2240 Action Prep, Attention And Memory
Lectures including:
- Action Preparation
- Attention
- Memory
- 1.
The most correct definition of Reaction Time is:
- A.
An index of preparation required to produce action
- B.
A common measure indicating how long it takes a person to preapre and initiate a movement
- C.
How fast a person is able to react to a stimulus
- D.
All of the above
- E.
A) & b)
- F.
A) & c)
Correct Answer
E. A) & b)Explanation
The correct answer is a) & b). Reaction time is an index of the preparation required to produce action and is also a common measure indicating how long it takes a person to prepare and initiate a movement. It refers to the time it takes for a person to react to a stimulus, indicating both the preparation and initiation of a response. Therefore, options a) and b) are both correct definitions of reaction time.Rate this question:
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- 2.
A reaction time situation that has one signal and one response is considered:
- A.
Simple RT
- B.
Choice RT
- C.
Discrimination RT
- D.
Easy RT
Correct Answer
A. Simple RTExplanation
Simple RT refers to a reaction time situation that involves only one signal and one response. In this type of situation, the individual is required to respond as quickly as possible to a single stimulus. There are no additional stimuli or choices to consider, making it a straightforward task. Simple RT is often used in research and psychological experiments to measure basic reaction times and cognitive processing speed.Rate this question:
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- 3.
The gun going off in a 100m race is defined as a:
- A.
Warning Signal
- B.
Foreperiod
- C.
Go Signal
- D.
Start Signal
Correct Answer
C. Go SignalExplanation
The gun going off in a 100m race is defined as a "Go Signal" because it signifies the start of the race and indicates to the athletes that they can begin running. It is a clear and distinct sound that alerts the participants to start their race and compete against each other.Rate this question:
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- 4.
Response Time is defined as:
- A.
The interval of time between the onset of a signal (stimulus) and the initiation of a response
- B.
The interval of time between the initiation of a movement and the completion of the movement
- C.
The time interval from the onset of a signal (stimulus) to the completion of a response
- D.
The time interval between the warning signal and the go signal (stimulus)
Correct Answer
C. The time interval from the onset of a signal (stimulus) to the completion of a responseExplanation
Reaction Time: the interval of time between the onset of a signal (stimulus) and the initiation of a response
Movement Time: the interval of time between the initiation of a movement and the completion of the movement
Foreperiod: the time interval between the warning signal and the go signal (stimulus)
Response Time consists of both the Reaction Time and Movement TimeRate this question:
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- 5.
With EMG it is possible to fractionate RT into two components. Which of those components is defined as: the period from the increase in muscle activity until the actual limb movement.
- A.
Foreperiod
- B.
Pre-motor
- C.
Response Time
- D.
Motor Time
Correct Answer
D. Motor TimeExplanation
Pre-Motor: the quiet interval of time between the onset of stimulus and beginning of the activityRate this question:
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- 6.
Which of the following orders of the Information Processing Model is correct:
- A.
INPUT - Response Selection, Response Programming, Stimulus Identification - OUTPUT
- B.
INPUT - Response Programming, Response Selection, Stimulus Identification - OUTPUT
- C.
INPUT - Stimulus Identification, Response Programming, Response Selection - OUTPUT
- D.
INPUT - Stimulus Identification, Response Selection, Response Programming - OUTPUT
Correct Answer
D. INPUT - Stimulus Identification, Response Selection, Response Programming - OUTPUTExplanation
The correct order of the Information Processing Model is INPUT - Stimulus Identification, Response Selection, Response Programming - OUTPUT. This order follows the sequential flow of information processing, starting with the identification of a stimulus, followed by the selection of an appropriate response, and finally the programming of the chosen response.Rate this question:
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- 7.
A pitcher in baseball (who has many deliveries to choose from) predominantly slows a batsmens action preparation at what stage of information processing:
- A.
Stimulus Identification
- B.
Response Programming
- C.
Response Selection
- D.
Initiation of Response
Correct Answer
C. Response SelectionExplanation
Response Selection is the stage of information processing where a pitcher in baseball predominantly slows a batsman's action preparation. During this stage, the pitcher analyzes the situation, considers the different deliveries they have in their repertoire, and selects the most appropriate response to deceive or outsmart the batsman. Slowing down the batsman's action preparation during this stage can disrupt their timing and make it more difficult for them to anticipate the pitcher's next move.Rate this question:
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- 8.
Which of the following statements regarding Stimulus Identification is FALSE:
- A.
