Adrenal Gland

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  • 1/59 Questions

    Which of these is the best answer? The adrenal gland lies:

    • In the peritoneal cavity
    • Lateral to the liver
    • On the kidneys
    • In the abdominal cavity
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About This Quiz

This is a quiz on the pituitary gland lectures in Week 2 endocrine. Notes can be found in https://imueos. Blogspot. Com under the label: adrenal gland.

Adrenal Gland - Quiz

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  • 2. 
    What is the arrangement of the zona reticularis? - ProProfs

    What is the arrangement of the zona reticularis?

    • Netlike

    • Whorl of cells

    • Linear cord

    Correct Answer
    A. Netlike
    Explanation
    The arrangement of the zona reticularis is described as netlike. This suggests that the cells in this region are arranged in a network or mesh-like pattern. This arrangement may be important for the function of the zona reticularis, which is responsible for producing and secreting hormones such as androgens. The netlike arrangement may allow for efficient communication and interaction between the cells, ensuring the proper functioning of this endocrine gland.

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  • 3. 

    The adrenal cortex is divided into 3 zones:1) Zona Glomerulosa (outermost)2) Zona Fasciculata3) Zona reticularisWhat does the Zona glomerulosa secrete?

    • Mineralocorticoids (Aldosterone, deoxycorticosterone)

    • Glucocorticoids (Cortisol, corticosterone)

    • Androgens

    Correct Answer
    A. Mineralocorticoids (Aldosterone, deoxycorticosterone)
    Explanation
    GFR : Glomerulosa, Fasciculata, Reticularis

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  • 4. 

    Which of these is the most potent mineralocorticoids?

    • Aldosterone

    • Deoxycorticosterone

    • Testosterone

    • Cortisol

    • Adrenaline

    Correct Answer
    A. Aldosterone
    Explanation
    Aldosterone is the most potent mineralocorticoid because it is primarily responsible for regulating the balance of water and electrolytes in the body. It acts on the kidneys to increase the reabsorption of sodium and the excretion of potassium, leading to increased blood volume and blood pressure. This hormone also plays a role in maintaining the balance of other ions, such as chloride and hydrogen ions. Deoxycorticosterone is also a mineralocorticoid, but it is less potent than aldosterone. Testosterone, cortisol, and adrenaline are not mineralocorticoids and do not have the same effects on electrolyte balance.

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  • 5. 

    -Hirsutism-Acne-Liddle's Sign -Buffalo hump-Moon facies-Abdominal purple striaeThese are some of the clinical features seem in a patient visiting the clinic. What is your diagnosis?

    • Cortisol hypersecretion

    • Aldosterone hypersecretion

    • Mineralocorticoid hypersecretion

    Correct Answer
    A. Cortisol hypersecretion
    Explanation
    The given clinical features such as hirsutism, acne, buffalo hump, moon facies, and abdominal purple striae are all associated with cortisol hypersecretion, also known as Cushing's syndrome. This condition occurs when there is an excessive production of cortisol, either due to an overactive adrenal gland or long-term use of corticosteroid medications. It can lead to a variety of symptoms including weight gain, high blood pressure, muscle weakness, and mood swings. Therefore, based on the presented symptoms, the most likely diagnosis is cortisol hypersecretion.

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  • 6. 
    Physical stress: Cold pressor test (immersion of hand in cold water for 3 minutes). What is the effect on blood pressure & heart rate according to the graph? - ProProfs

    Physical stress: Cold pressor test (immersion of hand in cold water for 3 minutes). What is the effect on blood pressure & heart rate according to the graph?

    • Increase

    • Decrease

    Correct Answer
    A. Increase
    Explanation
    According to the graph, the effect of the cold pressor test on blood pressure and heart rate is an increase. This means that when the hand is immersed in cold water for 3 minutes, both blood pressure and heart rate will go up.

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  • 7. 

    In organ transplant patients or with autoimmune diseases, glucocorticoids/ACTH is administered for therapeutic purposes. However, with prolonged administration of glucocorticoids/ACTH,  what problems will the patient develop?

    • Adrenal cortical adrenoma

    • Cushing's syndrome

    Correct Answer
    A. Cushing's syndrome
    Explanation
    This is a Iatrogenic Cushing's Syndrome

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  • 8. 

