1.
There are two vascular systems of the body: 1) _____________ Circulation, and2) _____________ Circulation
Explanation
The two vascular systems of the body are the pulmonary circulation and the systemic circulation. Pulmonary circulation refers to the circulation of blood between the heart and the lungs, where oxygen is picked up and carbon dioxide is released. Systemic circulation, on the other hand, refers to the circulation of blood between the heart and the rest of the body, delivering oxygen and nutrients to the tissues and removing waste products.
2.
Pulmonary circulation carries blood from the ________ to the ________.
Explanation
Pulmonary circulation refers to the pathway of blood flow between the heart and the lungs. In this process, deoxygenated blood is pumped from the right side of the heart to the lungs, where it picks up oxygen and gets rid of carbon dioxide. The oxygenated blood is then returned to the left side of the heart to be pumped to the rest of the body. Therefore, the correct answer is "heart, lungs."
3.
___________ circulation is the only part of the body where the arteries carry deoxygenated blood and the veins carry oxygenated blood.
Explanation
The pulmonary circulation is the only part of the body where the arteries carry deoxygenated blood and the veins carry oxygenated blood. This is because the pulmonary circulation is responsible for the exchange of gases in the lungs. Deoxygenated blood from the body is pumped to the lungs through the pulmonary arteries, where it picks up oxygen and becomes oxygenated. The oxygenated blood then returns to the heart through the pulmonary veins, ready to be pumped out to the rest of the body. In contrast, in the systemic circulation, the arteries carry oxygenated blood and the veins carry deoxygenated blood.
4.
In the ___________ circulation, arteries transport oxygenated blood from the heart to the muscles and organs of the body.
Explanation
The correct answer is "systemic." In the systemic circulation, arteries carry oxygenated blood from the heart to the muscles and organs of the body. This is the main circulation system in the body, where oxygen and nutrients are delivered to the tissues, and carbon dioxide and waste products are removed. The systemic circulation is responsible for supplying oxygen to all parts of the body and plays a crucial role in maintaining overall body function.
5.
In the systemic circulation, veins transport ____________ blood from the muscles and organs back to the heart.
Explanation
Veins in the systemic circulation are responsible for carrying deoxygenated blood from the muscles and organs back to the heart. Oxygenated blood is pumped out of the heart through arteries to supply oxygen and nutrients to the muscles and organs. Once the oxygen has been delivered, the blood becomes deoxygenated and needs to return to the heart to be reoxygenated. This is where the veins come into play, as they collect the deoxygenated blood and transport it back to the heart for another round of oxygenation.
6.
Blood vessels have ____ (#) layers.
Explanation
Blood vessels have three layers. The three layers are the tunica intima, tunica media, and tunica externa. The tunica intima is the innermost layer, consisting of endothelial cells that line the vessel. The tunica media is the middle layer, made up of smooth muscle cells and elastic fibers that provide strength and flexibility to the vessel. The tunica externa is the outermost layer, composed of connective tissue that supports and protects the vessel. These three layers work together to maintain the structure and function of blood vessels.
7.
The innermost layer of the blood vessel which is in direct contact with the blood is called the ___________ ____________.
Explanation
The innermost layer of the blood vessel that is in direct contact with the blood is called the Tunica Intima. This layer is composed of endothelial cells, which provide a smooth surface for blood flow and help regulate the exchange of substances between the blood and the surrounding tissues. The Tunica Intima also contains a layer of connective tissue and a layer of smooth muscle cells, which help maintain the structure and function of the blood vessel.
8.
Which layer of blood vessels is comprised mainly of endothelial cells with a thin layer of elastic tissue?
Correct Answer
B. Tunica Intima
Explanation
The correct answer is Tunica Intima. The tunica intima is the innermost layer of blood vessels and is primarily composed of endothelial cells. It also contains a thin layer of elastic tissue. The tunica media, on the other hand, is the middle layer and is mainly composed of smooth muscle cells. The tunica adventitia is the outermost layer and is primarily composed of connective tissue.
9.
The second or middle layer of a blood vessel is called the __________ ___________.
Correct Answer
Tunica Media
Explanation
The second or middle layer of a blood vessel is called the tunica media. This layer is composed of smooth muscle cells and elastic fibers, which allow the blood vessel to contract and expand to regulate blood flow. The tunica media is responsible for maintaining the structural integrity of the blood vessel and controlling its diameter. It plays a crucial role in regulating blood pressure and ensuring efficient blood circulation throughout the body.
