Pharm Tech Chapter 7 (Routes & Formulations)

The term "ophthalmic" refers to anything related to the eye. In the context of the question, it suggests that the answer is related to something that specifically affects the eye. The other terms mentioned in the question, such as "percutaneous absorption," "sterile," and "systemic effect," do not directly relate to the eye. Therefore, the correct answer is "ophthalmic" because it is the only term that aligns with the topic of the question.

The term "sublingual" refers to the area under the tongue. This answer is correct because it is the only term that is related to the location under the tongue. "Dongue" is likely a typographical error for "tongue" and does not have any medical significance. "Necrosis" refers to the death of cells or tissues, "systemic effect" refers to the effects on the entire body, and "wheal" refers to a raised, itchy area on the skin. None of these terms are specifically related to the area under the tongue.

Water solubility refers to the ability of a substance to dissolve in water. When a substance is water soluble, it means that it can form a homogeneous mixture with water, resulting in a solution. This property is important in various fields such as chemistry, pharmacy, and biology, as it determines the substance's behavior in aqueous environments. Substances that are water soluble can easily be dissolved in water, allowing for easy mixing, transportation, and absorption in biological systems.

An intrauterine device (IUD) is a contraceptive device that is placed inside the uterus and left there for an extended period of time. It is a highly effective form of birth control and can prevent pregnancy for several years. The other options listed, injectability, disintegration, and depot, do not accurately describe an IUD or its function.

Sterile refers to a condition that is completely free of all microorganisms. This means that there are no bacteria, viruses, fungi, or any other microorganisms present. Sterility is important in many medical and laboratory settings to prevent the spread of infections and ensure the safety of patients and experiments. It is achieved through various sterilization methods such as heat, chemicals, or radiation.

pH is a measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a substance. It indicates the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution, with a pH less than 7 being acidic, a pH of 7 being neutral, and a pH greater than 7 being alkaline. The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14, with lower values indicating higher acidity and higher values indicating higher alkalinity. pH is an important parameter in various fields, including chemistry, biology, and environmental science, as it affects the properties and behavior of substances and organisms.

A raised blister-like area on the skin caused from an intradermal injection is called a wheal. This is a common reaction to injections where a small amount of fluid is injected just below the skin's surface. The wheal is typically red, swollen, and itchy. It is a localized immune response to the injection and usually resolves on its own within a few hours or days.

The term "aqueous" refers to something that is water-based. In this context, it is likely referring to a liquid or solution that is composed primarily of water. The other options listed - buccal, diluent, and lacrimal gland - do not relate to being water-based. Therefore, the correct answer is "aqueous".

The term "buccal" refers to the area or pouch between the teeth and cheek in the mouth. It is a specific anatomical location within the oral cavity. The other options, "colloids" and "nasal mucosa," do not relate to the description provided. Therefore, the correct answer is "buccal."

The term "syringe ability" refers to the ease with which a suspension can be drawn from a container into a syringe. It indicates how well the suspension flows and can be extracted using a syringe. A high syringe ability means that the suspension can be easily withdrawn into the syringe without any difficulty or resistance. This is an important characteristic, especially in medical settings where accurate dosing and administration of medications are crucial.

Necrosis refers to the death of cells or tissues due to injury, infection, or lack of blood supply. In the context of the given options, an increase in cell death can lead to necrosis. The other terms mentioned, such as stratum corneum, dermis, and intradermal, are related to the layers of the skin and do not directly explain the concept of necrosis.

A hemorrhoid is a painful swollen vein in the anal/rectal area, typically caused by strained bowel movements from hard stools. This condition is characterized by swollen blood vessels in the rectum or anus, which can cause discomfort, pain, and itching. Hydrates, buccal, and disintegration are unrelated to this medical condition.