    What is the treatment for Pituitary Cushing's Syndrome?

    • Dexamethasone

    • Glucocorticoid

    Correct Answer
    A. Dexamethasone
    Explanation
    Dexamethasone is the treatment for Pituitary Cushing's Syndrome. Dexamethasone is a glucocorticoid, which is a type of medication that mimics the effects of cortisol, a hormone produced by the adrenal glands. In Pituitary Cushing's Syndrome, there is an overproduction of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) by the pituitary gland, leading to excessive cortisol production. Dexamethasone works by suppressing the production of ACTH, thereby reducing cortisol levels and alleviating the symptoms of Cushing's Syndrome.

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  • 9. 

    For the Na+ to be reabsorbed, Na/K pump will require ATP which will be generated by mitochondrial enzymes (mitochondrial activity increased by aldosterone), therefore Na+ will be reabsorbed, and K+ will be eliminated instead. Therefore, there will be alterations in the acid-base balance of the blood. Loss in basic content (K+) will cause blood to be more..

    • Acidic

    • Basic

    Correct Answer
    A. Acidic
    Explanation
    The correct answer is acidic because the loss of K+ ions will result in an increase in H+ ions in the blood, leading to a decrease in pH and making the blood more acidic.

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  • 10. 

    Which of these are receptors of pain?

    • Nocireceptor

    • Thermoreceptor

    • Mechanoreceptor

    • Baroreceptor

    • Chemoreceptor

    Correct Answer
    A. Nocireceptor
    Explanation
    Receptors:

    Nocireceptor: pain
    Thermo: temperature
    Mechano: physical
    Baro: blood pressure
    Chemo: glucose, acid, O2
    In Special senses: sight, smell

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  • 11. 

    What is Cushing's syndrome?

    • High aldosterone

    • High cortisol

    • High corticosteroid

    Correct Answer
    A. High cortisol
    Explanation
    Cushing's syndrome is a condition characterized by an excessive production of cortisol, a hormone produced by the adrenal glands. High cortisol levels can lead to a variety of symptoms such as weight gain, high blood pressure, and muscle weakness. It is caused by various factors such as long-term use of corticosteroid medications or tumors in the adrenal glands or pituitary gland. Therefore, the correct answer is "High cortisol" as it accurately reflects the hormonal imbalance associated with Cushing's syndrome.

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  • 12. 

    Which part of the kidney will aldosterone act on?

    • DCT & CD

    • DCT & PCT

    • LOH

    • LOH & PCT

    Correct Answer
    A. DCT & CD
    Explanation
    Same as ADH. It will increase no. of Na+ channels on the apical membrane. The reabsorption of Na will cause a decreased osmolality in the tubules. hence water will be reabsorbed as well via osmotic pull.

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  • 13. 

    What is the arrangement of the cells of the zona fasciculata?

    • Netlike

    • Whorls of cells

    • Linear cords

    Correct Answer
    A. Linear cords
    Explanation
    The arrangement of the cells in the zona fasciculata is in the form of linear cords. This means that the cells are aligned in a linear pattern, forming cords or strands. This arrangement allows for efficient secretion and production of hormones, as the cells are closely packed together and organized in a specific pattern. The linear cords arrangement is characteristic of the zona fasciculata, which is one of the three distinct layers of the adrenal cortex.

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  • 14. 

    The adrenal cortex is divided into 3 zones:1) Zona Glomerulosa (outermost)2) Zona Fasciculata3) Zona reticularisWhat does the Zona Fasciculata & reticularis secrete?

    • Mineralocorticoids

    • Glucocorticoids

    • Androgens

    Correct Answer(s)
    A. Glucocorticoids
    A. Androgens
    Explanation
    Both secrete glucocorticoids & androgens

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  • 15. 

    For Adrenal Cushing's Syndrome, does it respond to high dose of glucocorticoid?

    • Yes

    • No

    Correct Answer
    A. No
    Explanation
    Probably because glucocorticoid will stimulate the hypothalamus. In this case, adrenal cushing's is specifically due to an adrenal cortical lesion.

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  • 16. 

    Does aldosterone inhibit ADH release?