10.
Which layer of the blood vessel consists of elastic fibers and smooth muscle?
Correct Answer
C. Tunica Media
Explanation
The correct answer is Tunica Media. The tunica media is the middle layer of the blood vessel and is composed of elastic fibers and smooth muscle. This layer provides structural support to the blood vessel and helps regulate blood flow by contracting and relaxing the smooth muscle. The elastic fibers allow the blood vessel to stretch and recoil, accommodating changes in blood pressure.
11.
The outermost layer of blood vessels is called the ___________ ____________.
Correct Answer
Tunica Adventitia
Tunica Externa
Explanation
The outermost layer of blood vessels is known as the tunica adventitia or tunica externa. This layer is composed of connective tissue and provides support and protection to the blood vessel. It also contains blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels that supply nutrients and oxygen to the vessel wall.
12.
Which layer of blood vessels are composed of collagen and elastic fibers?
Correct Answer
C. Tunica Adventitia
Explanation
The tunica adventitia is the outermost layer of blood vessels and is composed of collagen and elastic fibers. This layer provides structural support and protection to the blood vessel. Collagen fibers give strength and elasticity to the vessel, while elastic fibers allow the vessel to stretch and recoil. Therefore, the tunica adventitia is responsible for maintaining the integrity and flexibility of the blood vessel walls.
13.
The tunica adventitia is also known as the tunica ___________.
Correct Answer
Externa
Explanation
The tunica adventitia is the outermost layer of a blood vessel wall. It is also referred to as the tunica externa. This layer is composed of connective tissue that provides support and protection to the blood vessel. It helps to anchor the vessel in place and prevent it from collapsing or rupturing.
14.
PATHWAY OF BLOOD:Put the following vessels in their proper order beginning with the oxygenated vessels.1) Capillaries2) Arteries3) Venules4) Arterioles5) Veins*Just type the number, not the whole word.
Correct Answer
24135
2,4,1,3,5
15.
These vessels are small arteries that deliver blood to the capillaries from the larger arteries.
Correct Answer
arterioles
Explanation
Arterioles are small arteries that play a crucial role in delivering oxygenated blood from larger arteries to the capillaries. They are responsible for regulating blood flow and blood pressure by constricting or dilating. Arterioles have smooth muscle in their walls, allowing them to adjust their diameter and control the amount of blood reaching the capillaries. This regulation is essential for maintaining proper blood flow and ensuring that tissues receive adequate oxygen and nutrients.
16.
These vessels connect arterioles and venules.
Correct Answer
capillaries
Explanation
Capillaries are tiny blood vessels that connect arterioles (small arteries) and venules (small veins). They are responsible for the exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and waste products between the blood and surrounding tissues. Capillaries have thin walls, allowing for efficient diffusion of substances. Due to their extensive network and proximity to cells, capillaries play a crucial role in delivering oxygen and nutrients to tissues and removing waste products. Therefore, capillaries are the correct answer to the question.
17.
These vessels permit the exchange of nutrients and wastes between the blood and tissues through their walls.
Correct Answer
capillaries
Explanation
Capillaries are tiny blood vessels that have thin walls, allowing for the exchange of nutrients and waste products between the blood and the surrounding tissues. Their small size and large surface area make them ideal for this exchange process. Capillaries connect the smallest arteries, called arterioles, to the smallest veins, called venules, forming a network throughout the body. This network ensures that every cell in the body is supplied with nutrients and oxygen while waste products are efficiently removed. Therefore, capillaries play a crucial role in maintaining the overall health and functioning of tissues and organs.
18.
Groups of capillaries unite to form small veins called __________.
Correct Answer
venules
Explanation
Capillaries are tiny blood vessels that connect arteries and veins. They are responsible for the exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and waste products between the blood and surrounding tissues. After the exchange occurs, groups of capillaries join together to form small veins called venules. These venules then merge with other venules to form larger veins, which eventually return the deoxygenated blood back to the heart.
19.
Which vessel is the tunica media thicker in?...Arteries or Veins?
