Advanced Assessment Test: Unit4

1. READING You are going to read an article about an organization called Future of Fish. Six paragraphs have been removed from the article. Choose from the paragraphs A–G the one which fits each gap (1–5). There is one extra paragraph which you do not need to use. There is an example at the beginning (0). Future of Fish Future of Fish is a non-profit organization that is helping entrepreneurs who hope to reinvent the seafood industry by attacking problems throughout the long-supply chains used by today's industrialized fisheries. (0) C 'We hope to change incentives for behaviour in the industry so it's no longer profitable to overfish and to fish non-sustainably,' founder Cheryl Dahle explained. 'And we're looking to reward sustainable behaviour with a better price.' (1) 'Estimates vary, but some 30% to 70% of the fish sold in the United States is mislabelled,' Dahle said. 'If fish is mislabelled, you don't have a real choice to eat the right kind of fish. Until the marketplace becomes transparent, you can't value fish for where it came from or how it was caught – and those are two of the main pillars of sustainability.' In recent years, many popular fish species like orange roughy and bluefin tuna have collapsed under fishing pressure. Indeed, some studies suggest that today's populations of large ocean fish are at just 10% of their pre- industrial levels. This is truly alarming. Some scientists warn that all fisheries could be in collapse by 2050. (2) Tough regulations is one way, but they often encounter pushback from the fishing industry. That's why Future of Fish takes the view that forcing the industry to comply with restrictive rules can be counter-productive. The organization hopes to drive the adoption of more regulations by making them better for business. (3) 'The truth is that fresh is not a regulated term,' Dahle added. 'It's defined as not frozen or smoked, but fresh is in the nose of the salesman. Often what you are buying as fresh fish may be thirty days old. If people knew more about fish distribution, they would understand the value of buying fish that was landed just days before they eat it as opposed to weeks.' (4) 'Once you can track fish you have a perfect traceability chain,' Dahle added. 'Was this tuna part of a catch using fish aggregating devices? Was it caught legally? You can start to track some of these things that really matter for sustainability.' Dahle believes that adopting such techniques can be good for the producer and the consumer as well as for the ocean environment and the sustainability of fish species. It is Dahle's confident belief that many consumers are concerned enough about the health of our oceans to pay a premium for sustainably caught product. But she also stresses that, once they are being rewarded, such practices can spread throughout the larger seafood market as well. (5) At the same time, however, Dahle believes that this sector has plenty of room for growth. She sees no reason why it shouldn't end up being more dominant. If that were to be the case, it would mean less pressure on ailing fish stocks. 'There is no reason why you can't take sustainably caught Alaskan salmon, and portion it properly and sell it at a price point that can be served in a fish taco,' Dahle said. 'It's absolutely possible to do sustainable, affordable fish.' A Most of the fish is processed in major processing plants before being sent for distribution across the country. This is a time-consuming process and changes in the industry are long overdue. B 'Our approach is not a substitute for policy changes,' Dahle said. 'But we're trying to re-engineer incentives through the ways fish are traded every day.' Improving supply chains is a key component of the strategy Future of Fish has adopted. One area of concern is the industry's confusing interpretation of how recently a fish has been taken from the sea. C On its website, the organization claims to create business solutions to ocean challenges, and envisions a global seafood supply chain that rewards responsible fishing. It is a bold claim and one worthy of investigation. D One company Dahle works with is using tag technology to keep tabs on the temperature of fish as it moves through the supply chain, to better monitor quality – this is especially important when it comes to sushi-grade products. E The effort begins with making information more available, properly identifying fish, and tracking it all the way from sea to plate. Today's consumers have little idea where, when, or how most of their fish was caught. In fact, genetic studies show they often don't even know what kind of fish they are really buying. F 'The advent of Fair Trade has changed and improved the practices of a much larger portion of the supply chain, including large buyers,' said Dahle. 'This shows that the premium, sustainable market doesn't have to be the largest percentage of the market to have a big influence.' G Despite such foreboding, however, there are some reasons to be optimistic, so long as action is taken sooner rather than later. Many fish populations have shown an ability to rebound if they are managed properly. The question is how best to achieve this. (3) _____

Paragraph 3 talks about the need for tough regulations in the fishing industry, but also acknowledges that these regulations often face pushback from the industry. It then introduces the viewpoint of Future of Fish, which believes that forcing compliance with restrictive rules can be counter-productive. Instead, the organization aims to drive the adoption of more regulations by making them better for business. This aligns with the idea that improving supply chains is a key component of Future of Fish's strategy, as mentioned in paragraph B. Therefore, paragraph B is the correct answer.