    • Yes

    • No

    Correct Answer
    A. Yes
    Explanation
    Inhibit ADH release

    Binds to cortisol receptors ---> inhibit ADH release ---> increase in free water loss ---> polyuria.

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  • 17. 

    In Pituitary Cushing's syndrome, Dexamethasone can be used as a treatment to suppress the ACTH secretion. In the case of an Ectopic Cushing's syndrome which also hypersecretes ACTH, does Dexamethasone work as a treatment?

    • Yes

    • No

    Correct Answer
    A. No
    Explanation
    Why?

    Dexamethasone acts on Pituitary alone.

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  • 18. 

    Cushing's Syndrome can also be caused by an ectopic lesion. Which hormone will be in high levels?

    • CRH

    • ACTH

    • Cortisol

    Correct Answer
    A. ACTH
    Explanation
    Cushing's Syndrome is a condition characterized by excessive levels of cortisol in the body. It can be caused by various factors, including an ectopic lesion. In this case, the hormone that will be in high levels is ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone). ACTH is produced by the pituitary gland and stimulates the production and release of cortisol from the adrenal glands. When there is an ectopic lesion causing Cushing's Syndrome, it leads to excessive production of ACTH, which in turn increases cortisol levels in the body.

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  • 19. 

    What is the arrangement of the cells of the zona glomerulosa?

    • Linear cords

    • Whorl of cells

    • Netlike

    Correct Answer
    A. Whorl of cells
    Explanation
    The arrangement of the cells in the zona glomerulosa is in a whorl pattern. This means that the cells are arranged in a circular or spiral shape, with each layer of cells overlapping the previous one. This arrangement allows for efficient secretion of aldosterone, which is the primary hormone produced in the zona glomerulosa. The whorl pattern ensures that the cells are closely packed together, maximizing their contact with blood vessels and facilitating the release of aldosterone into the bloodstream.

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  • 20. 

    In post-menopausal women, the ovaries will be regressed and will be unable to produce oestrogens. However, there are hormones that will try to compensate for the lack of oestrogen production. Which of these are important precursors of oestrogens for post-menopausal woman?

    • Cortisol

    • Androgen

    • Progesteron

    • Aldosterone

    Correct Answer
    A. Androgen
    Explanation
    Post-menopausal women experience a decline in estrogen production due to the regression of the ovaries. However, other hormones, such as androgens, can act as important precursors for estrogen synthesis in these women. Androgens can be converted into estrogens through a process called aromatization, which occurs in various tissues including adipose tissue, liver, and the brain. Therefore, androgens play a crucial role in compensating for the lack of estrogen production in post-menopausal women.

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  • 21. 

    In a ACTH-independent Cushing's Syndrome (solely of adrenal cortical origin), an adenoma which is slow growing in nature secretes which hormones/precursors?

    • Cortisol

    • Cortisol precursors

    • Adrenal androgens

    Correct Answer
    A. Cortisol
    Explanation
    # Adenomas – slow growing , pure hypercortisolism (only cortisol)
    # Carcinomas – larger, more cortisol precursors & adrenal androgens
    # Micronodular hyperplasia – rare, common in young adults, autosomal dominant, asso. with pituitary & testicular lesions.

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  • 22. 

    Which of these is the rate limiting step for the biosynthesis of cortisol?

    • Conversion of cholesterol to pregnenolone by desmolase/SCC

    • Converstion of progesterone to 17 a-hydroxyprogesterone by enzyme hydroxylase

    • Converstion of 17 a-hydroxyprogesterone to 11-deoxycortisol by enzyme hydroxylase

    • Conversion of 11-Deoxycortisol to cortisol by enzyme hydroxylase

    Correct Answer
    A. Conversion of cholesterol to pregnenolone by desmolase/SCC
    Explanation
    In Cytoplasm, Cholesterol + Acetate = Cheolesteryl esters stored in storage vacuoles.

    Cholesteryl esters ---b/d---> Fatty acid + Cholesterol

    1st step : Cholesterol enter mitochondrion –--enzyme desmolase/ SCC---> convert to Pregnenolone (RATE LIMITING STEP)

    2nd step : Pregnenolone enters cytoplasm ---enzyme dehydrogenase, isomerase ---> Progesterone ----> Enter Endoplasmic reticulum

    3rd step : Progesterone --- enzyme hydroxylase ---> 17 a- hydroxyprogesterone

    4th step : 17a-hydroxyprogesterone --- enzyme hydroxylase ---> 11-Deoxycortisol

    5th step : 11-Deoxycortisol enters mitochondrion --- enzyme hydroxylase ---> Cortisol ----> Enter cytoplasm

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  • 23. 

