A & P 2 Midterm Review
- 1.
To auscultate the aortic semiunar valve, you would place your stethoscope in the __________.
- A.
Second intercostal space to the left of the sternum
- B.
Fifth intercostal space inferior to the left nipple
- C.
Fifth right intercostal space
- D.
Second intercostal space to the right of the sternum
Correct Answer
D. Second intercostal space to the right of the sternumExplanation
The aortic semilunar valve is located in the second intercostal space to the right of the sternum. This is the correct placement for auscultation of this valve.Rate this question:
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- 2.
Gluconeoenesis occurs in the liver due to the action of _______.
- A.
Secretin
- B.
Insulin
- C.
Cortisol
- D.
Aldosterone
Correct Answer
C. CortisolExplanation
Gluconeogenesis is the process of synthesizing glucose from non-carbohydrate sources, such as amino acids and glycerol. Cortisol, a hormone produced by the adrenal glands, stimulates gluconeogenesis in the liver. It promotes the breakdown of proteins and fats, releasing amino acids and glycerol, which can be used to produce glucose. Therefore, cortisol is responsible for the occurrence of gluconeogenesis in the liver.Rate this question:
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- 3.
The P wave of a normal ekg indicates _______.
- A.
Ventricular repolarization
- B.
Atrial depolarization
- C.
Ventricular depolarization
- D.
Atril repolarization
Correct Answer
B. Atrial depolarizationExplanation
The correct answer is atrial depolarization. The P wave on an EKG represents the electrical activity that occurs when the atria depolarize and contract. It is the first wave in the cardiac cycle and indicates the initiation of the electrical impulse that causes the atria to contract and pump blood into the ventricles.Rate this question:
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- 4.
Which is the parent cell for all formed elements of blood?
- A.
NK cell
- B.
Megakryocyte
- C.
Hemocytoblast
- D.
Polmorphonuclear cell
Correct Answer
C. HemocytoblastExplanation
Hemocytoblast is the correct answer because it is the parent cell for all formed elements of blood. Hemocytoblasts are multipotent stem cells found in the bone marrow that have the ability to differentiate into various types of blood cells, including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. These cells undergo further differentiation and maturation to give rise to the different types of blood cells in the body. Therefore, hemocytoblast is the parent cell responsible for the production of all formed elements of blood.Rate this question:
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- 5.
Mineralocorticoid is to aldosterone as glucorticoid is to _______.
- A.
Estroge
- B.
Epinephrine
- C.
Testosterone
- D.
Cortisol
Correct Answer
D. CortisolExplanation
Mineralocorticoids, such as aldosterone, are hormones that regulate the balance of salt and water in the body. Similarly, glucocorticoids, like cortisol, are hormones that have various functions including regulating metabolism, reducing inflammation, and controlling blood sugar levels. Therefore, the correct analogy is that mineralocorticoid is to aldosterone as glucocorticoid is to cortisol.Rate this question:
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- 6.
Th tricuspid valve is closed _________.
- A.
While the atrium is contracting
- B.
When the ventricle is in systole
- C.
While the ventricle is in diastole
- D.
By the movement of blood from atrium to ventricle
Correct Answer
B. When the ventricle is in systoleExplanation
The tricuspid valve is closed when the ventricle is in systole. During systole, the ventricles contract and pump blood out of the heart. The closure of the tricuspid valve prevents the backflow of blood from the ventricle to the atrium, ensuring that blood flows in the correct direction through the heart.Rate this question:
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- 7.
During the period of ventricular filling _________.
- A.
It is represented by the P wave on the ECG
- B.
Blood flows passively through the atria and the open AV valves ino the ventricles
- C.
Pressure in the heart is at its peak
- D.
The atria remain in diastole
Correct Answer
B. Blood flows passively through the atria and the open AV valves ino the ventriclesExplanation
During the period of ventricular filling, blood flows passively through the atria and the open AV valves into the ventricles. This is because the atria are in diastole, which means they are relaxed and able to receive blood from the veins. The AV valves are also open during this time, allowing the blood to flow freely into the ventricles. The P wave on the ECG represents atrial depolarization, which occurs slightly before ventricular filling. The pressure in the heart is not at its peak during ventricular filling, as it is highest during ventricular contraction.Rate this question:
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- 8.