Explanation

Paragraph 3 talks about the need for tough regulations in the fishing industry, but also acknowledges that these regulations often face pushback from the industry. It then introduces the viewpoint of Future of Fish, which believes that forcing compliance with restrictive rules can be counter-productive. Instead, the organization aims to drive the adoption of more regulations by making them better for business. This aligns with the idea that improving supply chains is a key component of Future of Fish's strategy, as mentioned in paragraph B. Therefore, paragraph B is the correct answer.

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2. READING You are going to read an article about an organization called Future of Fish. Six paragraphs have been removed from the article. Choose from the paragraphs A–G the one which fits each gap (1–5). There is one extra paragraph which you do not need to use. There is an example at the beginning (0). Future of Fish Future of Fish is a non-profit organization that is helping entrepreneurs who hope to reinvent the seafood industry by attacking problems throughout the long-supply chains used by today's industrialized fisheries. (0) C 'We hope to change incentives for behaviour in the industry so it's no longer profitable to overfish and to fish non-sustainably,' founder Cheryl Dahle explained. 'And we're looking to reward sustainable behaviour with a better price.' (1) 'Estimates vary, but some 30% to 70% of the fish sold in the United States is mislabelled,' Dahle said. 'If fish is mislabelled, you don't have a real choice to eat the right kind of fish. Until the marketplace becomes transparent, you can't value fish for where it came from or how it was caught – and those are two of the main pillars of sustainability.' In recent years, many popular fish species like orange roughy and bluefin tuna have collapsed under fishing pressure. Indeed, some studies suggest that today's populations of large ocean fish are at just 10% of their pre- industrial levels. This is truly alarming. Some scientists warn that all fisheries could be in collapse by 2050. (2) Tough regulations is one way, but they often encounter pushback from the fishing industry. That's why Future of Fish takes the view that forcing the industry to comply with restrictive rules can be counter-productive. The organization hopes to drive the adoption of more regulations by making them better for business. (3) 'The truth is that fresh is not a regulated term,' Dahle added. 'It's defined as not frozen or smoked, but fresh is in the nose of the salesman. Often what you are buying as fresh fish may be thirty days old. If people knew more about fish distribution, they would understand the value of buying fish that was landed just days before they eat it as opposed to weeks.' (4) 'Once you can track fish you have a perfect traceability chain,' Dahle added. 'Was this tuna part of a catch using fish aggregating devices? Was it caught legally? You can start to track some of these things that really matter for sustainability.' Dahle believes that adopting such techniques can be good for the producer and the consumer as well as for the ocean environment and the sustainability of fish species. It is Dahle's confident belief that many consumers are concerned enough about the health of our oceans to pay a premium for sustainably caught product. But she also stresses that, once they are being rewarded, such practices can spread throughout the larger seafood market as well. (5) At the same time, however, Dahle believes that this sector has plenty of room for growth. She sees no reason why it shouldn't end up being more dominant. If that were to be the case, it would mean less pressure on ailing fish stocks. 'There is no reason why you can't take sustainably caught Alaskan salmon, and portion it properly and sell it at a price point that can be served in a fish taco,' Dahle said. 'It's absolutely possible to do sustainable, affordable fish.' A Most of the fish is processed in major processing plants before being sent for distribution across the country. This is a time-consuming process and changes in the industry are long overdue. B 'Our approach is not a substitute for policy changes,' Dahle said. 'But we're trying to re-engineer incentives through the ways fish are traded every day.' Improving supply chains is a key component of the strategy Future of Fish has adopted. One area of concern is the industry's confusing interpretation of how recently a fish has been taken from the sea. C On its website, the organization claims to create business solutions to ocean challenges, and envisions a global seafood supply chain that rewards responsible fishing. It is a bold claim and one worthy of investigation. D One company Dahle works with is using tag technology to keep tabs on the temperature of fish as it moves through the supply chain, to better monitor quality – this is especially important when it comes to sushi-grade products. E The effort begins with making information more available, properly identifying fish, and tracking it all the way from sea to plate. Today's consumers have little idea where, when, or how most of their fish was caught. In fact, genetic studies show they often don't even know what kind of fish they are really buying. F 'The advent of Fair Trade has changed and improved the practices of a much larger portion of the supply chain, including large buyers,' said Dahle. 'This shows that the premium, sustainable market doesn't have to be the largest percentage of the market to have a big influence.' G Despite such foreboding, however, there are some reasons to be optimistic, so long as action is taken sooner rather than later. Many fish populations have shown an ability to rebound if they are managed properly. The question is how best to achieve this. (4) _____