    During emotional stress, the action potential goes to which ascending pathways?

    • Hypothalamus

    • Somatic sensory cortex

    • Motor cortex

    • Limbic cortex

    Correct Answer
    A. Limbic cortex
    Explanation
    Action potential go to..

    -> hypothalamus (neuroendocrine response)
    -> somatic sensory cortex (perception/stress)
    -> motor cortex (voluntary action response)
    -> limbic cortex (emotions)

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  • 24. 

    Which of these ectopic lesions is the most prominent in a ACTH-dependent Cushing's disease?

    • Small cell carcinoma of the lungs

    • Bilateral Adrenal cortex carcinoma

    • Pancreatic carcinoma

    Correct Answer
    A. Small cell carcinoma of the lungs
    Explanation
    In ACTH-dependent Cushing's disease, the most prominent ectopic lesion is small cell carcinoma of the lungs. This type of cancer is known to produce ACTH, which stimulates the adrenal glands to produce excessive cortisol. This leads to the symptoms of Cushing's disease, such as weight gain, high blood pressure, and muscle weakness. Therefore, small cell carcinoma of the lungs is the most likely cause of ACTH-dependent Cushing's disease.

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  • 25. 

    Hyperaldosteronism is frequent in which demographic?

    • Adult male

    • Adult female

    • Teenagers

    • Children

    Correct Answer
    A. Adult female
    Explanation
    Hyperaldosteronism is a condition characterized by excessive production of aldosterone hormone by the adrenal glands. It is more commonly seen in adult females compared to other demographics. This could be due to various factors such as hormonal changes, pregnancy, or certain underlying medical conditions that affect the adrenal glands. However, hyperaldosteronism can also occur in other demographics, but the frequency is higher in adult females.

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  • 26. 

    Continue with aAdrenal disorders – Adrenogenital syndrome

    • Sd

    • Asda

    Correct Answer
    A. Sd
  • 27. 

    Which of these are physiological stressors?

    • Pregnancy

    • Acidosis

    • Trauma

    • Anger

    • Peer pressure

    Correct Answer
    A. Pregnancy
    Explanation
    Physiological stressors are factors that cause stress on the body's physical systems. Pregnancy can be considered a physiological stressor because it involves significant changes in hormone levels, physical discomfort, and increased demands on the body. These changes can put stress on various physiological systems, such as the cardiovascular and endocrine systems. Acidosis, trauma, and anger can also be considered physiological stressors as they can have direct physical effects on the body. Peer pressure, on the other hand, is more of a psychological stressor as it primarily affects one's emotional well-being rather than directly impacting the body's physiological systems.

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  • 28. 

    Which of these are the clinical features of hyperaldosteronism?

    • Retention of Na+

    • Oedema from retention of water

    • Hyperkalemia

    • Hypertension

    Correct Answer(s)
    A. Retention of Na+
    A. Oedema from retention of water
    A. Hypertension
    Explanation
    Retention of Na+ due to antidiuretic effect of aldosterone?

    Will also cause Hypokalemia which will present as muscle weakness and cardiac arrhythmia

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  • 29. 
    During stress, there are 2 pathways. One of it is the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical axis activation (General adaptation syndrome)Based on the graph, there are 3 phases involved:1) Alarm state/Compensation phase2) Resistance phase 3) Exhaustion/Decompensation phaseWhich of these phases where both the sympatho-adrenal & hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical axis are activated? - ProProfs

    During stress, there are 2 pathways. One of it is the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical axis activation (General adaptation syndrome)Based on the graph, there are 3 phases involved:1) Alarm state/Compensation phase2) Resistance phase 3) Exhaustion/Decompensation phaseWhich of these phases where both the sympatho-adrenal & hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical axis are activated?