The first heart sound is associated with
- A.
Closure of semilunar valve
- B.
The QRS complex of the ECG
- C.
The P wave of the ECG
- D.
Closure of the Tricuspid valve
Correct Answer
B. The QRS complex of the ECGExplanation
The first heart sound is associated with the QRS complex of the ECG. The QRS complex represents the depolarization of the ventricles, which occurs just before the ventricles contract and the semilunar valves close. The closure of the semilunar valves produces the first heart sound, known as "lub." Therefore, the first heart sound is directly related to the QRS complex of the ECG.Rate this question:
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- 9.
What is happening between the first and second heart sound?
- A.
Ventricles are filling
- B.
Ventricles are emptying
- C.
Atria is filling
- D.
Atria is emptying
Correct Answer
B. Ventricles are emptyingExplanation
The correct answer is "Ventricles are emptying." During the time between the first and second heart sound, the ventricles are undergoing systole, which is the contraction phase of the cardiac cycle. This contraction causes the blood to be pumped out of the ventricles and into the arteries, leading to the emptying of the ventricles.Rate this question:
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- 10.
Fenestated capillaries _______.
- A.
Do not occur in the glomerular capillaries of the kidney
- B.
Are no common in endocrine organs and in areas where capillary absorption is an important factor
- C.
Are not more permeable than coninuous capillaries
- D.
Arenot found in the brain
Correct Answer
D. Arenot found in the brainExplanation
Fenestrated capillaries are characterized by the presence of small pores or fenestrations in their endothelial lining, which allow for increased permeability. However, these types of capillaries are not found in the brain. The blood-brain barrier, which is formed by tight junctions between endothelial cells in brain capillaries, restricts the passage of substances into the brain, making fenestrated capillaries unsuitable for this region.Rate this question:
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- 11.
Peripheral resistance ________.
- A.
Increass as blood vessel diameter increases
- B.
Decreases with incresing length of the blood vessel
- C.
Increases as blood viscosity increases
- D.
Is not a major function in blood pressure in healthy idividuals
Correct Answer
C. Increases as blood viscosity increasesExplanation
Peripheral resistance refers to the resistance encountered by blood flow in the blood vessels. It is influenced by several factors, including blood vessel diameter, length of the blood vessel, and blood viscosity. The given answer states that peripheral resistance increases as blood viscosity increases. This is because blood viscosity refers to the thickness or stickiness of the blood, and when it is higher, it becomes more difficult for the blood to flow through the vessels, leading to increased resistance. Therefore, as blood viscosity increases, peripheral resistance also increases.Rate this question:
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- 12.
Which tunic of an arter is most responsible for maintaining blood pressure and continuous blood circulation?
- A.
Tunica intima
- B.
Tunica media
- C.
Tunica externa
- D.
Basement membrane
Correct Answer
B. Tunica mediaExplanation
The tunica media is the correct answer because it is the middle layer of the arterial wall and is composed of smooth muscle cells. These smooth muscle cells are responsible for maintaining blood pressure and regulating blood flow by contracting and relaxing. The tunica intima is the innermost layer and is responsible for providing a smooth surface for blood flow. The tunica externa is the outermost layer and provides support and protection to the artery. The basement membrane is a thin layer that separates the tunica intima from the tunica media.Rate this question:
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- 13.
Select the correct statement about blood flow.
- A.
It is the greatest where resistance is highest
- B.
It is relatively constant through all body organs
- C.
Blood flow through the entire vascular system is equivalent to cardiac output
- D.
It is measure in mm Hg.
Correct Answer
C. Blood flow through the entire vascular system is equivalent to cardiac outputExplanation
Blood flow through the entire vascular system is equivalent to cardiac output because the cardiac output represents the amount of blood pumped by the heart per minute, and this blood is distributed throughout the entire vascular system. Therefore, the blood flow in the vascular system is directly proportional to the cardiac output.Rate this question:
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- 14.
Which of the following is not a form of lung cancer?
- A.
Kaposi's Sarcoma
- B.
Small cell carcinoma
- C.
Adenocarcinoma
- D.
