1.
Zjawisko samorzutnego mieszania się substancji w wyniku chaotycznego ruchu ich drobin nazywamy:
Explanation
The correct answer is "dyfuzją, dyfuzja". This is because the phenomenon of spontaneous mixing of substances due to the chaotic movement of their particles is called diffusion. In Polish, "dyfuzją" and "dyfuzja" both refer to the same concept of diffusion.
2.
Zaznacz poprawne zdania dotyczące protonu:
Correct Answer(s)
A. Ma ładunek cząstki +1
D. Jest nukleonem
Explanation
The proton has a positive charge of +1 and is considered a nucleon, which means it is located in the nucleus of an atom.
3.
Zaznacz poprawne zdanie dotyczące neutronu:
Correct Answer
D. Ma masę 1 u
Explanation
The correct statement regarding neutrons is "ma masę 1 u" which means "it has a mass of 1 atomic mass unit (u)". Neutrons do not have an electric charge, so the statement "ma ujemny ładunek eletryczny" (it has a negative electric charge) is incorrect. Neutrons are located in the nucleus of an atom and do not orbit around it, so the statement "krąży wokół jądra atomowego" (it orbits around the atomic nucleus) is also incorrect. The statement "ma masę 1/1837 u" is incorrect as well, as it refers to the mass of an electron, not a neutron.
4.
Pierwiastek ten ma 1 elektron walencyjny na drugiej powłoce. Pierwiastkiem tym jest:
Correct Answer
Lit
Explanation
The element with 1 valence electron on the second shell is Lithium.
5.
Pierwiastek z grupy borowców, który posiada 5 powłok elektronowych.
Correct Answer
ind
Explanation
The question is asking for the element from the boron group that has 5 electron shells. The element that fits this description is indium (symbol: In).
6.
Masa atomowa wodoru wynosi 1,01 u. Możemy z tego wywnioskować, że:
Correct Answer
B. Większość wodoru w występującego naturalnie nie ma neutronu
Explanation
The atomic mass of hydrogen is 1.01 u, which is very close to the mass of a proton (1 u). Since neutrons have a mass of approximately 1 u, it can be inferred that the majority of naturally occurring hydrogen does not have a neutron in its nucleus. Therefore, the correct answer is "większość wodoru w występującego naturalnie nie ma neutronu" (the majority of naturally occurring hydrogen does not have a neutron).
7.
Podczas przemiany alfa:
Correct Answer
A. Zostaje wyemitowane jądro helu-4
Explanation
During an alpha decay, a nucleus emits a helium-4 nucleus. This is because alpha decay involves the emission of an alpha particle, which consists of two protons and two neutrons, making it identical to a helium-4 nucleus. The other options, such as the emission of an electron or a decrease in atomic and mass numbers, do not accurately describe the process of alpha decay.
8.
Podczas przemiany beta - :
Correct Answer(s)
B. Liczba atomowa wzrasta
C. Neutron rozpada się na proton i elektron, który zostaje wyemitowany podczas przemiany
Explanation
During beta decay, the number of atomic particles (protons and neutrons) in the nucleus remains the same, so the atomic mass does not change. However, a neutron in the nucleus is converted into a proton and an electron, which is emitted during the decay. This results in an increase in the atomic number of the nucleus.
9.
Pierwiastkiem o najmniejszej aktywności jest:
Correct Answer
C. Pierwiastek, który posiada dublet lub oktet elektronowy
Explanation
The correct answer is "pierwiastek, który posiada dublet lub oktet elektronowy." This is because elements tend to be most stable when their outer electron shell is either full with 8 electrons (octet) or has 2 electrons (duet). Elements with a full outer shell or a duet are less likely to react with other elements, making them less chemically active. Therefore, the element with a dublet or octet electron configuration would have the lowest activity.
10.
Pewien pierwiastek posiada tyle protonów, ile znajduję się na powłoce walencyjnej radonu. Pierwiastkiem tym jest:
Correct Answer
tlen
Explanation
The question states that a certain element has the same number of protons as the number of electrons in the valence shell of radon. The element that fits this description is oxygen (tlen in Polish), as it has 8 protons and radon also has 8 electrons in its valence shell.