Paragraph (4) talks about the importance of tracking fish in order to ensure sustainability. It mentions that by tracking fish, it becomes possible to determine if they were caught legally and if they were part of a catch using fish aggregating devices. This information is crucial for sustainability. The paragraph also highlights the benefits of adopting such tracking techniques for both producers and consumers, as well as for the ocean environment and the sustainability of fish species.

Explanation

Paragraph (4) talks about the importance of tracking fish in order to ensure sustainability. It mentions that by tracking fish, it becomes possible to determine if they were caught legally and if they were part of a catch using fish aggregating devices. This information is crucial for sustainability. The paragraph also highlights the benefits of adopting such tracking techniques for both producers and consumers, as well as for the ocean environment and the sustainability of fish species.

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3. 5 How do you always come ________ so many good ideas? I struggle to even think of one!

Up with

Over with

Up to

Over to

The correct answer is "up with". This phrasal verb means to generate or think of something, in this case, good ideas. The speaker is expressing their admiration for the person's ability to consistently come up with many good ideas, while they themselves struggle to come up with even one.

Explanation

The correct answer is "up with". This phrasal verb means to generate or think of something, in this case, good ideas. The speaker is expressing their admiration for the person's ability to consistently come up with many good ideas, while they themselves struggle to come up with even one.

4. 6 While I was clearing out the attic, I __________ across a tennis racket that belonged to my great-grandmother.

Went

Came

Got

Pulled

While I was clearing out the attic, I came across a tennis racket that belonged to my great-grandmother. This means that while the person was cleaning the attic, they unexpectedly found the tennis racket. The word "came" is used to indicate that the discovery was accidental or unexpected.

Explanation

While I was clearing out the attic, I came across a tennis racket that belonged to my great-grandmother. This means that while the person was cleaning the attic, they unexpectedly found the tennis racket. The word "came" is used to indicate that the discovery was accidental or unexpected.

5. 7 We don't expect you to decide right away. ___________ it some thought and let us know your decision on Monday.

Do

Have

Take

Give

The correct answer is "Give". In the sentence, the speaker is asking the person to consider or think about something before making a decision. The verb "give" is commonly used in this context to mean to allocate or dedicate time or attention to something. Therefore, the speaker is asking the person to give the decision some thought before letting them know on Monday.

Explanation

The correct answer is "Give". In the sentence, the speaker is asking the person to consider or think about something before making a decision. The verb "give" is commonly used in this context to mean to allocate or dedicate time or attention to something. Therefore, the speaker is asking the person to give the decision some thought before letting them know on Monday.

6. GRAMMAR Task 2 Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using the word given. Do not change the word given.You must use between three and six words, including the word given. Here is an example (0) 0 A rise in living standards doesn't seem probable. UNLIKELY A rise in living standards seems unlikely to happen. 1 I'm sure that Joe has got home by now. MUST Joe _____ home by now.

Joe must have got home by now.

Explanation

Joe must have got home by now.

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7. 2 We kept ticket prices low – we wanted them to be _____ for ordinary people. AFFORD

The word "affordable" means that something is reasonably priced and within the financial means of ordinary people. In this context, the sentence suggests that the ticket prices were intentionally set at a low cost so that they would be affordable for ordinary people.

Explanation

The word "affordable" means that something is reasonably priced and within the financial means of ordinary people. In this context, the sentence suggests that the ticket prices were intentionally set at a low cost so that they would be affordable for ordinary people.