Squamous cell carcinoma
Correct Answer
A. Kaposi's SarcomaExplanation
Kaposi's Sarcoma is not a form of lung cancer. It is a type of cancer that affects the blood vessels and lymph nodes, and is commonly associated with HIV/AIDS. Lung cancer, on the other hand, refers to the abnormal growth of cells in the lungs. The options small cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, and squamous cell carcinoma are all types of lung cancer.Rate this question:
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- 15.
Permitting the exchange of nutriens and gases beween the blood and tissue cells is the primary function of _______.
- A.
Caillaries
- B.
Veins
- C.
Arterioles
- D.
Arteries
Correct Answer
A. CaillariesExplanation
The primary function of capillaries is to permit the exchange of nutrients and gases between the blood and tissue cells. Capillaries are the smallest blood vessels in the body and have thin walls, allowing for easy diffusion of substances. They connect arterioles (small arteries) to venules (small veins), forming a network throughout the body. This network ensures that every cell is supplied with oxygen and nutrients and that waste products, such as carbon dioxide, are efficiently removed.Rate this question:
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- 16.
Which of the following is not one of the three main factors influencing blood pressure?
- A.
Peripheral resistance
- B.
Cardiac output
- C.
Emotional state
- D.
Blood volume
Correct Answer
C. Emotional stateExplanation
Emotional state is not one of the three main factors influencing blood pressure. Blood pressure is primarily influenced by peripheral resistance, cardiac output, and blood volume. Emotional state can have a temporary effect on blood pressure, but it is not considered a main factor. Factors like stress, anxiety, and excitement can cause temporary increases in blood pressure, but they do not have a significant long-term impact on blood pressure regulation. Therefore, emotional state is not considered one of the three main factors influencing blood pressure.Rate this question:
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- 17.
The velocity of blood flow is _________.
- A.
Slower in the arteries than in capillaries because arteries posses a relatively large diameter
- B.
Slower in the veins than in the capillaries because veins have a large diameter
- C.
In direct proportin to the total cross-sectional area of the blood vessels
- D.
Slowest in the capillaries because the total cross-sectional area is the greatest
Correct Answer
D. Slowest in the capillaries because the total cross-sectional area is the greatestExplanation
The velocity of blood flow is slowest in the capillaries because the total cross-sectional area is the greatest. This means that the blood is spread out over a larger area, leading to a decrease in velocity. In contrast, the arteries have a relatively large diameter but a smaller total cross-sectional area compared to the capillaries, resulting in faster blood flow. The veins, on the other hand, have a large diameter but also a larger total cross-sectional area than the capillaries, causing blood flow to be slower than in the capillaries but faster than in the arteries.Rate this question:
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- 18.
With the Bohr effect, more oxygen is released because a(n)_______.
- A.
Increase in pH stengthens the hemoglobin-oxygen bond
- B.
Increase in pH weakens the hemoglobin-oxygen bond
- C.
Decrease in pH weakens the hemoglobin-oxygen bond
- D.
Decrease in pH strengthens the hemoglobin-oxygen bond
Correct Answer
C. Decrease in pH weakens the hemoglobin-oxygen bondExplanation
The Bohr effect refers to the phenomenon where an increase in acidity (decrease in pH) weakens the bond between hemoglobin and oxygen, causing more oxygen to be released from hemoglobin. This is because a decrease in pH promotes the release of oxygen in tissues with a higher metabolic rate, where there is an increased production of carbon dioxide and a subsequent decrease in pH. This allows for a more efficient delivery of oxygen to these tissues.Rate this question:
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- 19.
Which of the choices below is not a factor that promots oxygen binding to and dissociation from hemogobin?
- A.
Partial pressure of carbon dioxide
- B.
Partial pressure of oxygen
- C.
Number of red blood cells
- D.
Temperature
Correct Answer
C. Number of red blood cellsExplanation
The number of red blood cells is not a factor that promotes oxygen binding to and dissociation from hemoglobin. Oxygen binding to hemoglobin is mainly influenced by the partial pressure of oxygen, which determines the concentration gradient for oxygen to diffuse into the red blood cells. The partial pressure of carbon dioxide also affects oxygen binding, as it can compete with oxygen for binding sites on hemoglobin. Additionally, temperature can affect the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen. However, the number of red blood cells does not directly impact the binding and dissociation of oxygen from hemoglobin.Rate this question:
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- 20.