The individual analyses the environment (from vision, touch etc.)
- B.
Important things taken into account include object speed, direction, if it is moving at all etc.
- C.
Detection of movement pattern
- D.
The decision of what, if any, response should be made
Correct Answer
D. The decision of what, if any, response should be madeExplanation
The statement "The decision of what, if any, response should be made" is false. Stimulus Identification involves analyzing the environment and taking into account important factors such as object speed, direction, and movement pattern. However, the decision of what response should be made is not part of the Stimulus Identification process. This decision-making stage comes after Stimulus Identification, in the Response Selection stage.Rate this question:
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- 9.
Which of the following statements is FALSE:
- A.
RT will decrease when the stimulus is more predictable
- B.
RT will increase when the foreperiod has a higher regularity
- C.
RT will increase logarithmically as the number of stimulus response choices increases
- D.
The more complex the movement, the greater the RT
Correct Answer
B. RT will increase when the foreperiod has a higher regularityExplanation
When the foreperiod has a higher regularity, it means that the time interval between the warning signal and the stimulus becomes more consistent and predictable. In this case, the individual can prepare and anticipate the stimulus, leading to a decrease in reaction time (RT). Therefore, the statement "RT will increase when the foreperiod has a higher regularity" is false.Rate this question:
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- 10.
Which of the following is not a Task or Situational Characteristic that influences RT preparation?
- A.
The number of response choices
- B.
The influence of the probability of pre-cue correctness
- C.
The repetition of the movement
- D.
The length of the stimulus
Correct Answer
D. The length of the stimulusExplanation
There are also many other characteristics including:
- predictability of the correct response choice
- stimulus response compatibility
- fore-period length regularity
- movement complexity
- movement accuracy
- time between different responses to different signalsRate this question:
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- 11.
All of the following occur in the preparation stage of action except for:
- A.
Postural organisation
- B.
Limb performance characteristics
- C.
Object control characteristics
- D.
Spatial coding
- E.
They all occur during preparation
- F.
C) & d)
Correct Answer
E. They all occur during preparationExplanation
Other components include:
-sequencing of simple movements
- movement rhythmicity
Other factors that affect preparations:
- alertedness of the performer
- amount of practice
- attention focussed on the signal vs. the actionRate this question:
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- 12.
The psychological refactory period describes:
- A.
The period of time between the onset of a stimulus and the initiation of a planned action
- B.
A delay during which a person seems to put a planned action on hold while executing a previously initiated action
- C.
The time it takes for a person to recognise a 'fake' or 'bluff' and then perform the correct response to the final stimulus
- D.
The physical relationship between the stimulus and the response ie. the stroop effect
Correct Answer
B. A delay during which a person seems to put a planned action on hold while executing a previously initiated actionExplanation
The psychological refactory period refers to a delay during which a person seems to put a planned action on hold while executing a previously initiated action. This means that when a person is in the middle of performing a task or action, they may experience a delay in starting a new planned action until the ongoing action is completed. This delay is believed to be a cognitive mechanism that allows the person to focus on and complete the current action before moving on to the next one.Rate this question:
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- 13.
Which if the following statements about Attention is incorrect:
- A.
Preparation for and performance of perceptual-motor skills are influenced by our limited capacity to select and attend to information
- B.
Attnetion refers to the engagement in the perceptual, cognitive and motor activities associated with performing skills
- C.
One of the issues with attention capacity is when there is a simultaneous performance of multiple activities
- D.
Each individual has an unlimited attention capacity
Correct Answer
D. Each individual has an unlimited attention capacityExplanation
The statement that each individual has an unlimited attention capacity is incorrect. Attention capacity refers to the limited amount of information that an individual can attend to and process at any given time. This limitation means that individuals have a finite capacity for attention and cannot attend to an unlimited amount of information simultaneously.Rate this question:
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- 14.
The Filter Theory (otherwise known as the bottleneck theory):
- A.
Proposed that attention limits were the result of the limited availability of resources
- B.
Proposed that a person has difficulty doing many things at one time
- C.
Propose there is one central source of attention resource for which all activities requiring attention compete
- D.
Contends we have several attention mechanisms with limited resources
Correct Answer
B. Proposed that a person has difficulty doing many things at one timeExplanation
Alternative Theory: proposed that attention limits were the result of the limited availability of resources
Central Resource Capacity Theory: propose there is one central source of attention resource for which all activities requiring attention compete
Multiple Resource Theory: contends we have several attention mechanisms with limited resourcesRate this question:
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- 15.
