Pathology Of INFLammation Quiz Questions And Answers

An abscess is a localized collection of pus that forms within an organ or tissue. Pus is a thick, yellowish fluid that contains dead cells, bacteria, and tissue debris. Abscesses are typically caused by bacterial infections and can occur in various parts of the body, such as the skin, lungs, or internal organs. They often result in swelling, pain, and inflammation in the affected area. Treatment usually involves draining the abscess and administering antibiotics to eliminate the infection. Therefore, the given statement is true.

An ulcer is a defect in the epithelium, which is the outermost layer of tissue. However, it can also extend into the deeper connective tissues, such as in the case of a peptic ulcer. This means that the statement is true, as an ulcer can involve both the epithelium and the deeper connective tissues.

Dead and dying PMN’s, admixed with tissue debris, form a viscous yellow fluid called pus.
Inflammations dominated by pus formation are called purulent or suppurative inflammations.

Granulomatous reactions are indeed mediated by macrophages and T-lymphocytes that accumulate at the site of injury, forming nodules. Granulomas are a type of immune response characterized by the formation of these nodules, which are composed of immune cells. Macrophages play a key role in engulfing and presenting antigens, while T-lymphocytes help in the activation and regulation of the immune response. Together, these cells contribute to the formation of granulomas as a protective mechanism against persistent or difficult-to-eliminate pathogens.

Granulomas are a type of inflammation characterized by the formation of small nodules in tissues. These nodules are typically composed of immune cells, such as macrophages, and can form in response to various stimuli, including infections, autoimmune diseases, and foreign substances. Granulomas have the ability to destroy tissue due to the inflammatory response they generate. Additionally, they tend to persist for a long time, as they are often difficult to resolve completely. Therefore, the statement that granulomas destroy tissue and tend to persist for a long time is true.

The 5 cardinal signs of inflammation are calor (heat), rubor (redness), tumor (swelling), Dolor (pain), and functio laesa (loss of function)

Blood flow changes are indeed the body's initial response to injury. When an injury occurs, the body's blood vessels constrict to minimize bleeding and redirect blood flow to the injured area. This response is known as vasoconstriction. Additionally, the body releases chemicals that cause blood vessels to dilate, increasing blood flow to the injured area. These changes in blood flow help deliver oxygen, nutrients, and immune cells to the site of injury, promoting the healing process. Therefore, the statement "Changes in blood flow represent the body's first response to injury" is true.

Immunoglobulins (IgG-Fc) and complement (C3) both act as opsonins, meaning they enhance the process of phagocytosis by marking pathogens for destruction by immune cells. IgG-Fc binds to the surface of pathogens, while complement proteins bind to the surface of pathogens and form a complex that attracts immune cells. Therefore, the statement that both IgG-Fc and complement act as opsonins is true.

Chronic inflammation refers to inflammation that persists over a long period of time and causes significant tissue damage. Unlike acute inflammation, which is a short-term response to injury or infection, chronic inflammation is characterized by a slower and less effective healing process. It can be caused by various factors including autoimmune disorders, persistent infections, or prolonged exposure to irritants. Chronic inflammation is associated with the development of many chronic diseases such as arthritis, asthma, and cardiovascular diseases.

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) is indeed an example of chronic inflammation. PID is an infection of the female reproductive organs, primarily caused by sexually transmitted infections. It leads to inflammation of the pelvic organs, including the uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries. If left untreated, PID can become a chronic condition, causing long-term inflammation and damage to the reproductive organs. Therefore, the statement "Pelvic Inflammatory Disease is an example of chronic inflammation" is true.

Phagocytosis is the process by which the cytoplasm of the PMN (polymorphonuclear leukocyte) surrounds the bacteria and encloses it into an invagination of the cell membrane. This process allows the PMN to engulf and internalize the bacteria, forming a phagosome. The phagosome then fuses with lysosomes to form a phagolysosome, where the bacteria are ultimately destroyed through the action of enzymes and other antimicrobial substances. Phagocytosis is an important mechanism of the immune system for eliminating pathogens and foreign particles.

Rouleaux formation of RBCs refers to the stacking or clumping of red blood cells, which can be observed under a microscope. This formation is commonly seen in conditions associated with inflammation, such as infections, autoimmune diseases, and certain cancers. Therefore, the statement that Rouleaux formation of RBCs indicates inflammation is true.

Only the living will mount an inflammation. Dead tissue cannot mount an inflammatory response.