Which of the following is true about veins?
- A.
Venous valves are formed from the tunica media
- B.
Veins are caled capacitance vessel or blood reservoirs
- C.
Veins have a small lumen in relation to the thickness of the vessel wall
- D.
Up to 35% of total body blood is in venous circulation at any given time
Correct Answer
B. Veins are caled capacitance vessel or blood reservoirsExplanation
Veins are called capacitance vessels or blood reservoirs because they have the ability to expand and hold a large volume of blood. This allows them to store blood and act as a reservoir, which can be quickly mobilized when needed, such as during exercise or in times of low blood pressure. This property of veins helps regulate blood flow and maintain proper circulation throughout the body.Rate this question:
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- 21.
Which of the choices below determines the direction of respiratory gas movement?
- A.
Partial pressure gradient
- B.
The temperature
- C.
Molecular weight and size of the gas molecule
- D.
Solubility in water
Correct Answer
A. Partial pressure gradientExplanation
The direction of respiratory gas movement is determined by the partial pressure gradient. This means that gases will move from areas of higher partial pressure to areas of lower partial pressure. The partial pressure of a gas is the pressure that gas would exert if it were the only gas present in a system. Therefore, the greater the difference in partial pressure between two areas, the greater the movement of gases between them. The other factors listed, such as temperature, molecular weight and size of the gas molecule, and solubility in water, may affect the rate or efficiency of gas movement, but they do not determine the direction of movement.Rate this question:
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- 22.
Select the correct statemen about factors that influence blood pressure.
- A.
Excess protein production would decrease blood pressure
- B.
Excess red cell production would cause a blood pressure increase
- C.
An increase in cardiac output corresponds to a decrease in blood pressure, due to the incresed delivery
- D.
Systemic vasodilation would increase blood pressure, due to diversion of blod to essential ares
Correct Answer
B. Excess red cell production would cause a blood pressure increaseExplanation
Excess red cell production would cause a blood pressure increase because an increase in the number of red blood cells leads to an increase in blood viscosity. This increased viscosity makes it harder for blood to flow through the blood vessels, resulting in an increase in blood pressure.Rate this question:
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- 23.
Which of the choices below reflects the balance (or imbalance) between the direction and amount of fluid that flows across the capillary wall?
- A.
Hydrostatic pressure only
- B.
Blood volume and viscosity
- C.
Plasma and formed element concentration
- D.
Hydrostatic and osmotic pressure
Correct Answer
D. Hydrostatic and osmotic pressureExplanation
The balance (or imbalance) between the direction and amount of fluid that flows across the capillary wall is determined by both hydrostatic and osmotic pressure. Hydrostatic pressure is the force exerted by the fluid against the capillary wall, which tends to push fluid out of the capillary. Osmotic pressure, on the other hand, is the pressure exerted by the solutes in the fluid, which tends to pull fluid into the capillary. The combination of these two pressures determines the net movement of fluid across the capillary wall.Rate this question:
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- 24.
Which of the choices below is not a functional process performed by the respiratory system?
- A.
Pulmonary respiration
- B.
Transport of respiratory gases
- C.
Pulmonary ventilation
- D.
External respiration
Correct Answer
B. Transport of respiratory gasesExplanation
The respiratory system is responsible for multiple functional processes, including pulmonary respiration, pulmonary ventilation, and external respiration. These processes involve the exchange of gases, such as oxygen and carbon dioxide, between the respiratory system and the bloodstream or the external environment. However, the transport of respiratory gases is not a direct functional process performed by the respiratory system. Instead, this task is primarily carried out by the circulatory system, specifically the cardiovascular system, which transports oxygen from the lungs to the body's tissues and removes carbon dioxide for elimination.Rate this question:
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- 25.
The pulse pressure is _______.
- A.
Systolic pressure dividedby diastolic pressure
- B.
Systolic pressure minus diastolic pressure
- C.
Systolic pressure plus diastolic pressure
- D.