Kahneman's Model of attention shows that people display the greatest amount of attention when they have:
- A.
High Arousal
- B.
Low Arousal
- C.
Medium Arousal
- D.
One simple task to focus on
- E.
A complex task to focus on
- F.
Many tasks to supply attention to
Correct Answer
C. Medium ArousalExplanation
Kahneman's Model of attention suggests that people display the greatest amount of attention when they have medium arousal. This means that individuals are neither too highly aroused nor too lowly aroused. When arousal is too high, it can lead to distraction and difficulty in focusing on tasks. On the other hand, when arousal is too low, individuals may lack motivation and engagement in the task at hand. Therefore, having a moderate level of arousal allows individuals to be alert, focused, and attentive, leading to optimal performance.Rate this question:
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- 16.
When it comes to assessing Attention Demands and focussing Attention, which of the following states is FALSE:
- A.
Width indicated focus to be large or small
- B.
Direction indicates attention of focus to be internal or external
- C.
Primary Task is the task of interest
- D.
Secondary task performance is the basis to make influences about the attention demands of the primary task
Correct Answer
A. Width indicated focus to be large or smallExplanation
Width actually indicates focus to be broad or narrowRate this question:
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- 17.
When a person performs a skill or engages in certain information-processing activities without requiring attention resources, this is known as..
- A.
Attention Deficiency
- B.
Lack of Attention
- C.
Motor Skill Proficiency
- D.
Automacity
Correct Answer
D. AutomacityExplanation
Automacity refers to the ability to perform a skill or engage in information-processing activities without requiring attention resources. It is the state where a person can perform a task automatically, without consciously thinking about it. This occurs when a skill has been practiced to the point where it becomes ingrained and can be performed effortlessly. Automacity allows individuals to perform tasks quickly and efficiently, freeing up attention resources for other activities.Rate this question:
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- 18.
Three procedures are used to investige Visual Selective Attention. Which of the following is not one of these:
- A.
Temporal occlusion of video/film
- B.
Spatial or event occlusion of video/film
- C.
Specific surveys given to novices and experts, asking questions about attention and visual components of the skill
- D.
Eye-movement recordings
Correct Answer
C. Specific surveys given to novices and experts, asking questions about attention and visual components of the skillExplanation
The question asks for the procedure that is not used to investigate Visual Selective Attention. The other three options - temporal occlusion of video/film, spatial or event occlusion of video/film, and eye-movement recordings - are all methods commonly used to study Visual Selective Attention. However, specific surveys given to novices and experts, asking questions about attention and visual components of the skill, is not a procedure that directly measures attention or visual components of the skill. Therefore, it is not one of the procedures used to investigate Visual Selective Attention.Rate this question:
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- 19.
What is the difference between performance and learning?
- A.
Performance is an observable behaviour while learning is a change (usually an improvement) in motor skill proficiency
- B.
Performance is the execution of a movement whilst learning is a change in motor performance
- C.
Performance is the level of skill proficiency a person has, whereas learning is how that person came to having that level of proficiency
- D.
Performance is greater in experts (when compared with novices) whereas novices have great levels of learning in comparison to experts
Correct Answer
B. Performance is the execution of a movement whilst learning is a change in motor performanceExplanation
Performance refers to the actual execution of a movement or behavior, while learning refers to the process of acquiring new skills or improving existing ones. In this context, performance is specifically related to motor skills, and learning is the change or improvement in motor skill proficiency.Rate this question:
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- 20.
What are the tow different structures of Memory?
Correct Answer
Working Memory
Long Term MemoryExplanation
Working Memory = short term memoryRate this question:
- 21.
Short term (working) memory deals with which of the following functions and attention processes (pick more than one):
- A.
Decision making
- B.
Protecting memory from loss
- C.
Knowledge of "how to do" something eg. procedural
- D.
General (factual knowledge)
- E.
Problem solving
- F.
Movement production and evaluation
- G.
Store past memories
Correct Answer(s)
A. Decision making
E. Problem solving
F. Movement production and evaluationExplanation
Short term (working) memory is responsible for holding and manipulating information for a short period of time. It is involved in decision making as it allows us to consider different options and weigh the pros and cons before making a choice. It is also involved in problem solving as it allows us to hold and manipulate information related to the problem at hand in order to come up with a solution. Additionally, short term memory is involved in movement production and evaluation as it helps us remember and execute motor actions.Rate this question:
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- 22.
What is the general capacity for short term memory (in items):
- A.