A contraceptive is a device or formulation designed to prevent pregnancy. It can include methods such as condoms, birth control pills, or intrauterine devices (IUDs). These methods work by either preventing the sperm from reaching the egg or by inhibiting the release of eggs from the ovaries. The use of contraceptives is a common and effective way for individuals to control their reproductive health and prevent unintended pregnancies. It is important to note that contraceptives do not protect against sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), so additional measures such as condom use may be necessary for that purpose.

Viscosity refers to a liquid's thickness or resistance to flow. It is a measure of how easily a liquid can flow or be poured. Liquids with high viscosity, such as honey or syrup, are thick and flow slowly, while liquids with low viscosity, such as water or alcohol, are thin and flow easily. Viscosity is an important property in various industries, such as food and beverage, pharmaceuticals, and oil and gas, as it affects the performance and behavior of liquids in different applications.

The term "modified release tablets" refers to tablets that are designed to release the medication into the body over an extended period of time. These tablets are also commonly referred to as "extended release" tablets because they provide a prolonged action by slowly releasing the medication. Additionally, they are considered "long acting" because they have a sustained effect compared to immediate release tablets. Therefore, all of the given options - extended release, prolonged action, and long acting - are correct ways to refer to modified release tablets.

Nitroglycerin is the best known example of a drug given by sublingual administration. This is because nitroglycerin is a vasodilator that is rapidly absorbed through the blood vessels under the tongue, providing quick relief for angina symptoms. Sublingual administration allows the drug to bypass the digestive system and enter the bloodstream directly, resulting in a faster onset of action compared to oral administration. Therefore, nitroglycerin is commonly administered sublingually to treat angina attacks.

The given statement suggests that there are particles in suspensions that are smaller in size compared to those in colloids. However, these smaller particles are also suspended in a solution. Colloids refer to a type of mixture where small particles are evenly dispersed in a medium, such as a liquid or a gas. This explanation aligns with the term "colloids" provided in the answer.

The correct answer is alveoli sac. The alveoli sacs are small sacs of specialized tissue in the lungs that play a crucial role in the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide. They transfer oxygen from the inspired air into the bloodstream and remove carbon dioxide from the blood for exhalation. These sacs have a large surface area and thin walls, allowing for efficient gas exchange between the air and the blood.

Biocompatibility refers to the ability of a material or substance to be compatible with living tissues without causing any harmful effects. In the context of the given answer, if something is biocompatible, it means that it does not promote infection or abscess formation. Therefore, it can be concluded that a material or substance that is biocompatible would not be irritating to the body and would not cause any negative reactions or complications.

Respiration refers to the process of taking in oxygen and releasing carbon dioxide. It involves the exchange of gases in the lungs, specifically in the alveoli. The alveoli are tiny air sacs in the lungs where the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide occurs. Breathing in is a part of the respiration process as it involves inhaling air into the lungs, allowing oxygen to enter the bloodstream and carbon dioxide to be expelled. Aqueous, on the other hand, refers to a solution in which water is the solvent.

An emulsion is a mixture of two non-miscible liquids where one liquid is dispersed throughout the other as tiny droplets. In this case, the given description perfectly matches the definition of an emulsion. The other options, hemorrhoid, depot, and hydrates, do not fit the given description and are unrelated to the concept of a mixture of non-miscible liquids.

Injectability refers to the ability of a suspension to flow smoothly and be easily injected into a patient. This characteristic is important in medical applications as it ensures that the suspension can be administered effectively and without causing discomfort to the patient. A suspension with good injectability will have a low viscosity, allowing it to be easily injected through a needle. Therefore, injectability is the most suitable term to describe the ease of flow when a suspension is injected into a patient.

Percutaneous absorption refers to the process of drugs being absorbed through the skin and entering the systemic circulation, resulting in a systemic effect. This mechanism is commonly used in transdermal drug delivery systems, where drugs are formulated in patches or creams to be applied on the skin for slow and controlled absorption into the bloodstream. Ophthalmic refers to drugs or formulations that are specifically designed for use in the eyes, while pH refers to the measure of acidity or alkalinity of a substance.

