities expand, natural habitats are destroyed, leading to the displacement and extinction of many species. It also results in the loss of open spaces, as more land is converted into urban areas, leaving less room for parks, gardens, and recreational areas. Additionally, urban sprawl leads to an increase in vehicle miles driven, as people have to travel longer distances between their homes, workplaces, and amenities. This, in turn, contributes to increasing auto emissions, which have a negative impact on air quality and contribute to climate change. Therefore, all of the above options are correct.

The "city beautiful movement" of the late 19th century was a response to the various issues mentioned in the options. Overcrowded inner city tenements were a major concern during this time, as they were often unsanitary and lacked proper living conditions. Excessive pollution during the industrial era was also a pressing issue that needed to be addressed. Additionally, citizens' need for urban green spaces and communities' need to have clean air were recognized as important factors for improving the overall quality of life in cities. Therefore, the correct answer is "all of the above" as the city beautiful movement aimed to address these multiple issues.

During the period from 1400 to 1700, European powers established gateway cities, which served as an entrance to or exit from a conquered area. These cities acted as important trade hubs and allowed the colonial powers to control and regulate the flow of goods and people in and out of the conquered territories. They played a crucial role in facilitating colonial expansion and maintaining control over the regions under European rule.

The physical qualities of the original location for a city are referred to as site characteristics. This includes factors such as the topography, climate, soil fertility, and access to water sources. These site characteristics play a crucial role in determining the suitability and potential development of a city in a particular location.

During the Industrial Revolution, there was a significant increase in the population size of cities in Europe and North America. This was mainly due to the migration of people from rural areas to urban centers in search of employment opportunities in factories and industries. The rapid industrialization and urbanization led to the growth of cities, with advancements in technology, transportation, and infrastructure. This resulted in a major shift from agrarian societies to industrialized urban societies, leading to a substantial increase in the population of cities during this time period.

Overlapping Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSAs) in the United States eventually lead to conurbanaization or a megalopolis. Conurbanaization refers to the merging of multiple cities or urban areas into one continuous urban region. This process occurs when MSAs, which are defined as areas with a high degree of economic and social integration, expand and overlap with each other. As a result, the separate urban areas become interconnected and form a larger, integrated urban region known as a megalopolis. This phenomenon is often observed in highly populated and developed regions where urbanization and economic growth are significant.

Gentrification refers to the process of a low-income neighborhood undergoing transformation and becoming a wealthier neighborhood over time. This usually involves the influx of wealthier residents, renovation of buildings, and an increase in property values. Gentrification often leads to the displacement of long-time, low-income residents as they are unable to afford the rising costs of living in the neighborhood. This phenomenon has both positive and negative impacts, as it can bring economic development and improved infrastructure but also contribute to inequality and the loss of community identity.

Redlining refers to the practice of denying or limiting financial services, such as mortgages, to certain neighborhoods or zip codes based on racial or ethnic composition. This discriminatory practice is illegal and unethical as it perpetuates segregation and inequality. By refusing to grant mortgages to customers in specific neighborhoods or zip codes, the bank would be engaging in redlining.

The Latin American Model is characterized by a central business district surrounded by elite residential areas, followed by middle-class residential areas and then squatter settlements on the periphery. Squatter settlements refer to informal settlements that are typically occupied by low-income families who do not have legal rights to the land they occupy. These settlements often lack basic services and infrastructure, and are a result of rapid urbanization and rural-urban migration. Therefore, squatter settlements dominate on the periphery of the Latin American Model.

Sprawl refers to the unrestricted low-density development of residential and commercial activities over a large expanse of land. It is characterized by the spread-out nature of development, with buildings and infrastructure scattered across a wide area. This type of development often leads to increased automobile dependence, longer commutes, and the loss of natural habitats. It is typically associated with suburban areas and is often criticized for its negative environmental and social impacts.

Transit-oriented development refers to the practice of planning and designing communities in a way that encourages the use of public transportation, particularly light rail subway systems. This includes incorporating mixed land use, such as residential, commercial, and recreational spaces, near subway stops to create high-density housing options. This approach aims to reduce reliance on private vehicles and promote sustainable and efficient transportation options.

A primate city is defined as the most important city in a country when the largest city in that country is twice the size of the next largest city. This means that the largest city holds a significantly higher population and economic importance compared to other cities in the country. The primate city often serves as the political, economic, and cultural center, exerting a dominant influence over the rest of the country. This concentration of power and resources in one city can lead to imbalances and disparities within the country's urban system.

Urban and/or suburban gate-communities have been found to have several positive effects. They can reduce crime rates by implementing security measures and controlling access to the community. Additionally, these communities often have well-maintained infrastructure and amenities, which can increase property values. Lastly, the presence of security measures and a sense of community can create a space of safety for residents. Therefore, all of the above options are correct.