5 (-+2)
- B.
7 (-+2)
- C.
9 (-+2)
- D.
8 (-+2)
Correct Answer
B. 7 (-+2)Explanation
The general capacity for short-term memory is believed to be around 7 (+/- 2) items. This means that on average, individuals can hold about 5 to 9 items in their short-term memory at a given time. This capacity is based on research conducted by psychologist George Miller, who found that most people can remember around 7 items, give or take 2.Rate this question:
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- 23.
The technique for memory that groups items into larger collections (ie. letters into words) is known as:
- A.
Grouping
- B.
Tasking
- C.
Chunking
- D.
Associating
Correct Answer
C. ChunkingExplanation
Chunking is a memory technique that involves grouping items into larger collections. This helps in organizing and remembering information more effectively. By breaking down a large amount of information into smaller, manageable chunks, it becomes easier to process and remember. This technique is particularly useful when trying to remember long lists, numbers, or complex information. Chunking allows the brain to focus on a smaller number of meaningful units, making it easier to encode and retrieve information from memory.Rate this question:
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- 24.
____________ Memory has a limited capacity, relatively short duration, temporary storage, processing for transfer of Memory to the ________ Memory, and is a temporary workspace.
- A.
Short-term Memory, Working Memory
- B.
Working Memory, Long-term Memory
- C.
Long-term Memory, Working Memory
- D.
Long-term Memory, Short-term Memory
Correct Answer
B. Working Memory, Long-term MemoryExplanation
Working memory is a type of memory that has a limited capacity and relatively short duration. It is responsible for temporarily storing and processing information before transferring it to long-term memory. Long-term memory, on the other hand, has a much larger capacity and stores information for a longer period of time. It is the more permanent storage of information. Therefore, the correct answer is "Working Memory, Long-term Memory."Rate this question:
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- 25.
Procedural Memory (how to do something), Semantic Memory (general knowledge) and Episodic Memory (consiously re-experiencing past memories) are all systems of which form of memory:
- A.
Working Memory
- B.
Short-term Memory
- C.
Long-term Memory
- D.
Phonological Memory
Correct Answer
C. Long-term MemoryExplanation
Procedural memory, semantic memory, and episodic memory are all systems of long-term memory. Long-term memory refers to the storage of information and experiences over an extended period of time. Procedural memory involves knowing how to perform certain tasks or skills, semantic memory involves general knowledge and facts, and episodic memory involves consciously re-experiencing past events or personal experiences. These types of memory are all part of the long-term memory system, which is responsible for the storage and retrieval of information over a long period of time.Rate this question:
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- 26.
_________ Memory requires a new protein synthesis, whereas __________ Memory involves modifying existing proteins
- A.
Short, Long
- B.
Long, Short
- C.
Working, Short
- D.
Short, Working
Correct Answer
B. Long, ShortExplanation
Long-term memory requires a new protein synthesis because it involves the formation of new synaptic connections and the strengthening of existing ones. This process requires the synthesis of new proteins to support the structural changes necessary for long-term memory storage. On the other hand, short-term memory involves modifying existing proteins, such as through post-translational modifications or changes in protein phosphorylation, to facilitate the temporary storage and retrieval of information.Rate this question:
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- 27.
Briefly describe the case of "HM". What is the significance of HM's case for motor behaviour?
- 28.
Rembering a past birthday and what presents you were given is an example of what sort of memory:
- A.
Explicit
- B.
Episodic
- C.
Semantic
- D.
Implicit
Correct Answer
A. ExplicitExplanation
Remembering a past birthday and what presents you were given is an example of explicit memory. Explicit memory refers to the conscious recollection of information and experiences that can be intentionally and consciously retrieved. In this case, the individual is actively recalling specific details about their past birthday, such as the gifts they received. This type of memory involves the conscious effort to retrieve and remember specific events or facts.Rate this question:
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- 29.
Trying to remember which US President was in office in 1987 would be an example of which form of memory?
- A.
Procedural
- B.
Episodic
- C.
Explicit
- D.
Implicit
Correct Answer
C. ExplicitExplanation
Remembering which US President was in office in 1987 would be an example of explicit memory. Explicit memory refers to the conscious and intentional recollection of information, facts, and events. In this case, recalling the specific historical fact of the US President in 1987 requires explicit memory, as it involves consciously retrieving and recalling a specific piece of information from the past.Rate this question:
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- 30.
Which of the following statements about this sporting context is FALSE:
- A.