Correct Answer
arteries
Explanation
The tunica media refers to the middle layer of blood vessels that contains smooth muscle and elastic fibers. In arteries, the tunica media is thicker compared to veins. This is because arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart at high pressure, requiring more strength and elasticity to withstand the force. Veins, on the other hand, carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart at lower pressure and therefore do not require as thick of a tunica media.
20.
Because of the thickness of the _________ walls, they maintain their shape and do not collapse.
Correct Answer
artery
Explanation
Arteries have thick walls made up of three layers: the tunica intima, tunica media, and tunica externa. The tunica media, which is the middle layer, is particularly thick and composed of smooth muscle and elastic fibers. This thickness allows arteries to withstand the high pressure and force exerted by the blood pumped by the heart. As a result, arteries maintain their shape and do not collapse, ensuring efficient blood flow throughout the body.
21.
Because of their lack of support, _________ can be easily compressed and invaded by neoplasms.
Correct Answer
veins
Explanation
Veins are blood vessels that carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart. Unlike arteries, veins have thinner walls and less muscular support. This lack of support makes veins more susceptible to compression and invasion by neoplasms (abnormal growths like tumors). Neoplasms can easily compress and invade veins, leading to various complications and health issues.
22.
Veins rely on __________ __________ contraction to help move blood back to the heart.
Correct Answer
skeletal muscle
Explanation
Veins rely on skeletal muscle contraction to help move blood back to the heart. When skeletal muscles contract, they put pressure on the veins, squeezing them and pushing the blood towards the heart. This is especially important in the lower extremities, where the force of gravity makes it more difficult for blood to flow against it. The contraction of skeletal muscles acts as a pump, aiding in venous return and maintaining proper blood circulation throughout the body.
23.
Veins have __________ which help aid the movement of blood and prevent backflow.
Correct Answer
valves
Explanation
Veins have valves which are structures that help in the movement of blood and prevent backflow. These valves are present throughout the veins and act as one-way doors, allowing blood to flow towards the heart and preventing it from flowing backwards. When the muscles surrounding the veins contract, they squeeze the blood and push it towards the heart. The valves open to allow the blood to pass through, and then close to prevent it from flowing back. This mechanism ensures that blood circulates efficiently throughout the body, against the force of gravity.
24.
Choose the three veins that do not have valves.
Correct Answer(s)
B. Pulmonary System
C. Portal Veins
D. IVC
Explanation
The three veins that do not have valves are the Pulmonary System, Portal Veins, and IVC. Valves in veins help to prevent the backflow of blood and ensure that it flows in one direction. However, these three veins are exceptions to this rule and do not have valves. The Pulmonary System carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart, the Portal Veins carry blood from the digestive organs to the liver, and the IVC carries deoxygenated blood from the lower body back to the heart.
25.
_____(#) to _____(#) percent of the circulating blood volume is found in the veins.
Correct Answer(s)
70, 80
Explanation
Approximately 70 to 80 percent of the circulating blood volume is found in the veins. Veins are blood vessels that carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart. They have a larger diameter and thinner walls compared to arteries, allowing them to hold a larger volume of blood. This is necessary as veins act as a reservoir, storing blood and maintaining blood pressure during periods of inactivity or when blood flow needs to be redirected to other parts of the body.
26.
Arteries have _________ that come off of them, whereas veins have __________ that run into them.
Correct Answer(s)
branches, tributaries
Explanation
Arteries have branches that come off of them, which help to distribute oxygenated blood to various parts of the body. On the other hand, veins have tributaries that run into them, which collect deoxygenated blood from different areas and transport it back to the heart. These branching structures in arteries and tributaries in veins play a crucial role in maintaining the circulation of blood throughout the body.
27.
The aorta originates from the ________ _________, courses rightward and superior to form the _________ __________.
Correct Answer(s)
left ventricle, ascending aorta
LV, ascending aorta
Explanation
The correct answer is "left ventricle, ascending aorta". The aorta, the largest artery in the body, originates from the left ventricle of the heart. It then courses rightward and superiorly to form the ascending aorta. The left ventricle is responsible for pumping oxygenated blood into the aorta, which then distributes it to the rest of the body.
28.
To form the aortic arch, the aorta curves toward the ________ and _________.
Correct Answer
A. Left, posterior
Explanation
The aortic arch is formed when the aorta curves towards the left and posteriorly. This means that the arch of the aorta bends towards the left side of the body and also towards the back. This anatomical arrangement allows for efficient blood flow from the heart to the rest of the body.