All of the above are likely to move into revitalized urban downtown area neighborhoods. White collar empty nesters, young urban professionals (yuppies), recent college graduates, and double income no kids households (dinks) are all attracted to the amenities and opportunities that urban downtown areas offer. These individuals or groups may be seeking a vibrant social and cultural scene, job opportunities, convenience, and a sense of community. Therefore, it is reasonable to assume that all of these demographics would be interested in moving into revitalized urban downtown area neighborhoods.

Filtering refers to the process of large older homes being subdivided into multiple units when property values in inner city neighborhoods decline. This is a common strategy used by homeowners to maximize their income and make the property more affordable for renters. By dividing the home into multiple units, the owner can attract a larger pool of potential tenants and generate more rental income. This process helps to maintain the housing stock in the neighborhood and prevent the deterioration of older homes.

During the 1800s, industries located close to Central Business Districts (CBDs) because they needed to be near transportation lines. This allowed them to easily transport their goods and materials to and from their factories. Being close to transportation lines reduced transportation costs and increased efficiency in the supply chain. Additionally, being near transportation lines provided easy access to raw materials and markets, allowing industries to effectively distribute their products and reach a larger customer base.

The correct answer is "all of the above." This is because the statement mentions that most North American metropolitan areas have lost population in the central core, which implies that they have continued to expand farther out from the central Business District (CBD). Additionally, it states that there has been increased population density in the inner ring of suburbs, indicating a change in density gradient. Therefore, all of the given options are true based on the information provided.

The street patterns inside the wall of Medieval European cities were chaotic with a few streets meeting at right angles. This means that the streets were not organized in a planned or systematic manner, but rather developed over time in a haphazard way. However, there were some streets that did intersect at right angles, providing a small sense of order within the overall chaotic layout.

The correct answer is city. A city is an urban settlement that has incorporated into an independent self-governing unit. It is typically larger and more developed than other types of settlements, such as micropolitan or metropolitan statistical areas. A city has its own local government and provides a wide range of services to its residents, including infrastructure, utilities, and public safety.

The correct answer is "barrios". Barrios are to Mexico what favelas are to Brazil. Both terms refer to impoverished neighborhoods or districts characterized by informal housing and poor living conditions. Barrios are commonly found in Mexican cities, while favelas are prevalent in Brazilian urban areas.

The proliferation of suburbs in America during the post-World War II era can be attributed to multiple factors. Brown v. Board of Education, a landmark Supreme Court decision, played a role by sparking racial tensions and leading to "white flight" from cities to suburban areas. Federal government programs, such as the GI Bill and the Federal Housing Administration, provided low-interest mortgages that made homeownership more accessible, encouraging people to move to suburban areas. Additionally, demographic shifts, including the baby boom and increasing affluence, contributed to the demand for suburban living. Therefore, all of the mentioned factors played a part in the proliferation of suburbs during this period.

Urbanization refers to the process of settlement formation, expansion, and change in urban areas. It involves the growth of cities, the increase in population, and the development of infrastructure and services. This term encompasses the transformation of rural areas into urban ones and the overall growth and development of cities. Suburbanization, post-modern expansion, and city growth are all aspects of urbanization, making "all of the above" the correct answer.

The correct answer is A and B only. Suburban developments often face a lack of diversity and social isolation. These areas are typically homogenous and lack a mix of different cultures, ethnicities, and socioeconomic backgrounds. This can lead to a lack of social interaction and connection among residents. Additionally, the sprawling nature of suburbs often results in a lack of green space, limiting opportunities for outdoor activities and community engagement. However, the question does not mention anything about deteriorating schools, so this option is not included in the correct answer.

According to the Burgess Model of Urban Development, the outermost ring is referred to as the commuter zone. This zone is characterized by the presence of residential areas where people live, but commute to work in the central business district or other more developed areas of the city. The commuter zone is usually located at the outskirts of the city and is marked by a lower population density compared to the inner rings. This zone is often connected to the city center through transportation networks such as highways or public transportation systems.

The correct answer is "a chaotic haphazard layout." This is because during the Medieval period, European cities did not have planned or organized street patterns like a grid system or a grid system with diagonal boulevards. Instead, the streets were often irregular, winding, and unplanned, resulting in a chaotic and haphazard layout within the cities.

Edge cities refer to clusters of tall office buildings, shopping malls, and apartment complexes located at the intersection of major interstate highways. This term is used to describe the development of suburban areas that have become significant economic and commercial centers in their own right. These areas often have a mix of residential, commercial, and entertainment facilities, offering a self-contained environment for work and leisure. The term "edge cities" emphasizes their location on the outskirts of larger urban areas, distinguishing them from traditional downtown areas.

The most practical definition for an urban area is the central city and its surrounding suburbs. This definition takes into account the fact that urban areas are not limited to just the central city, but also include the areas immediately surrounding it. The suburbs are typically characterized by residential areas, commercial centers, and other urban features, making them an integral part of the overall urban landscape. By including the surrounding suburbs in the definition, it captures the full extent of the urban area and acknowledges the interconnectedness between the central city and its neighboring communities.