When administering a nasal spray, it is important to breathe through the nostril while spraying. This is because breathing through the nostril helps to ensure that the medication is properly distributed and reaches the desired area in the nasal passages. By inhaling while spraying, the medication is more likely to be absorbed effectively and provide the intended relief or treatment.

The lacrimal gland is responsible for producing tears, which help to keep the eye lubricated and free from debris. Tears are important for maintaining the health and clarity of the eye's surface. The lacrimal gland is located above the outer corner of the eye and releases tears onto the surface of the eye through small ducts. These tears then drain into the nasal cavity through the lacrimal canaliculi, which are small channels that connect the eye to the nose.

Dissolution refers to the process in which the smaller pieces of a disintegrated tablet dissolve in a solution. This means that the tablet breaks down into smaller particles and those particles mix with and become incorporated into the solution. This is an important step in drug absorption, as it allows the active ingredients in the tablet to be released and become available for the body to absorb and utilize.

Ointment is the correct answer because it has a thicker consistency compared to the other options (solution, suspension, and gel). The thick texture of the ointment allows it to stay in contact with the eye for a longer duration, providing sustained release of the drug. This prolonged contact ensures better absorption and effectiveness of the medication.

The correct answer is "nasal cavity". The nasal cavity is the cavity behind the nose and above the roof of the mouth. It is responsible for filtering air and moving mucus and inhaled contaminants outward and away from the lungs.

A nasal inhaler is a device that contains a drug that is vaporized by inhalation. This device is specifically designed to deliver medication directly to the nasal mucosa, providing targeted relief for nasal congestion or other nasal symptoms. It is different from a nasal spray, which typically delivers a liquid medication in the form of a spray, and from simply putting a finger in the nasal, which does not involve any medication delivery.

Depot refers to the area in the muscle where the formulation is injected during an intramuscular injection. This term is used to describe the location where the medication is deposited and released slowly into the bloodstream over time. It allows for sustained release of the medication and helps maintain therapeutic levels in the body.

When administering ophthalmic drops, instilling two drops at a time is not recommended because the eye only holds about 10 microliters. The second drop will be lost due to spillage, as it exceeds the capacity of the eye.

A buffer system is a combination of a weak acid and its conjugate base (or a weak base and its conjugate acid) that helps maintain the pH of a solution. In the context of a formulation designed to control pH, a buffer system would be included to prevent drastic changes in pH when external factors, such as the addition of acids or bases, occur. This ensures that the pH remains stable and within the desired range, which is important for the effectiveness and stability of the formulation.

The conjunctiva is the correct answer because it is the tissue that lines the inner surface of the eyelids and covers the white part of the eye. It helps to protect the eye from foreign particles and lubricates the eye by producing tears. The other options, such as alveolar sacs, depot, and lacrimal, are unrelated to the eyelid lining.

Disintegration refers to the process of breaking something apart into smaller pieces. In the context of the given options, disintegration is the most appropriate term to describe the breaking apart of a table into smaller pieces. Colloids and dissolution do not accurately capture the physical breaking apart of an object, while "hulk smash" is not a scientific term and does not provide a suitable explanation. Therefore, the correct answer is disintegration.

Transcorneal transport refers to the movement of drugs across the cornea, which is the transparent outer layer of the eye. This process is important for drug delivery into the eye because the cornea acts as a barrier and limits the penetration of drugs. Understanding transcorneal transport is crucial for developing ophthalmic drugs that can effectively reach the target tissues within the eye. The given answer suggests that transcorneal transport is the most relevant concept in the context of drug transfer into the eye.

When a drug is introduced into the circulatory system and carried to the site of activity, it can have a systemic effect. This means that the drug can affect the entire body, not just the specific site where it was administered. The drug is distributed throughout the bloodstream and can interact with various tissues and organs, leading to its desired therapeutic effect. This is in contrast to other options like transcorneal transport, which refers to the transport of a drug through the cornea of the eye, necrosis, which is the death of cells or tissues, and inhalation, which involves the intake of a substance through the respiratory system.