A coach must have good declarative knowledge to impart
- B.
A sportsperson must be able to perform the skill and hence must have good Episodic Memory
- C.
A team manager must have good explicit memory in order to correctly and efficiently manage the team
Correct Answer
C. A team manager must have good explicit memory in order to correctly and efficiently manage the teamExplanation
A team manager does not necessarily need to have good explicit memory in order to correctly and efficiently manage the team. While having good explicit memory may be helpful in certain aspects of team management, such as remembering specific strategies or game plans, it is not a requirement for overall success in managing a team. Other skills and qualities, such as leadership, communication, and decision-making abilities, are often more important in effectively managing a team.Rate this question:
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- 31.
Memory tests that requires a response with few, if any, cues given are called:
- A.
Recognition Test
- B.
Recall Test
- C.
Implicit Test
- D.
Retention Test
Correct Answer
B. Recall TestExplanation
Recall tests are memory tests that require individuals to retrieve information from memory without any cues or prompts. Unlike recognition tests, where individuals are given options or cues to aid their memory retrieval, recall tests rely solely on the individual's ability to generate the information from memory. This type of test is often used to assess the individual's ability to remember and retrieve information without any external aids or cues.Rate this question:
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- 32.
An example of an Implicit memory skill would be:
- A.
Asked to explain the movement or action needed to be performed
- B.
Being quizzed or tested on certain aspects of the skill
- C.
Performing the skill/action
- D.
Performing a similar action and seeing if there is a transfer apparent
Correct Answer
C. Performing the skill/actionExplanation
Implicit memory refers to the unconscious or automatic recall of information or skills without conscious effort. Performing the skill/action is an example of implicit memory because it involves the ability to execute a task without consciously thinking about the steps or movements involved. This type of memory is often associated with procedural skills, such as riding a bike or typing on a keyboard, which become ingrained through repetition and practice. Implicit memory allows individuals to perform tasks effortlessly and without explicit awareness of the underlying knowledge or skills required.Rate this question:
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- 33.
Trace Decay is a form of forgetting which naturally occurs with the passing of time. ____________ Interference is when an interference occur post learning. For example, something being mentioned in a lecture and then receiving a text message and being distracted. __________ Interference occurs when there is an interference before learning occurs (prior). For example, the lecturer pointing out that someone will be giving the next lecture, and introducing them, then teaching something important. The students focus may still remain on the aforementioned distraction.
- A.
Proactive, retroactive
- B.
Retroactive, proactive
- C.
Explicit, implicit
- D.
Implicit, explicit
Correct Answer
B. Retroactive, proactiveExplanation
The correct answer is "retroactive, proactive." In the given context, the explanation suggests that interference can occur both before and after learning. Retroactive interference refers to situations where new information disrupts the recall of previously learned information. In this case, the distraction of receiving a text message after the lecture can interfere with the retention of the lecture content. Proactive interference, on the other hand, occurs when previously learned information inhibits the ability to recall new information. The example given is when the introduction of the next lecturer before teaching something important may cause the students' focus to remain on the previous distraction, thus interfering with their ability to learn the new information.Rate this question:
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- 34.
List and discuss some of the strategies that can be used to enhance memory performance
- 35.
Which of the following strategies to enhance memory performance uses the technique of developing the practice context so that it more resembles the test context? *Important for Motor Learning*
- A.
Increase Meaningfulness
- B.
Intention to Remember
- C.
Subjective Organisation
- D.
Encoding Specificity Principle
Correct Answer
D. Encoding Specificity PrincipleExplanation
The correct answer is the Encoding Specificity Principle. This principle suggests that memory performance can be enhanced by developing the practice context to closely resemble the test context. This means that the conditions and cues present during practice should be similar to those present during the actual test, as this can improve retrieval and recall of information. This principle is particularly important for motor learning, as it helps to create a more effective transfer of skills from practice to performance.Rate this question:
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- 36.
Long-term Memory is split up into two components of Knowledge:
- A.
Episodic & Semantic
- B.
Declarative & Procedural
- C.
Explicit & Implicit
- D.
Proactive & Retroactive
Correct Answer
B. Declarative & ProceduralExplanation
Long-term Memory is divided into two components: declarative and procedural. Declarative memory refers to the conscious recollection of facts and events, such as remembering historical dates or personal experiences. Procedural memory, on the other hand, involves the unconscious recall of skills and habits, such as riding a bike or tying shoelaces. This division allows for the storage and retrieval of different types of information in the long-term memory system.Rate this question:
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