Diastolic pressure plus 1/3 (systolic pressure plus diastolic presure)
Correct Answer
B. Systolic pressure minus diastolic pressureExplanation
Pulse pressure is defined as the difference between systolic pressure (the highest pressure in the arteries during a cardiac cycle) and diastolic pressure (the lowest pressure in the arteries during a cardiac cycle). Therefore, the correct answer is "systolic pressure minus diastolic pressure."Rate this question:
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- 26.
Which tunic of an artery contains endothelium?
- A.
Tunica Externa
- B.
Tunica Media
- C.
Tunica Intima
- D.
Basement membrane
Correct Answer
C. Tunica IntimaExplanation
The tunica intima of an artery contains endothelium. The tunica intima is the innermost layer of the artery wall and is in direct contact with the blood flowing through the artery. It is composed of a single layer of endothelial cells, which form a smooth lining that allows for the smooth flow of blood. The endothelium also plays a role in regulating blood pressure and the exchange of nutrients and waste products between the blood and surrounding tissues.Rate this question:
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- 27.
The most powerful respiratory stimulus for breathing in a healthy person is _______.
- A.
Alkalosis
- B.
Increase of CO2
- C.
Acidosis
- D.
Loss of oxygen in tissues
Correct Answer
B. Increase of CO2Explanation
The most powerful respiratory stimulus for breathing in a healthy person is an increase of CO2. When the CO2 levels in the body rise, it triggers a response in the respiratory system to increase breathing rate and depth. This helps to eliminate excess CO2 from the body and restore a balance in the blood pH. This response is important for maintaining proper oxygen and carbon dioxide levels in the body, ensuring efficient gas exchange in the lungs, and overall respiratory function.Rate this question:
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- 28.
Which of the following processes provides a long-term response to changes in blood presure?
- A.
Baroreceptor-initiated reflexes
- B.
Renal regulation
- C.
Neural control
- D.
Chemoreceptor-iitiated reflexes
Correct Answer
B. Renal regulationExplanation
Renal regulation provides a long-term response to changes in blood pressure. The kidneys play a crucial role in regulating blood pressure by adjusting the volume of blood and the concentration of electrolytes in the body. They can increase or decrease the amount of water and salt reabsorbed into the bloodstream, which affects blood volume and ultimately blood pressure. This process takes longer to have an effect compared to other mechanisms like baroreceptor-initiated reflexes or neural control, but it provides a more sustained and long-term response to maintain blood pressure within the normal range.Rate this question:
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- 29.
Which of the disorders is characterized by destruction of the walls of the alveoli producing abnormally large air spaces that remain filled with air during exhalation>
- A.
Coryza
- B.
Emphysema
- C.
Pneumonia
- D.
Tuberculosis
Correct Answer
B. EmpHysemaExplanation
Emphysema is a disorder characterized by the destruction of the walls of the alveoli, which are tiny air sacs in the lungs. This destruction leads to the formation of abnormally large air spaces that remain filled with air during exhalation. This results in difficulty breathing, shortness of breath, and reduced lung function. Emphysema is commonly caused by long-term exposure to irritants, such as cigarette smoke, and is often associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).Rate this question:
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- 30.
Which of the following is not an event necessary to supply the body with O2 and dispose of CO2
- A.
Pulmonary ventilation
- B.
Internal respiration
- C.
External respiration
- D.
Blood pH adjustment
Correct Answer
D. Blood pH adjustmentExplanation
Blood pH adjustment is not an event necessary to supply the body with O2 and dispose of CO2. Pulmonary ventilation is the process of breathing in oxygen and exhaling carbon dioxide. External respiration occurs in the lungs, where oxygen is taken up by the blood and carbon dioxide is released from the blood. Internal respiration takes place at the cellular level, where oxygen is used by the cells for energy production and carbon dioxide is produced as a waste product. Blood pH adjustment, on the other hand, is a regulatory mechanism that ensures the blood pH remains within a narrow range to maintain normal physiological functions, but it is not directly involved in the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide.Rate this question:
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- 31.
How is the bulk of carbon dioxide carried in blood?
- A.
As the bicarbonate ion in the plasma after first entering the red blood cells
- B.
Chemically combined with the heme portion of hemoglobin
- C.
As carbonic acid in the plasma
- D.