    • Compensation phase

    • Resistance phase

    • Decomposition phase

    Correct Answer
    A. Compensation phase
    Explanation
    Alarm state/Compensation phase:

    When the stressor is noticed, there will be onset of shock and decreased resistance.
    During this time, both sympatho-adrenal & hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical axis are activated.
    Resistance phase:

    Resistance to the stressor increased as animal adapted & coped with it
    Lasts for as long as the animal can support this heightened resistance.
    Exhaustion/Decompensation phase:

    Resistance has exhausted

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  • 30. 

    Gonadocorticoids hypersecretion will cause rapid maturation of reproductive organs & appearance of secondary sex characteristics earlier than most boys. Hypersecretion of gonadocorticoids also will affect females. Which of these are related to hypersecretion in woman?

    • Androgenesis syndrome

    • Androgenital syndrome

    • Testosteronism

    • Androgenism

    Correct Answer
    A. Androgenital syndrome
    Explanation
    Develop beard
    Masculine pattern of body hair distribution
    Clitoris grows to resemble small penis
    Also linked to Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (another post)

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  • 31. 

    Both adrenaline and noradernaline are secreted during stress. Which of these hormones are secreted when a known familiar stress is encountered?

    • Adrenaline

    • Noradrenaline

    Correct Answer
    A. Noradrenaline
    Explanation
    Noradrenalin & Adrenaline

    equally potent in increasing alertness (adrenaline evokes more anxiety & fear)
    Known familiar stress –> more Noradrenaline
    Unknown stress – > more Adrenaline

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  • 32. 

    The adrenal medulla is composed of modified sympathetic ganglion cells, which is nervous in nature and secretes hormone upon stimulation. Which of these hormones are secreted?

    • Adrenaline

    • Cortisol

    • Norepinephrine

    • Catecholamines

    Correct Answer(s)
    A. Adrenaline
    A. Norepinephrine
    A. Catecholamines
    Explanation
    E & NE are catecholamines

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  • 33. 

    What will happen to the Adrenal Cortex if there is hypersecretion of ACTH from the pituitary?

    • Unilateral cortical hyperplasia

    • Cortical adenoma

    • Bilateral cortical hyperplasia

    • Cortical hypertrophy

    • Cortical inflammation

    Correct Answer
    A. Bilateral cortical hyperplasia
    Explanation
    If there is hypersecretion of ACTH from the pituitary, it will lead to an excessive production of cortisol by the adrenal cortex. This can result in bilateral cortical hyperplasia, which is the enlargement of both adrenal cortices. This occurs as a compensatory response to the increased stimulation from ACTH.

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  • 34. 

    In Addison's disease, we will be able to see:

    • Deficiency in both glucocorticoids & mineralocorticoids

    • Weight gain

    • Plasma glucose decrease

    • Dehydration

    • Hypotension

    Correct Answer(s)
    A. Deficiency in both glucocorticoids & mineralocorticoids
    A. Plasma glucose decrease
    A. Dehydration
    A. Hypotension
    Explanation
    Always remember, when there is increase in cortisol, there will be increase in aldosterone but decrease in ADH.

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  • 35. 

    Cortisol secreted during stress allows permissive effects on catecholamines & glucagon. Why is this important?

    • Essential for survival when stress is severe

    • Increase the flight/fight effect during stress

    • Main hormones involved in countering the effect of stress

    Correct Answer
    A. Essential for survival when stress is severe
    Explanation
    Glucocorticoids (Cortisol)

    Stimulate protein catabolism –> liver uptake of amino acids –> conversion to glucose (gluconeogenesis)
    **Anti-insulin action on muscle (own local supply) & adipose tissue (inhibit uptake of glucose)
    Increase glucose supply to brain
    TG breakdown –> glycerol + FA (fuel for muscle activity)
    Increase plasma AA, glucose, glycerol & FA
    Permissive effects (gives permission) for:
    -Catecholamines (vasoconstriction, bronchodilation, lipolysis)
    -Glucagon (gluconeogenesis)
    Antiallergic effect
    Increase RBC count
    Increase neutrophil count
    Due to the permissive actions for catecholamines & glucagon, secretion of ACTH & glucocorticoids (cortisol) are essential for survival when stress is severe.

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  • 36. 

    Which of these are effect of prolonged stress on health?