During the Industrial Revolution, the city being an economic pull contributed the most to rapid urbanization. This means that the city offered economic opportunities and benefits that attracted people from rural areas to move to urban areas. The availability of jobs, higher wages, and better living conditions in the city compared to rural areas motivated individuals to migrate in search of a better life and economic prosperity. This economic pull factor played a significant role in driving the rapid growth of cities during the Industrial Revolution.

The correct answer is creating a greenbelt around the city. A greenbelt is a designated area of open space surrounding an urban area, intended to limit urban sprawl and preserve the natural environment. By creating a greenbelt around London, planners can restrict the expansion of the city and encourage development within the existing boundaries. This helps to control the growth of the city and maintain a balance between urban development and the preservation of green spaces.

The economic base of many cities in the Rocky Mountain West includes mining, recreation and tourism. Mining is a significant industry in this region due to the abundance of natural resources such as coal, oil, and minerals. Recreation and tourism also play a vital role in the economy, as the Rocky Mountains offer various outdoor activities and attract tourists from around the world. Manufacturing and business services are not specifically mentioned in the question, so they are not included in the economic base of these cities. Therefore, the correct answer is A and B only.

Industrially-based cities in the Northeastern United States have attempted to combat the loss of jobs by developing health, research, and personal service sectors. By focusing on these sectors, cities can attract new industries and businesses that are related to healthcare, research, and personal services. This diversification of the economy helps to create new job opportunities and offset the loss of jobs from the relocation of industries. Additionally, these sectors often require skilled workers, which can lead to the development of vocational training programs to provide the necessary skills for these jobs.

The correct answer is A and C only. This is because the main difference between cities in North America and Europe is that there is a prevalence of skyscrapers in North American cities, while there are fewer skyscrapers in European cities. This suggests that visually, North American cities have more tall buildings compared to European cities. The option "B" is incorrect as it states that there are more lower income neighborhoods in European cities, which is not mentioned in the question.

The correct answer is "All of the above." Due to the changing economic base in North American cities, activities and land uses such as manufacturing, residential areas, major department stores, and warehousing have all declined in and around the Central Business District (CBD). This can be attributed to factors such as the shift towards a service-based economy, the decentralization of retail and industry, and the conversion of old industrial areas into commercial or residential spaces.

In his statement, Brian Berry refers to a "daily urban system" that is supported by functional regions connected to urban hubs by commuter links. This suggests that the people who are part of this system have access to a wide range of services. The answer "A and B only" (more developed countries and the United States) is correct because these countries typically have well-developed urban systems with extensive services and infrastructure. Less developed countries and newly industrialized countries may have less developed urban systems and limited access to services.

The Sun Belt region of the United States has experienced explosive population growth, leading to the development of many cities that have been able to move up the urban hierarchy. This growth has attracted investments in higher order goods and services, contributing to the region's economic development and urbanization.

Australia is the continent with the least number of world cities because it has a relatively small population and a smaller land area compared to other continents. Additionally, Australia is geographically isolated, which limits its connectivity and interaction with other countries and cities around the world. This lack of connectivity and smaller population contribute to the lower number of world cities in Australia compared to other continents.

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The gravity model when applied to urbanization reveals that the two largest cities in a country will have the most interaction between them. This is because larger cities tend to have more economic opportunities, cultural attractions, and amenities, which attract people from other cities. Additionally, larger cities usually have better transportation infrastructure and connectivity, making it easier for people to travel between them. As a result, the two largest cities in a country are likely to have the highest level of interaction in terms of trade, migration, tourism, and cultural exchange.

Urban growth boundaries are most commonly associated with the movement known as smart growth. Smart growth is an urban planning and development approach that aims to create more sustainable and livable communities. Urban growth boundaries are a key tool used in smart growth strategies to control and manage the expansion of urban areas. These boundaries are established to limit urban sprawl and promote compact, walkable, and transit-oriented development within existing urban areas. By concentrating growth within these boundaries, smart growth aims to preserve open space, protect natural resources, and promote efficient land use.

A festival market place refers to a designated area in a city where various events and activities such as outdoor concerts, street performers, ethnic events, farmers markets, and cart vendors come together. This concept serves as a positive focal point for urban life both economically and socially, attracting people and creating a vibrant atmosphere. It provides opportunities for local businesses and artisans to showcase their products and services, while also offering entertainment and cultural experiences to residents and visitors.

Hoyt's research uncovered that high-class residential areas don't change much over time.

The major advantage of the peripheral model over other urban models is that it highlights the problems of sprawl and segregation. This means that the model focuses on the negative consequences of urban expansion and the separation of different social groups within a city. It helps to understand how urban development can lead to the spread of low-density, car-dependent suburbs and the concentration of certain populations in specific areas, which can have negative social and environmental impacts.