Chemically combined with the amino acids of hemoglbin as carbaminohemoglobin in the red blood cells
Correct Answer
A. As the bicarbonate ion in the plasma after first entering the red blood cellsExplanation
The bulk of carbon dioxide is carried in the blood as the bicarbonate ion in the plasma after first entering the red blood cells. This process occurs through the conversion of carbon dioxide into carbonic acid in the red blood cells, which then dissociates into bicarbonate ions and hydrogen ions. The bicarbonate ions are transported out of the red blood cells into the plasma, where they act as the primary form of carbon dioxide transport. This mechanism allows for efficient removal of carbon dioxide from the tissues and its transport to the lungs for elimination.Rate this question:
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- 32.
The baroreceptors in the carotid sinus and aortic arch are sensitive to which of the following?
- A.
Changes in arterial pressure
- B.
A decrease in carbon dioxide
- C.
A decrease in oxygen levels
- D.
An increase in oxygen levels
Correct Answer
A. Changes in arterial pressureExplanation
The baroreceptors in the carotid sinus and aortic arch are sensitive to changes in arterial pressure. These receptors detect changes in blood pressure and send signals to the brain to regulate and maintain blood pressure within a normal range. When blood pressure increases, the baroreceptors signal the brain to decrease it, and when blood pressure decreases, the baroreceptors signal the brain to increase it. This feedback mechanism helps to maintain stable blood pressure levels and ensure adequate blood flow to the organs and tissues.Rate this question:
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- 33.
Aldosterone will _________.
- A.
Promote a decrease in blood volume
- B.
Promote an increase in blood pressure
- C.
Result in a larger output of urine
- D.
Decrease sodium reabsorption
Correct Answer
B. Promote an increase in blood pressureExplanation
Aldosterone is a hormone produced by the adrenal glands that plays a role in regulating blood pressure. It acts on the kidneys to increase the reabsorption of sodium and water, leading to an increase in blood volume. With an increase in blood volume, there is an increase in blood pressure. Therefore, aldosterone promotes an increase in blood pressure.Rate this question:
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- 34.
Which of the following is not a stimulus for breathing?
- A.
Rising carbon dioxide levels
- B.
Rising blood pressure
- C.
Arterial pH resulting from CO2 retention
- D.
Arterial pO2 below 60 mmhg
Correct Answer
B. Rising blood pressureExplanation
Rising blood pressure is not a stimulus for breathing. Breathing is primarily regulated by the levels of carbon dioxide and oxygen in the blood, as well as the pH level. When carbon dioxide levels rise or arterial pH is affected by CO2 retention, it triggers the respiratory system to increase breathing rate and depth. Similarly, when arterial pO2 falls below 60 mmHg, it stimulates the respiratory system to increase ventilation. However, rising blood pressure does not directly influence the respiratory system and is not a stimulus for breathing.Rate this question:
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- 35.
The arteries that are also called distributing arteries are the _______.
- A.
Arterioles
- B.
Elastic arteries
- C.
Muscular arteries
- D.
Capillaries
Correct Answer
C. Muscular arteriesExplanation
Muscular arteries are the correct answer because they are responsible for distributing blood from the elastic arteries to specific organs and tissues. These arteries have a thick layer of smooth muscle in their walls, which allows them to constrict and dilate to regulate blood flow. Arterioles are smaller branches of muscular arteries, while elastic arteries are larger vessels that help maintain blood pressure. Capillaries, on the other hand, are the smallest blood vessels where oxygen and nutrients are exchanged with tissues.Rate this question:
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- 36.
Factors that aid venous return include all except _________.
- A.
Urinary output
- B.
Pressure change in the thorax
- C.
Venous valves
- D.
Activity of skeletal muscles
Correct Answer
A. Urinary outputExplanation
Venous return refers to the blood flow back to the heart from the veins. Factors that aid venous return include pressure change in the thorax (such as during breathing), venous valves (which prevent backflow of blood), and the activity of skeletal muscles (which helps to squeeze the veins and push the blood towards the heart). Urinary output, on the other hand, refers to the production of urine by the kidneys and does not directly affect venous return. Therefore, urinary output is the correct answer as it is the only option that does not aid venous return.Rate this question:
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- 37.
Select the correct statement about oxygen trasport in blood:
- A.
