A & P II Final Exam From Test #2

1.

Which of the following is not one of the three main factors influencing blood pressure?

A.

Cardiac output
B.

Peripheral resistance
C.

Emotional state
D.

Blood volume

Correct Answer
C. Emotional state

Explanation
Emotional state is not one of the three main factors influencing blood pressure. Blood pressure is primarily influenced by cardiac output, which is the amount of blood pumped by the heart per minute, peripheral resistance, which is the resistance to blood flow in the arteries, and blood volume, which is the total volume of blood in the body. Emotional state can temporarily affect blood pressure through the release of stress hormones, but it is not a main factor.

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2.

Which statement best describes arteries?

A.

All carry oxygenated blood to the heart
B.

All carry blood away from the heart
C.

All contain valves to prevent the backflow of blood
D.

Only large arteries are lined with endothelium

Correct Answer
B. All carry blood away from the heart

Explanation
Arteries are blood vessels that carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to various parts of the body. They have thick, muscular walls that help maintain the blood pressure and ensure efficient blood flow. Arteries do not carry oxygenated blood to the heart; instead, veins are responsible for returning deoxygenated blood back to the heart. While some arteries do contain valves, their main function is to regulate blood flow rather than prevent backflow. Additionally, all arteries, regardless of their size, are lined with endothelium, a thin layer of cells that helps reduce friction and promote smooth blood flow.

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3.

Permitting the exchange of nutrients and gases between the blood and tissue cells is the primary function of ______________.

A.

Arterioles
B.

Arteries
C.

Veins
D.

Capillaries

Correct Answer
D. Capillaries

Explanation
Capillaries are the smallest blood vessels in the body and their primary function is to permit the exchange of nutrients and gases between the blood and tissue cells. These thin-walled vessels have a large surface area, allowing for efficient diffusion of oxygen, carbon dioxide, and other molecules between the bloodstream and surrounding tissues. Arterioles, arteries, and veins are also involved in the circulation of blood, but they do not have the same level of permeability and direct interaction with tissue cells as capillaries do.

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4.

The circulation route that runs from the digestive tract to the liver is called ___________.

A.

Hepatic portal circulation
B.

Pulmonary circulation
C.

Coronary circulation
D.

Cerebral circulation

Correct Answer
A. Hepatic portal circulation

Explanation
The circulation route that runs from the digestive tract to the liver is called hepatic portal circulation. This circulation system allows nutrients and other substances absorbed from the digestive tract to be transported directly to the liver for processing and detoxification before entering the general circulation. The hepatic portal vein carries blood from the intestines, stomach, and spleen to the liver, where it is filtered and metabolized before being distributed to the rest of the body. This specialized circulation route helps maintain the balance of nutrients and toxins in the body.

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5.

Blood flow to the skin ____________________.

A.

Is controlled mainly by decreasing pH
B.

Increases when environmental temperature rises
C.

Increases when body temperature drops so that the skin does not freeze
D.

Is not an important source of nutrients and oxygen for skin cells

Correct Answer
B. Increases when environmental temperature rises

Explanation
When the environmental temperature rises, blood flow to the skin increases. This is because the body needs to cool down in order to maintain its normal temperature. By increasing blood flow to the skin, heat can be transferred from the body to the skin surface, where it can be dissipated through sweating and radiation. This helps to regulate body temperature and prevent overheating.

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6.

The function of the hepatic portal circulation is to ______________.

A.

Carry toxins to the venous system for disposal through the urinary tract
B.

Collect absorbed nutrients for metabolic processing or storage
C.

Distribute hormones
D.

Return glucose to the general circulation when blood sugar is low

Correct Answer
B. Collect absorbed nutrients for metabolic processing or storage

Explanation
The hepatic portal circulation is responsible for collecting absorbed nutrients from the gastrointestinal tract and delivering them to the liver for metabolic processing or storage. This allows the liver to regulate nutrient levels in the body and ensure that they are used efficiently for energy production or stored for later use.

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7.

When we ingest large molecules such as lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins, they must undergo catabolic reactions whereby enzymes split these molecules. This series of reactions is called _______________.

A.

Absorption
B.

Secretion
C.

Chemical digestion
D.

Mechanical digestion

Correct Answer
C. Chemical digestion

Explanation
When we ingest large molecules such as lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins, they must undergo catabolic reactions whereby enzymes split these molecules. This series of reactions is called chemical digestion.

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8.

Which of the following is not true of saliva?

A.

Cleanses the mouth
B.

Contains enzymes that begin to breakdown proteins
C.

Moistens the food and aids in compaction of the bolus
D.

Dissolves food chemicals so that can be tasted

Correct Answer
B. Contains enzymes that begin to breakdown proteins

Explanation
Saliva is a fluid produced by the salivary glands in the mouth. It helps in various functions such as cleansing the mouth, moistening the food, aiding in the compaction of the bolus, and dissolving food chemicals for taste. However, saliva does not contain enzymes that begin to breakdown proteins. The breakdown of proteins primarily occurs in the stomach with the help of enzymes like pepsin.

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9.

In addition to storage and mechanical breakdown of food, the stomach ___________.

A.

Initiates protein digestion and denatures proteins
B.

Is the first site where absorption takes place
C.

Is the only place where absorption takes place
D.

Is the first site where chemical digestion of starch takes place

Correct Answer
A. Initiates protein digestion and denatures proteins

Explanation
The stomach initiates protein digestion and denatures proteins. This is because the stomach produces hydrochloric acid and enzymes like pepsin, which break down proteins into smaller peptides. Additionally, the low pH in the stomach denatures proteins, unfolding their structure and making them more accessible to digestive enzymes. The stomach is not the first site where absorption takes place, as most absorption occurs in the small intestine. It is also not the only place where absorption takes place, as some absorption can occur in the stomach and other parts of the digestive system. The stomach is not the first site where chemical digestion of starch takes place, as the breakdown of starch begins in the mouth with the enzyme amylase.

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10.

Chemical digestion reduces large complex molecules to simpler compounds by the process of ___________.

A.

Mastication
B.

Catabolism
C.

Anabolism
D.

Fermentation

Correct Answer
B. Catabolism

Explanation
Chemical digestion refers to the breakdown of large complex molecules into simpler compounds. This process is known as catabolism, which involves the breaking down of substances to release energy. Mastication, on the other hand, is the physical process of chewing food. Anabolism is the opposite of catabolism, as it involves the building up of complex molecules from simpler ones. Fermentation is a metabolic process that occurs in the absence of oxygen. Therefore, the correct answer is catabolism.

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11.

What are the normal number of permanent teeth?

Correct Answer
32

Explanation
The normal number of permanent teeth in a human is 32. This includes 8 incisors, 4 canines, 8 premolars, and 12 molars (including 4 wisdom teeth). These teeth typically start to erupt around the age of 6 and continue until the late teenage years or early adulthood.

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12.

What are the normal number of deciduous teeth?

Correct Answer
20

Explanation
Deciduous teeth, also known as baby teeth or primary teeth, are the first set of teeth that erupt in a child's mouth. These teeth start to appear around 6 months of age and are usually fully developed by the age of 2 to 3 years. The normal number of deciduous teeth is 20, with 10 teeth in the upper jaw and 10 teeth in the lower jaw. These teeth eventually fall out and are replaced by permanent teeth as the child grows.

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