The statement is true because serous fluid, which is a clear, watery fluid found in the body, is readily resorbed without any negative consequences if the underlying cause is eliminated. This means that if the reason for the accumulation of serous fluid is resolved, such as by treating an infection or reducing inflammation, the fluid will be absorbed back into the body without causing any harm.

PMNs, also known as polymorphonuclear leukocytes or neutrophils, are a type of white blood cell that plays a crucial role in the immune response against bacterial infections. When a PMN encounters a bacterium, it uses its pseudopods, which are flexible extensions of the cell membrane, to surround and engulf the bacterium. This process is called phagocytosis and allows the PMN to recognize the bacterium as foreign and initiate an immune response to eliminate it. Therefore, the statement "A PMN encounters and recognizes a bacterium as foreign by the pseudopods extending from the surface of the PMN" is true.

Tuberculoma, also known as TB Abscess, is indeed a type of purulent inflammation. Purulent inflammation refers to the formation of pus, which is a thick, yellowish fluid that is produced in response to infection. In the case of Tuberculoma, it is a specific type of inflammation that occurs as a result of tuberculosis infection. The infection leads to the formation of an abscess, which is a localized collection of pus. Therefore, the statement "Tuberculoma (TB Abscess) is a type of purulent inflammation" is correct.

Margination of neutrophils refers to the process where neutrophils move towards the blood vessel walls during inflammation. This is considered the first cellular change of inflammation because it occurs before other cellular events such as diapedesis (neutrophils squeezing through blood vessel walls) and chemotaxis (neutrophils following chemical signals to the site of inflammation). Therefore, the statement "Margination of neutrophils is the first cellular change of inflammation" is true.

Granulomatous inflammation is a special form of chronic inflammation that typically does not occur after an acute, PMN-mediated inflammation. It is characterized by the formation of granulomas, which are collections of immune cells, such as macrophages and lymphocytes, that surround and attempt to contain a foreign substance or persistent infection. This type of inflammation is often seen in conditions like tuberculosis, sarcoidosis, and Crohn's disease.

The statement is true because tuberculosis is indeed considered the prototype granulomatous disease. Granulomatous diseases are characterized by the formation of granulomas, which are small nodules composed of immune cells, such as macrophages, surrounding an infectious agent or foreign substance. Tuberculosis is a bacterial infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and it commonly leads to the formation of granulomas in the lungs. Similarly, certain fungal diseases, such as histoplasmosis and coccidioidomycosis, can also result in granuloma formation. Therefore, the statement is true.

Arterioles are small blood vessels that regulate blood flow. When an injury occurs, the first response of arterioles is vasoconstriction, which means they narrow in diameter. This helps to reduce blood flow to the injured area, limiting bleeding and preventing further damage. Vasoconstriction also helps to decrease inflammation and promote healing. Therefore, vasoconstriction is the initial response of arterioles to injury.

Serous inflammation is considered to be the mildest form.

Fibrinous inflammation is indeed seen in many bacterial infections, such as Strep throat or pneumonia. This type of inflammation is characterized by the deposition of fibrin, a protein involved in blood clotting, within the affected tissues. Fibrin helps to form a mesh-like structure that traps bacteria and other foreign substances, aiding in the immune response. Therefore, the given answer "true" is correct.

In granulomatous inflammation, epithelioid cells fuse together to form multi-nucleated giant cells on the rim of the granulomas. This type of inflammation is characterized by the formation of granulomas, which are aggregates of immune cells that surround and isolate foreign substances or pathogens that cannot be eliminated. The fusion of epithelioid cells into multi-nucleated giant cells is a characteristic feature of granulomatous inflammation and is observed in conditions such as tuberculosis and sarcoidosis.

The active movement of PMN's (polymorphonuclear leukocytes) along a concentration gradient is known as chemotaxis. Chemotaxis involves directed movement towards a chemical signal or gradient, allowing cells like PMN's to navigate towards areas of infection or inflammation.

Ulcerative inflammation refers to the inflammation of body surfaces or the mucosa of hollow organs that leads to the loss of epithelial linings. This type of inflammation is characterized by the formation of ulcers, which are open sores or wounds on the affected tissue. Ulcerative inflammation can occur in various parts of the body, including the gastrointestinal tract, skin, and mucous membranes. It is typically associated with conditions such as peptic ulcers, ulcerative colitis, and certain infections.

Many leukocytes have receptors for C3 portion of complement and the Fc portion of IgG antibody which mediates contact with bacteria.

