1994 AP U.S. Govt. & Politics

Congress overrides fewer than ten percent of presidential vetoes

A vetoed bill is often revised and passed in another form

Presidents often threaten to veto bills to increase their leverage with Congress

A President may veto part of a bill

Congress often places provisions the President wants into a bill the President dislikes to amek a veto less likely

The number of PAC's has remained stable over the past decade

Most PAC money is distributed to challengers in an effort to unseat hostile incumbents

The amount of money that PAC's can contribute directly to an individual candidate is limited by law

PAC's a illegal in most states

PAC's rarely attempt to influence legislation though lobbying activities

Returns a bill to committee

Cuts off debate on a bill

Criticizes a senator guilty of improprieties

Removes a President who has been impeached by the House

Brings a bill directly to a vote without formal committee approval

I and III only

II and IV only

III and IV only

I, II, and III only

I, II, III, and IV

National parties have become too closely identified with controversial issues

Court decisions have restricted the political parties' abilities to recruit new members

It is less expensive to join an interest group than to join a political party

Interest groups have been more successful in avoiding negative press coverage than have political parties

Interest groups are better able to articulate specific policy positions than are political parties

They alter the public's views on issues

They affect which issues the public thinks are important

They determine how citizens will vote

Hey are most able to influence people with the highest level of education

Htey are most able to influence the urban sectors of society

Mexican Americans

Chinese Americans

Jewish Americans

Black Americans

Roman Catholic Americans

Civil Rights Act of 1964

Gramm-Rudman-Hollings Act

Social Security Act

Twenty-sixth Amendment

War Powers Resolution

A plea bargain negotiated by the defense and prosecution

An appeal to the United States Court of Appeals

An appeal to a state court of appeals

A trial by judge

A trial by jury

Republicanism

Pluralism

Due process of law

Federalism

Judicial review

Make the legislature the most powerful branch of the national government

Allow the national government to extend its powers beyond those enumerated in the Constitution

Allow state governments to nullify federal laws with their borders

Give the President uncontested powers in the area of foreign policy

Ensure that any powers not delegated by the Constitution to the United States government are reserved to the states and the people

"Social Darwinism"

"judicial activism"

"judicial restraint"

"incorporation"

"nullification"

In the area of foreign policy

In the area of fiscal policy

In the area of social policy

Late in the President's term

When the economy is strong

Using the legislative schedule to political advantage

Enforcing the party discipline

Satisfying interest group demands for access to the policy process

Effectively using formal parliamentary powers rather than persuasion

Using the media to set the policy agenda

Work effectively with the cabinet

Negotiate understandings with foreign heads of government

Control federal spending

Avoid costly disputes with the judiciary

Provide effectively for national defense

It does not require Senate approval, but may require congressional allocation of funds for implementation

It does not require congressional funding because the president can use the power fo the purse to raise implementation funds

It has more legal force than a treaty

It is binding on all succeeding Presidents and Congresses

It has been used extensively to end armed conflicts

The nomination process in both parties has become less democratic and open

The number of Black delegates at Republican national conventions has grown substantially

The number of candidates willing and able to seek the nomination has decreased dramatically

The number of female delegates and minority-group delegates at Democratic national conventions has grown substantially

State and local party organizations have increased their control over the process

Get substantial financial support from their party's national committee

Are better known to voters than are challengers

Find it much easier to raise campaign funds than do challengers

Can use staff members to do constituent service

Often serve on committees that enable them to help the constituency

Implementing federal unemployment policy

Preparing the budget

Auditing the budget

Appropriating funds for the budget

Approving the budget

The United States House of Representatives

The United States Senate

United States district courts

State governors

State legislatures

Lobbying to influence decisions by public officials

Campaigning for candidates for office

Contributing money to a political party

Voting in local elections

Voting in presidential elections

A majority agrees in principle with these rights, but in practice many people are often intolerant of views they do not support

A majority actively supports these rights without any reservations

A majority opposes these rights in principle

The average citizen is more supportive fo these rights than are members of the elite

Conservatives have traditionally been more supportive of these rights than have liberals

Expand presidential power

Restrict the application of judicial review

Make most rights contained in the Bill of Rights applicable to the states

Prevent states from taxing agencies of the federal government

Limit the use of the legislative veto

Be less powerful than executive

Be cautious and deliberate

Involve as many citizens as possible

Ensure that all groups be equally represented

Allow majorities virtually unlimited control over policy

Inequality in government services across subnational entities

Opportunities for experimentation in government programs

Multiple points of access for interest groups

Decentralization of political conflict

A strict division of power among levels of government

It is a natural occurrence due to the constitutional system of checks and balances

It rarely occurs in United States elections, because of straight-ticket voting

It promotes quick action by the President and Congress on such issues as the federal budget

It reflects a frequent election pattern over the past three decades

It results from the reapportionment of House seats after the decennial census

Congress access to information from citizens

Police access to information from criminal suspects

The courts access to information from reporters

Citizens access to information from the executive branch

Congress access to information from the executive branch

It encourages the emergence of third parties

It encourages candidates to concentrate their campaigns in competitive, populous states

It ensures that the votes of all citizens count equally in selecting the President

It requires that a candidate win a minimum of 26 states to obtain a majority in the college