29.
After the arch, the aorta descends inferiorly termed the descending aorta and gives rise to the __________ aorta.
Correct Answer
thoracic
Explanation
After the arch, the aorta descends inferiorly, forming the descending aorta. From the descending aorta, the thoracic aorta arises. The term "thoracic" refers to the region of the body that includes the chest, where the thoracic aorta is located. Therefore, the correct answer is thoracic.
30.
Once the aorta penetrates the diaphragm, it is termed the ___________ ___________.
Correct Answer
abdominal aorta
Explanation
Once the aorta penetrates the diaphragm, it is termed the abdominal aorta. This is because the aorta, which is the largest artery in the body, passes through the diaphragm and enters the abdominal cavity. It continues downward, supplying blood to the organs in the abdomen, such as the stomach, liver, and intestines. The term "abdominal aorta" is used to specifically refer to this portion of the aorta that is located within the abdomen.
31.
In the abdomen, the aorta runs ___________ (anterior or posterior?) to the spine and slightly to the ___________ (right or left?) of midline.
Correct Answer
anterior, left
Explanation
The aorta runs anterior to the spine and slightly to the left of midline in the abdomen.
32.
The aorta begins ___________ (anterior or posterior?) and becomes more ___________ (anterior or posterior?) as it travels inferiorly.
Correct Answer
posterior, anterior
Explanation
The aorta begins posterior and becomes more anterior as it travels inferiorly. This means that the aorta starts at the back of the body and moves towards the front as it goes downwards.
33.
Measuring approximately 2-3 cm long, the first major branch off the abdominal aorta is the...
Correct Answer
celiac axis
celiac trunk
celiac artery
Explanation
The correct answer is celiac axis, celiac trunk, celiac artery. The celiac axis, also known as the celiac trunk or celiac artery, is the first major branch off the abdominal aorta. It supplies blood to the upper abdominal organs, including the stomach, liver, spleen, and pancreas. The celiac axis divides into three main branches: the left gastric artery, the splenic artery, and the common hepatic artery. These branches further supply blood to specific regions within the upper abdomen.
34.
The celiac axis is located __________ to the pancreas.
Correct Answer
C. Superior
Explanation
The celiac axis is located superior to the pancreas. This means that it is positioned above the pancreas.
35.
The three branches off the celiac axis are...? **Starting from right to left.
Correct Answer
common hepatic artery, left gastric artery, splenic artery
common hepatic artery, splenic artery, left gastric artery
CHA, SA, LGA
Explanation
The correct answer is "common hepatic artery, left gastric artery, splenic artery." This is the correct order of the three branches off the celiac axis when starting from right to left.
36.
Which artery courses rightward from the celiac artery?
Correct Answer
common hepatic artery
CHA
common hepatic
Explanation
The artery that courses rightward from the celiac artery is called the common hepatic artery. It is also abbreviated as CHA. This artery supplies blood to the liver and is an important branch of the celiac artery.
37.
Which artery branches from the common hepatic artery and serves as a landmark for the anterolateral aspect of the head of the pancreas?
Correct Answer
gastroduodenal artery
GDA
gastroduodenal
Explanation
The gastroduodenal artery branches from the common hepatic artery and serves as a landmark for the anterolateral aspect of the head of the pancreas. It supplies blood to the stomach, duodenum, and the head of the pancreas. This artery is important for surgical procedures involving the pancreas and helps in identifying the location of the head of the pancreas during surgery.
38.
After the GDA, the common hepatic artery becomes the __________ ___________ ___________.
Correct Answer
proper hepatic artery
Explanation
After the GDA, the common hepatic artery becomes the proper hepatic artery. This is because the common hepatic artery is a branch of the celiac trunk that supplies blood to the liver. After giving off the gastroduodenal artery (GDA), it continues as the proper hepatic artery, which further branches into the left and right hepatic arteries to supply the liver with oxygenated blood.
39.
The proper hepatic artery enters the liver at the level of the __________ __________ with the ___________ vein.
Correct Answer
porta hepatis, portal
Explanation
The proper hepatic artery enters the liver at the level of the porta hepatis with the portal vein. The porta hepatis is a specific anatomical location in the liver where various structures enter or exit, including the hepatic artery, portal vein, and bile ducts. The portal vein carries nutrient-rich blood from the digestive organs to the liver, while the proper hepatic artery supplies oxygenated blood to the liver. Therefore, the proper hepatic artery enters the liver at the porta hepatis along with the portal vein.