During conditions of acidosis, hemoglobin is able to carry oxygen more efficiently
- B.
Increase BPG levels in the red blood cells enhance oxygen-carrying capacity
- C.
During normal activity, a molecule of hemoglobin returning to the lungs carries one molecue of O2.
- D.
A 50% oxygen saturation levelof blood returning to the lungs might indicate an activity level higher than normal.
Correct Answer
D. A 50% oxygen saturation levelof blood returning to the lungs might indicate an activity level higher than normal.Explanation
A 50% oxygen saturation level of blood returning to the lungs might indicate an activity level higher than normal. During increased physical activity, the body's oxygen demand is higher, resulting in a faster rate of oxygen consumption. This leads to a lower oxygen saturation level in the blood returning to the lungs. Therefore, a 50% oxygen saturation level suggests that the blood has delivered a significant amount of oxygen to tissues, indicating a higher activity level than normal.Rate this question:
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- 38.
Decreased insulin in the pancreas does not increase glucose converting to glycogen in the liver
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
A. TrueExplanation
When there is a decrease in insulin production in the pancreas, it means that there is less insulin available to stimulate the liver to convert glucose into glycogen. Insulin is responsible for signaling the liver to store excess glucose as glycogen for later use. Therefore, if there is a decrease in insulin, there will be a decrease in the conversion of glucose into glycogen in the liver. Hence, the statement is true.Rate this question:
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- 39.
The hormone that maintains plasma calcium is.
- A.
T3
- B.
Calcitonin
- C.
Parathyroid hormone
- D.
TSH
Correct Answer
C. Parathyroid hormoneExplanation
Parathyroid hormone is the hormone that maintains plasma calcium levels. It is produced by the parathyroid glands and acts on the bones, kidneys, and intestines to increase calcium levels in the blood. When blood calcium levels are low, parathyroid hormone is released, which stimulates the release of calcium from the bones, increases calcium reabsorption in the kidneys, and enhances calcium absorption in the intestines. This helps to maintain the necessary levels of calcium in the blood for various physiological functions.Rate this question:
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- 40.
Insulin is released from alpha cells in pancreas.
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
B. FalseExplanation
its beta cellsRate this question:
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- 41.
The vessel layer that has a direct role in vasoconstriction is the:
- A.
Tunica Externa
- B.
Tunica Media
- C.
Tunica Intima
Correct Answer
B. Tunica MediaExplanation
The tunica media is the vessel layer that has a direct role in vasoconstriction. This layer is composed of smooth muscle cells and elastic fibers, which allow it to contract and relax in response to various stimuli. When the tunica media contracts, it narrows the blood vessel, leading to vasoconstriction. This process helps regulate blood flow and blood pressure in the body.Rate this question:
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- 42.
The vessels that exhibit the lowest level of permeability are the
- A.
Continusous capillaries
- B.
Fenestrated capillaries
- C.
Sinusoidal capillaries
Correct Answer
A. Continusous capillariesExplanation
Continuous capillaries exhibit the lowest level of permeability compared to fenestrated and sinusoidal capillaries. Continuous capillaries have tightly joined endothelial cells that form a continuous lining, with small gaps called intercellular clefts between them. These clefts allow for the passage of small molecules like water and ions, but larger molecules like proteins are unable to pass through easily. In contrast, fenestrated capillaries have small pores or fenestrations in their endothelial cells, allowing for greater permeability. Sinusoidal capillaries have large gaps between their endothelial cells, making them the most permeable type of capillaries.Rate this question:
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- 43.
A subunit of hemoglobin can bind a maximum of _____ oxygen molecules.
- A.
Four
- B.
Two
- C.
One
- D.
Three
Correct Answer
C. OneExplanation
A subunit of hemoglobin can bind a maximum of one oxygen molecule. This is because each subunit of hemoglobin contains a heme group, which can bind to one oxygen molecule. Hemoglobin consists of four subunits, so it can bind a total of four oxygen molecules.Rate this question:
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- 44.
Blood tye is determined by:
- A.
Glycoproteins present in the plasma
- B.
Antibiodies present on the surface of erythrocytes
- C.
Antibiodies present in the plasma
- D.
