Human Health And Diseases Trivia Quiz

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The correct answer is that the causative HIV retrovirus enters helper T-Iymphocytes thus, reducing their numbers. This is because HIV specifically targets and infects CD4+ T cells, which are a type of helper T-lymphocytes. The virus enters these cells, replicates inside them, and eventually leads to their destruction. This process weakens the immune system and makes the individual more susceptible to various infections and diseases, ultimately leading to the development of AIDS.

Common cold and AIDS are both viral diseases. The common cold is caused by various types of viruses, such as rhinoviruses, while AIDS is caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Both diseases are transmitted through direct contact with infected individuals or their bodily fluids. Common cold is characterized by symptoms like runny nose, sore throat, and cough, while AIDS weakens the immune system, leading to severe infections and diseases.

The correct answer is BCG vaccine. BCG stands for Bacillus Calmette-Guérin, which is a vaccine used to prevent tuberculosis (TB). It is made from a weakened strain of the bacteria that causes TB. When the vaccine is given, it stimulates the immune system to produce a response against TB, providing protection against the disease. The BCG vaccine is typically given to infants in countries with a high prevalence of TB.

The statement that the chances of transmission from female to male are twice as likely as from male to female is not correct. HIV transmission does not depend on the gender of the individuals involved, but rather on factors such as the presence of other sexually transmitted infections, mother-to-child transmission, and exposure to contaminated blood or needles.

Antibodies are proteins produced by the immune system in response to the presence of antigens, which are foreign substances. The antibodies bind to the antigens and help to destroy them through various mechanisms. Neutralization occurs when antibodies bind to the antigens and prevent them from entering or damaging cells. Agglutination happens when antibodies bind to multiple antigens, causing them to clump together and making it easier for other immune cells to destroy them. Opsonisation involves antibodies binding to antigens and marking them for destruction by immune cells. Therefore, all of these mechanisms are involved in the destruction of foreign substances by antibodies.

B-lymphocytes are a type of white blood cell that plays a crucial role in humoral immunity. Humoral immunity is a branch of the immune system that involves the production of antibodies by B-lymphocytes in response to the presence of foreign substances, such as bacteria or viruses, in the body. These antibodies then circulate in the bloodstream, targeting and neutralizing the foreign invaders. Therefore, B-lymphocytes are directly related to humoral immunity.

Malignant tumors may exhibit metastasis. This statement is correct because malignant tumors have the ability to spread to other parts of the body, forming secondary tumors. Metastasis is a characteristic feature of malignant tumors and is one of the main reasons why they are more dangerous and difficult to treat compared to benign tumors.

The antigen binding site in an antibody is found between one heavy chain and one light chain. This is because antibodies are composed of two heavy chains and two light chains, and the antigen binding site is formed by the variable regions of these chains. The variable regions contain specific amino acid sequences that allow the antibody to recognize and bind to a specific antigen. Therefore, the antigen binding site is formed at the interface between one heavy chain and one light chain.

Lymphopenia is a condition characterized by a low number of lymphocytes in the blood. AIDS, or Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome, is caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which attacks and destroys the immune system, including lymphocytes. This destruction of lymphocytes leads to lymphopenia. Therefore, AIDS is a possible cause of lymphopenia.

Statement I is correct because even if a kidney transplant is successful, the recipient's immune system may still recognize the transplanted kidney as foreign and attack it. This is why the recipient may need to take immuno-suppressants to prevent rejection.

Statement II is correct because the cell-mediated immune response, which involves T-lymphocytes, plays a major role in graft rejection. These immune cells recognize the transplanted kidney as foreign and initiate an immune response to destroy it.

Therefore, the correct statements are I and II.

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IgA provides immunity to the digestive tract against antigens. IgA is the most abundant immunoglobulin in mucosal secretions, including saliva, tears, and intestinal secretions. It plays a crucial role in preventing pathogens from entering the body through the digestive tract by neutralizing and blocking their attachment to the mucosal surfaces. IgA also helps in the elimination of pathogens by promoting their clearance through mechanisms such as agglutination and immune exclusion.

The correct answer is cancerous cells grown in a cancer research lab. Hela cells are a type of immortal cell line that was derived from a cervical cancer biopsy taken from a patient named Henrietta Lacks in 1951. These cells have been widely used in cell biology and medical research due to their ability to divide indefinitely and their usefulness in studying various aspects of cancer and other diseases.

Cortisol helps in the differentiation of cells of the immune system. Cortisol is a hormone that is released in response to stress and has immunosuppressive effects. It regulates the immune response by inhibiting the production and function of certain immune cells, such as T cells and B cells. This allows for the differentiation of specific immune cells, leading to a more targeted and efficient immune response. Thymosin is involved in T cell development, while thyroxine and steroids do not have a direct role in the differentiation of immune cells.