When drug activity is at the site of administration, it refers to the drug's effects being localized or confined to the specific area where it was applied or administered. In this case, the drug's activity is limited to the nasal cavity, indicating a local effect. This means that the drug is primarily acting on the tissues and cells within the nasal cavity, without causing any significant systemic effects or affecting other parts of the body.

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A wheal is a raised blister-like area on the skin that is caused by an intradermal injection. This means that when a substance is injected into the skin, it can cause a localized reaction resulting in the formation of a wheal. This can happen due to various reasons such as an allergic reaction or irritation caused by the injected substance.

The primary reason to use a vaginal applicator is to place the formulation high in the vaginal tract. This allows for better absorption and effectiveness of the medication. By placing the formulation high in the vaginal tract, it ensures that the medication reaches the desired area and can provide the intended therapeutic effects.

The lacrimal canalicula are small channels located in the inner corners of the eyes that help drain tears into the lacrimal sac. These canalicula collect tears from the surface of the eye and direct them towards the lacrimal sac, which then leads to the nasal cavity. This drainage system helps keep the eyes moist and prevents excessive tearing.

Inhalation is not an enteral route of administration because it involves the direct delivery of drugs into the respiratory system through inhalation. Enteral routes of administration involve the delivery of drugs through the gastrointestinal tract, such as oral or rectal administration. Inhalation bypasses the gastrointestinal tract and delivers drugs directly to the lungs, where they are absorbed into the bloodstream. Therefore, inhalation is considered a non-enteral or non-oral route of administration.

The question asks which option is not used to administer a drug by the parenteral route. The parenteral route refers to the administration of drugs directly into the body, bypassing the digestive system. Syringe, elastomeric pump, and infusion pump are all commonly used methods for parenteral drug administration. Therefore, the correct answer is "none of the above" since all of the options listed can be used to administer drugs by the parenteral route.

When a drug is administered by inhalation using a metered dose inhaler (MDI) aerosol, it is sprayed into the mouth and then inhaled. From the mouth, the drug travels down the trachea (windpipe) and enters the bronchioles, which are small airways in the lungs. Finally, the drug reaches the alveoli, which are tiny air sacs where gas exchange takes place. Therefore, the correct pathway for the drug in this case is mouth, trachea, bronchioles, alveoli.

Plasters are generally used with the dermal route of administration because they are designed to be applied directly to the skin. The adhesive backing of the plaster allows it to stick to the skin and deliver medication or provide a protective barrier. This route is commonly used for topical medications, such as pain relievers or skin treatments, as it allows for localized and controlled absorption through the skin.

The stratum corneum is a layer of the skin that is responsible for providing protection against external factors. It is the outermost layer of the skin and is part of the epidermis. The epidermis is the topmost layer of the skin and consists of several layers, with the stratum corneum being the outermost layer. The dermis is located beneath the epidermis and contains various structures such as blood vessels and hair follicles. The muscle and subcutaneous layers are located deeper within the skin and are not directly involved in the formation of the stratum corneum.

The correct answer is 20%. This means that only 20% of the administered ophthalmic solution is actually delivered to the eye. The remaining 80% is either absorbed by the surrounding tissues or lost through tear drainage.

A diluent is a substance that is used to dissolve a freeze-dried powder or to dilute a solution. It helps to make the substance more liquid and easier to handle or administer. It is commonly used in pharmaceuticals and laboratory settings to prepare solutions of desired concentrations.

The stratum corneum is the outermost layer of the epidermis, which is the top layer of the skin. It is composed of dead skin cells that have become flattened and hardened. This layer acts as a protective barrier, preventing the entry of harmful substances and pathogens into the body. It also helps to retain moisture and maintain the integrity of the skin.

Nonaqueous solutions are solutions that do not contain water as the solvent. These solutions often contain substances such as glycerin, alcohol, and propylene glycol. Therefore, the correct answer is propylene glycol, as it is commonly found in nonaqueous solutions.