Glycoproteins (antigens) present on the surface of erythrocytes
Correct Answer
D. Glycoproteins (antigens) present on the surface of erythrocytesExplanation
Blood type is determined by the presence of glycoproteins (antigens) on the surface of erythrocytes. These antigens are specific to each blood type (A, B, AB, or O) and help the immune system recognize and differentiate between different blood types. The presence or absence of these antigens determines an individual's blood type. The other options mentioned in the question, such as glycoproteins in the plasma or antibodies present on the surface of erythrocytes or in the plasma, are not directly responsible for determining blood type.Rate this question:
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- 45.
Which of the following types of white blood cells release histamine and contain heparin?
- A.
Basophil
- B.
Neutrophil
- C.
Eosinophil
- D.
Monocyte
Correct Answer
A. BasopHilExplanation
Basophils are a type of white blood cells that release histamine and contain heparin. Histamine is a chemical that plays a role in allergic reactions, inflammation, and immune responses. Heparin is an anticoagulant that helps prevent blood clotting. Basophils are involved in the body's immune response to parasites and in allergic reactions. They release histamine to increase blood flow to the site of injury or infection and promote inflammation, while heparin helps prevent excessive blood clotting. Therefore, basophils are the correct answer to this question.Rate this question:
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- 46.
Which of the following type of white blood cells kills parasitic worms?
- A.
Neutrophils
- B.
Eosinophils
- C.
Basophils
- D.
Lymphocytes
Correct Answer
B. EosinopHilsExplanation
Eosinophils are a type of white blood cells that are specifically involved in fighting parasitic infections. They are equipped with granules containing toxic substances that are effective in killing parasitic worms. Eosinophils are attracted to the site of infection and release these toxic substances, which help to destroy the parasites and prevent further spread of the infection.Rate this question:
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- 47.
When red blood cells are intially released from the bone marrow, they are released as immature cells known as:
- A.
Cytoblasts
- B.
Reticulocytes
- C.
Thrombocytes
- D.
Hemocytoblasts
Correct Answer
B. ReticulocytesExplanation
When red blood cells are initially released from the bone marrow, they are released as immature cells known as reticulocytes. Reticulocytes are slightly larger than mature red blood cells and still contain some remnants of their nucleus. As they mature, these remnants are expelled, and the reticulocytes become fully functional red blood cells.Rate this question:
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- 48.
Cardiac output is:
- A.
The amount of blood filling each ventricle at the end of diastole
- B.
The number of times the heart beats in one minute
- C.
The amount of blood pumped out of each ventricle in one minute
- D.
The amount of blood pumped out of the heart during every ventricula contraction.
Correct Answer
C. The amount of blood pumped out of each ventricle in one minuteExplanation
Cardiac output refers to the amount of blood that is pumped out of each ventricle in one minute. It is a measure of the efficiency of the heart's pumping action and is calculated by multiplying the stroke volume (the amount of blood pumped out with each heartbeat) by the heart rate (the number of times the heart beats in one minute). Therefore, the correct answer is "the amount of blood pumped out of each ventricle in one minute."Rate this question:
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- 49.
The pressure that must be overcome for the ventricles to eject blood is called.
- A.
Preload
- B.
Afterload
- C.
Contractility
Correct Answer
B. AfterloadExplanation
Afterload is the correct answer because it refers to the pressure that the ventricles must overcome in order to eject blood out of the heart and into the arteries. It is the resistance that the heart has to push against to pump blood effectively. Preload, on the other hand, refers to the amount of blood that fills the ventricles before contraction, while contractility refers to the force of the heart's contraction itself.Rate this question:
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- 50.
Loading and unloading of O2 by hemoglobin is regulated by:
- A.
Patm
- B.
Viscosity
- C.
Temperature
- D.
Length of vessels
Correct Answer
C. TemperatureExplanation
The loading and unloading of O2 by hemoglobin is regulated by temperature. As temperature increases, the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen decreases, allowing for easier unloading of oxygen to the tissues. Conversely, as temperature decreases, the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen increases, facilitating the loading of oxygen in the lungs. This temperature-dependent regulation ensures that oxygen is efficiently delivered to the tissues in response to their metabolic needs.Rate this question:
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Mar 20, 2023Quiz Edited by
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Jun 19, 2012Quiz Created by
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