Pseudomembranous inflammation is a form of ulcerative inflammation combined with fibrinopurulent exudate. This type of inflammation is characterized by the formation of a pseudomembrane, which is a layer of fibrin, inflammatory cells, and necrotic debris that covers the affected tissue. It is commonly seen in conditions such as pseudomembranous colitis, caused by the overgrowth of Clostridium difficile bacteria in the colon.

The correct answer is "serous, fibrinous, purulent, ulcerative, pseudomembranous, chronic and granulomatous." These are the different types of inflammation that can occur in the body. Serous inflammation involves the release of a watery fluid, fibrinous inflammation results in the formation of fibrin strands, purulent inflammation is characterized by the presence of pus, ulcerative inflammation leads to the formation of ulcers, pseudomembranous inflammation involves the development of a membrane-like layer, chronic inflammation is a long-lasting inflammatory response, and granulomatous inflammation is characterized by the formation of granulomas.

Inflammation is typically caused by pus-forming bacteria such as Staph and Streptococcus. These bacteria are known to cause infections in various parts of the body, leading to the release of inflammatory mediators and the recruitment of immune cells. Staphylococcus and Streptococcus are commonly found on the skin and mucous membranes, and they can enter the body through breaks in the skin or other vulnerable areas. Once inside, they can multiply and trigger an immune response, resulting in inflammation.

Rouleaux formation are sludged erythrocytes forming stacks that impede and slow the circulation.

Macrophages are motile and phagocytic, epithelioid cells are immobile and produce secretory products that act as mediators of inflammation.

Bread and butter pericarditis is an example of fibrinous inflammation. This condition is characterized by the deposition of fibrin on the pericardial surfaces, leading to the formation of a thick, fibrinous pericardial exudate. The term "bread and butter" is used to describe the appearance of the pericardium, which becomes covered with a layer of fibrin that resembles the texture and color of bread and butter. This type of inflammation is commonly seen in conditions such as viral or idiopathic pericarditis.

The examples given, skin vesicles caused by Herpes virus and blisters from second degree skin burns, are both characteristic of serous inflammation. Serous inflammation is a type of inflammation that involves the formation of a watery fluid called serous exudate. In the case of skin vesicles caused by Herpes virus, the fluid-filled blisters are formed due to the immune response to the viral infection. Similarly, blisters from second degree skin burns result from the release of fluid as a protective response to the burn injury. Both examples demonstrate the characteristic serous exudate formation seen in serous inflammation.

Inside the phagocytic vacuole, the bacterium is killed by bactericidal substances released from the cytoplasm of the PMN.

Antibody opsonization is the process by which a pathogen is marked for ingestion and destruction by a phagocyte. Opsonization involves the binding of an opsonin, i.e., antibody, to a receptor on the pathogen's cell membrane. After opsonin binds to the membrane, phagocytes are attracted to the pathogen. The Fa and Fb portion of the antibody binds to the antigen, whereas the Fc portion of the antibody binds to an Fc receptor on the phagocyte, facilitating phagocytosis. The receptor-opsin complex can also create byproducts like C3b and C4b which are important components of the complement system. These components are deposited on the cell surface of the pathogen and aid in its destruction.

PMNs, or polymorphonuclear cells, are a type of white blood cell that are typically present in bacterial infections. They are part of the body's immune response to fight off bacterial invaders. On the other hand, mononuclear cells, such as lymphocytes and monocytes, are more commonly present in viral infections. These cells play a role in the body's immune response to viral infections. Additionally, acute infections refer to those that develop and progress rapidly, while chronic infections are long-lasting and persist over time. Therefore, both bacterial and viral infections can be either acute or chronic.

The correct answer is "pavementing." This term refers to the phenomenon where white blood cells (WBCs) marginate and become attached to the edge of the endothelium. The process of pavementing occurs during inflammation and is an important step in the immune response, allowing WBCs to interact with the endothelial cells and migrate into the surrounding tissues to fight off infections or respond to tissue damage.

Granulomatous inflammation is characterized by the formation of granulomas, which are small nodules composed of immune cells such as macrophages and lymphocytes. These granulomas can occur in response to various infectious and non-infectious stimuli. The examples given in the answer (TB, Histoplasma, and coccidiosis) are all infectious causes of granulomatous inflammation. Tuberculosis (TB) is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis, histoplasma is caused by the fungus Histoplasma capsulatum, and coccidioides is caused by the fungus Coccidioides immitis. These organisms can trigger an immune response leading to the formation of granulomas in affected tissues.