    • Incontinence

    • Cardiovascular disease

    • Glucocorticoids in large amount can suppress immune system

    • Glucocorticoids in large amount can increase protein catabolisme (muscle loss)

    Correct Answer(s)
    A. Cardiovascular disease
    A. Glucocorticoids in large amount can suppress immune system
    A. Glucocorticoids in large amount can increase protein catabolisme (muscle loss)
    Explanation
    Prolonged stress can have various effects on health, including cardiovascular disease. This is because stress can contribute to high blood pressure, inflammation, and the development of plaque in the arteries, all of which can increase the risk of cardiovascular problems. Additionally, prolonged stress can lead to the release of glucocorticoids in large amounts, which can suppress the immune system. This can make individuals more susceptible to infections and illnesses. Furthermore, excessive glucocorticoid production can also increase protein catabolism, leading to muscle loss.

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  • 37. 

    In secondary hyperaldosteronism, which is the most important feature?

    • High renin level

    • Low renin level

    • High K+ level

    • Low K+ level

    • High Na+ level

    Correct Answer
    A. High renin level
    Explanation
    * High plasma renin levels – reninoma (not involved in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone axis)
    * High water retention (oedema)
    * Renal ischemia (?)

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  • 38. 

    Why is it that aldosterone is rapidly cleared from plasma by liver forming tetrahydroaldosterone 3-gluocronide, which is then excreted in the urine?

    • Sensitive to liver receptors

    • Carried by plasma carrier protein to liver

    • No specific plasma carrier protein

    • All hormones will be rapidly cleared by liver

    Correct Answer
    A. No specific plasma carrier protein
    Explanation
    No specific plasma carrier protein, forms weak association with albumin.
    Due to lack of specific plasma carrier protein, aldosterone is rapidly cleared from plasma by liver (form tetrahydroaldosterone 3-gluocronide) which will be excreted in the urine.

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  • 39. 

    What is the effect of short term stressors?

    • Boost immune system

    • Suppress immune system

    • Increase incidence of cardiovascular disease

    Correct Answer
    A. Boost immune system
    Explanation
    Instead, long term stressors will suppress immune system. Effects are more serious on the elderly & those that are already ill.

    HIV +ve patients will experience rapid decline in T-helper cells if only provided with low social support.

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  • 40. 

    The gonadocorticoids are sex hormones. Which of these are precursors to the sex hormones?

    • Androsterotenedione

    • DHAP

    • DHEA

    • DHT

    Correct Answer(s)
    A. Androsterotenedione
    A. DHEA
    Explanation
    Androsterotenedione and DHEA are precursors to the sex hormones. Androsterotenedione is converted into testosterone and estrogen, while DHEA can be converted into both testosterone and estrogen as well. These precursors play a crucial role in the synthesis of sex hormones and are essential for the proper functioning of the reproductive system.

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  • 41. 

    During perception of stress, the action potential goes to which ascending pathways?

    • Hypothalamus

    • Somatic sensory cortex

    • Motor cortex

    • Limbic cortex

    Correct Answer
    A. Somatic sensory cortex
    Explanation
    Action potential go to..

    -> hypothalamus (neuroendocrine response)
    -> somatic sensory cortex (perception/stress)
    -> motor cortex (voluntary action response)
    -> limbic cortex (emotions)

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  • 42. 

    What is the signs & symptoms of aldosteronism? (hypersecretion of aldosterone)

    • Hypotension

    • Hypernatremia

    • Hypokalemia

    • Alkalosis

    Correct Answer(s)
    A. Hypernatremia
    A. Hypokalemia
    A. Alkalosis
    Explanation
    Hypernatremia, hypokalemia, and alkalosis are signs and symptoms of aldosteronism, which is the hypersecretion of aldosterone. Hypernatremia refers to an elevated level of sodium in the blood, which can occur due to aldosterone causing increased reabsorption of sodium in the kidneys. Hypokalemia is a condition characterized by low levels of potassium in the blood, which can also result from aldosterone's effect on the kidneys, leading to increased excretion of potassium. Alkalosis refers to an elevated pH level in the blood, which can be caused by aldosterone promoting the excretion of hydrogen ions in the kidneys. These symptoms collectively indicate the presence of aldosteronism.

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  • 43. 