It tends to make presidential elections appear closer than they really are

Fosters the development of expertise by members

Helps Congress reduce staff costs

Insulates decision-making from the influence of special interests

Weakens Congress in its dealings with the President

Prevents Congress from effectively processing its large legislative workload

Approximately equal representation for every voter

An equal chance of getting elected for both incumbents and challengers

A system in which only those candidates who receive a majority of the votes cast win on the first ballot

Proportional representation based on the percentage of votes cast for each party

Proportional representation of racial and ethnic minorities

Substantial discretion in deciding how to use the grants to solve their problems

Aid that reflects tax base and population

The power to impose regressive taxes

Funds sufficient to support a high level of local service

Funds to administer programs clearly specified by the federal government

The Supreme Court

Congress

The President

The Department of Justice

The attorney general

Allow the Joint Chief of Staff to advise the President during periods of conflict

Allow Congress to suspend certain civil liberties during times of war

Require a congressional declaration of war before allowing military forces to be used overseas

Assure congressional involvement in decisions committing military forces in hostile situations overseas

Ensure funding for military operations lasting more than 60 days

The Constitution puts severe restrictions on other parties

Third parties are usually far to the right or left, and Americans are moderates

A winner0take-all electoral system makes it difficult for new parties to emerge and survive

Voters naturally think of themselves as either liberals or conservatives

Presidential electors can vote for only two candidates

Narrow issues, only a few interest groups, and technical information

Broad, highly visible national issues

Broad foreign policy issues

Major constitutional questions about civil rights and liberties

Areas in which members of Congress have considerable expertise and commitment

Local performance of a candidate's party in the presidential race

A candidate's incumbency status

The amount of a candidate's campaign spending relative to that of his or her opponent

The level of support from local party leaders

The level of voter turnout

It is high because of the large numbers of elective offices

It is significantly higher among men than among women

It is lower than in most other Western democracies

It increased sharply when eighteen year olds were given the right to vote

It has been steady over the last 30 years

Although the Republicans had success in national elections, they did not attract members of traditionally Democratic groups

Republican identifiers where less likely to vote their partisanship than were Democratic identifiers

The Republicans had been the dominant party since the late 1960's

They decline in voter turnout slowed steadily

Republican dominance in presidential elections did not extend to congressional, state, and local elections

Less likely to be members of political parties

Less likely to be well educated

Likely to be a larger percentage of the voting-age population

More likely to be members of ethnic or racial minority groups

More likely to be affluent

Such segregation affected interstate commerce, and Congress therefore had the authority to outlaw it

Such segregation was wrong in principle, and Congress had moral authority to outlaw it even though the statutes lacked a strict constitutional basis

Such segregation violated the First Amendment's protection of the right to free assembly, and Congress therefore had the authority to outlaw it

Such segregation violated the Tenth Amendment's reservation of power to state governments, and Congress therefore had the authority to outlaw it

Since such segregation affected citizens of different states, it fell under the original jurisdiction of the federal courts and could therefore be outlawed by Congress

Ban obscene materials

Suspend habeas corpus protections

Mobilize the National Guard

Limit free speech

Commit troops to situations of potential foreign combat

Limit the importation of foreign manufactured goods

Increase the economic importance of the agrarian sector relative to that of the manufacturing sector

Increase the economic powers of the central government

Expand the states' powers to regulate their own commerce with foreign countries

Guarantee the states a greater role in economic policy-making

Elite theories concentrate on the role of interest groups; pluralist theories emphasize the role of individuals

Elite theories argue that a single minority dominates politics in all policy areas; pluralist theories argue that many minorities compete for power in different policy areas

Elite theories argue that social status is the major source of political power; pluralist theories argue that wealth is the major source

Elite theories emphasize the multiple access points that interest groups have to public officials; pluralist theories stress the limits in the number and effectiveness of such access points

Elite theories view government as efficient; pluralist theories view it as slow and wasteful

The member with the longest service on the committee

The memeber with the longest services in the House

A representative of the Speaker

A member of the majority party in the chamber

A trusted ally of the President

They tend to have larger budgets than cabinet departments

They are directly supervised by cabinet departments

They provide a product or service directly to the public

They are insulated from contact with interest groups

They tend to be freer from presidential control than are cabinet departments

III only

I and II only

II and IV only

I, II, and IV only

I, II, III, and IV

Committee hearings

The media

The personal staffs of representatives

The federal bureaucracy

Staff members of congressional committees

The right to privacy implied in the Bill of Rights

Guarantees of freedom of religion contained in the First Amendment

The due process clause in the Fifth Amendment

The equal protection clause in the Fourteenth Amendment

A federal statute legalizing abortion

The decline of Republican party strength among Black northerners

The decline of Democratic party strength among White southerners

The gradual decline of Democratic party strength among suburban voters

A Democratic majority in partisan self-identification

A gender gab, with women's support of Republicans sharply declining

The senators with the best chances of reelection are those who have served the longest

The amount of money spent by a challenger has little bearing on an incumbent's reelection chances

Incumbent senators are less likely to be reelected than are incumbent members of the House of Representatives

An incumbent senator is equally likely to be reelected or defeated

The most important factor influencing the reelection chances of senators is whether they belong to the President's party