40.
Once the proper hepatic artery is intrahepatic, it branches into the _________, __________ and __________ hepatic arteries to supply the liver with blood.
Correct Answer
right, middle, left
Explanation
The proper hepatic artery, once it is within the liver, divides into three branches: the right hepatic artery, the middle hepatic artery, and the left hepatic artery. These arteries are responsible for supplying blood to the liver, ensuring its proper functioning.
41.
Which branch of the proper hepatic artery gives rise to the cystic artery that supplies blood to the gallbladder?
Correct Answer
A. Right
Explanation
The correct answer is right. The right branch of the proper hepatic artery gives rise to the cystic artery that supplies blood to the gallbladder. The cystic artery is an important branch that provides oxygenated blood to the gallbladder, allowing it to function properly.
42.
Which hepatic artery arises from the SMA in 9-15% of the population?
Correct Answer
A. Right
Explanation
The right hepatic artery arises from the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) in 9-15% of the population. This is a variation in the anatomy of the hepatic artery, where instead of arising directly from the celiac trunk, it originates from the SMA. This anatomical variation is important to be aware of during surgical procedures or interventions involving the liver, as it can impact the blood supply to the right lobe of the liver.
43.
What is the term used to describe the right hepatic artery that arises from the SMA instead of the proper hepatic artery?
Correct Answer
replaced right hepatic artery
Explanation
The term used to describe the right hepatic artery that arises from the SMA instead of the proper hepatic artery is the "replaced right hepatic artery." This occurs when the normal anatomy is altered, and the blood supply to the liver is provided by a branch of the superior mesenteric artery instead of the usual proper hepatic artery.
44.
The left gastric artery supplies the _________ and __________ with blood.
Correct Answer
stomach, esophagus
esophagus, stomach
Explanation
The left gastric artery is responsible for supplying blood to both the stomach and the esophagus. This means that it provides the necessary oxygen and nutrients to these organs for their proper functioning.
45.
Which branch of the celiac axis is usually not visualized on sono?****Registry Question****
Correct Answer
B. Left gastric artery
Explanation
The left gastric artery is usually not visualized on sono because it is a small vessel that runs close to the esophagus and is often obscured by gas-filled structures in the abdomen.
46.
The splenic artery courses leftward and follows a tortuous course along the __________ __________ border of the pancreas to enter the spleen at the splenic hilum
Correct Answer
C. Anterior superior
Explanation
The splenic artery courses leftward and follows a tortuous course along the anterior superior border of the pancreas to enter the spleen at the splenic hilum.
47.
Along its path, the splenic artery generates branches to the ___________ and ___________.
Correct Answer
stomach, pancreas
pancreas, stomach
Explanation
The splenic artery generates branches to both the stomach and pancreas. This means that it supplies blood to both of these organs, providing oxygen and nutrients necessary for their proper functioning. The order in which the branches are mentioned does not matter, as long as it is understood that both the stomach and pancreas receive blood supply from the splenic artery.
48.
What is the second major branch of the abdominal aorta?
Correct Answer
superior mesenteric artery
SMA
Explanation
The second major branch of the abdominal aorta is the superior mesenteric artery (SMA). The abdominal aorta is the main artery that supplies blood to the abdominal organs. The SMA arises from the anterior surface of the abdominal aorta and supplies blood to the small intestine, parts of the large intestine, and the pancreas. It plays a crucial role in delivering oxygenated blood to these organs, ensuring their proper functioning.
49.
The SMA originates approx. ____(#) cm inferiorly to the celiac axis.
Correct Answer
1
one
Explanation
The SMA originates approximately one centimeter inferiorly to the celiac axis.
50.
Which answer best fits this statement?The SMA branches from the __________ border of the aorta and travels __________ and __________ to the aorta.
Correct Answer
C. Anterior, inferiorly, parallel
Explanation
The correct answer is "anterior, inferiorly, parallel." The statement is describing the location and direction of the SMA (superior mesenteric artery) in relation to the aorta. The SMA branches from the anterior (front) border of the aorta and travels inferiorly (downwards) and parallel (alongside) to the aorta.