    Adrenal Cushing's Syndrome is due to hypercortisolism (without high levels of ACTH) due to the hypersecretion which originates in the adrenal gland. Which of these are the likely cause of Adrenal Cushing's Syndrome?

    • Adrenal cortical adenoma

    • Adrenal cortical carcinoma

    • Adrenal overstimulation

    • Adrenal cortical hyperplasia

    Correct Answer(s)
    A. Adrenal cortical adenoma
    A. Adrenal cortical carcinoma
    A. Adrenal cortical hyperplasia
    Explanation
    Adrenal Cushing's is not indfluenced by hormonal stimulation of ACTH/CRH. If ACTH level is high, it is known as Pituitary Cushing's Syndrome.

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  • 44. 

    Primary hyperaldosteronism, also known as Conn's Syndrome, is associated with which of these?

    • High K+ level

    • Low K+ level

    • High renin level

    • Low renin level

    Correct Answer(s)
    A. Low K+ level
    A. Low renin level
    Explanation
    # Associated with low plasma renin levels (positive feedback? due to increased blood volume from the action of aldosterone, initiating the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system)
    # Low K+ level (in exchange of Na+ by Na/K pump) –> muscle weakness

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  • 45. 

    For the biosynthesis of steroid hormones in the adrenal cortex, adrenal cortex contain cells with large amounts of:

    • RER

    • SER

    • Protein

    • Lipid

    Correct Answer(s)
    A. SER
    A. Lipid
    Explanation
    The adrenal cortex is responsible for the biosynthesis of steroid hormones. These hormones are derived from cholesterol, which is a type of lipid. Therefore, it makes sense that the adrenal cortex contains cells with large amounts of lipids, as they are necessary for the production of steroid hormones. Additionally, the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) is involved in the synthesis of lipids, including cholesterol. Therefore, the presence of SER in the adrenal cortex further supports the production of steroid hormones.

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  • 46. 

    The adrenal cortex secretes steroid hormones. Which of these corticosteroids are mainly secreted by the adrenal cortex?

    • C1

    • C16

    • C19

    • C21

    Correct Answer(s)
    A. C19
    A. C21
    Explanation
    The adrenal cortex mainly secretes corticosteroids of the C19 and C21 types. These include hormones such as cortisol, cortisone, and corticosterone, which are involved in regulating metabolism, immune response, and stress response. These hormones play important roles in maintaining homeostasis in the body and are essential for various physiological processes.

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  • 47. 

    Which of these are physical stressors?

    • Pregnancy

    • Acidosis

    • Orthostasis

    • Air polution

    • Anger

    Correct Answer
    A. Orthostasis
    Explanation
    Orthostasis is a physical stressor because it refers to the body's response to changes in posture, particularly when standing up from a sitting or lying position. This change in position can cause a temporary drop in blood pressure, leading to symptoms such as dizziness, lightheadedness, and even fainting. These physical changes and the body's response to them can be considered physical stressors as they put strain on the cardiovascular system.

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  • 48. 

    Negative emotional states will bring about these effects:

    • Decrease lymphocyte proliferation & reactivity

    • Decrease T-cell function

    • Decrease NK activity

    • Increase IgA

    • Decrease blood levels of Epstein-Barr virus

    Correct Answer(s)
    A. Decrease lymphocyte proliferation & reactivity
    A. Decrease T-cell function
    A. Decrease NK activity
    Explanation
    IgA will decrease.

    Epstein-Barr virus will increase. (DAMAGING!)

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  • 49. 

    How is aldosterone release stimulated?

    • Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system

    • Atrial Natriuretic Factor (ANF)

    • Low Na+

    • High K+

    • ACTH

    Correct Answer(s)
    A. Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
    A. Low Na+
    A. High K+
    Explanation
    Aldosterone is needed to conserve Na & eliminate K.

    Stress will cause release of corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) from hypothalamus ----> Adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) from anterior pituitary ----> act on adrenal gland ----> produce aldosterone.

    Aldosterone release will cause increase in blood volume & BP, ensuring adequate delivery of O2/CO2 and nutrients during stressful period.

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Quiz Review Timeline (Updated): Mar 22, 2023 +

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  • Mar 22, 2023
    Quiz Edited by
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  • May 12, 2010
    Quiz Created by
    Terrichan
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