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8. 3 What the critic wrote about me was _____. It was ill-informed and rude. EXCUSE

The critic's comments about the person were described as "inexcusable." This implies that the critic's remarks were unacceptable and could not be justified, as they were both ill-informed and rude. The word "inexcusable" suggests that the critic's behavior or words were beyond forgiveness or understanding.

Explanation

The critic's comments about the person were described as "inexcusable." This implies that the critic's remarks were unacceptable and could not be justified, as they were both ill-informed and rude. The word "inexcusable" suggests that the critic's behavior or words were beyond forgiveness or understanding.

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9. 4 The suffering of warfare is _____ to most of us. Let's hope we never experience it. IMAGINE

The suffering of warfare is unimaginable to most of us. Let's hope we never experience it. This means that the extent of suffering caused by warfare is beyond what we can imagine or comprehend.

Explanation

The suffering of warfare is unimaginable to most of us. Let's hope we never experience it. This means that the extent of suffering caused by warfare is beyond what we can imagine or comprehend.

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10. 5 A number of high street _____ have had to close down in recent months. RETAIL

The correct answer is "retailers". The sentence states that a number of high street establishments have had to close down in recent months. The word "retailers" fits perfectly in the blank as it refers to businesses that sell goods or services directly to consumers.

Explanation

The correct answer is "retailers". The sentence states that a number of high street establishments have had to close down in recent months. The word "retailers" fits perfectly in the blank as it refers to businesses that sell goods or services directly to consumers.

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11. 6 _____ is a major problem facing the Amazon region. FOREST

Deforestation is a major problem facing the Amazon region. Deforestation refers to the clearing, removal, or destruction of forests, which has been occurring at an alarming rate in the Amazon. This activity poses significant threats to the region's biodiversity, ecosystem balance, and indigenous communities. Deforestation in the Amazon is primarily driven by activities such as agriculture, logging, and urbanization, resulting in the loss of valuable habitat for numerous plant and animal species. Additionally, deforestation contributes to climate change by releasing large amounts of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.

Explanation

Deforestation is a major problem facing the Amazon region. Deforestation refers to the clearing, removal, or destruction of forests, which has been occurring at an alarming rate in the Amazon. This activity poses significant threats to the region's biodiversity, ecosystem balance, and indigenous communities. Deforestation in the Amazon is primarily driven by activities such as agriculture, logging, and urbanization, resulting in the loss of valuable habitat for numerous plant and animal species. Additionally, deforestation contributes to climate change by releasing large amounts of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.

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12. 3 Perhaps the government will now take action to stop internet fraud. POSSIBLE _____ the government will now take action to stop internet fraud.

The blank should be filled with "It’s possible that" or "It is possible that" as they both indicate a likelihood or potential for the government to take action against internet fraud. These phrases imply that there is a chance or possibility for this action to occur.

Explanation

The blank should be filled with "It’s possible that" or "It is possible that" as they both indicate a likelihood or potential for the government to take action against internet fraud. These phrases imply that there is a chance or possibility for this action to occur.

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13. 4 It wasn't necessary to clear everything away. NEED We _____ clear everything away.

The correct answer is "didn't need to, did not need to". This is because the phrase "didn't need to" and "did not need to" both convey the same meaning of not being necessary to clear everything away. Both phrases indicate that clearing everything away was not required or obligatory.

Explanation

The correct answer is "didn't need to, did not need to". This is because the phrase "didn't need to" and "did not need to" both convey the same meaning of not being necessary to clear everything away. Both phrases indicate that clearing everything away was not required or obligatory.

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14. 7 There was a hint of _____ in her voice. DISAPPOINT

The sentence suggests that the person's voice had a hint of disappointment. This means that the person's voice conveyed a sense of sadness or dissatisfaction.

Explanation

The sentence suggests that the person's voice had a hint of disappointment. This means that the person's voice conveyed a sense of sadness or dissatisfaction.

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15. 8 May I offer you a word of _____? ADVISE

The word "advise" in the question is a verb, while "advice" is a noun. In the sentence, the speaker is asking if they can offer the listener a word of something. Since "advice" is a noun that means guidance or recommendations, it makes more sense in this context than the verb "advise." Therefore, the correct answer is "advice."

Explanation

The word "advise" in the question is a verb, while "advice" is a noun. In the sentence, the speaker is asking if they can offer the listener a word of something. Since "advice" is a noun that means guidance or recommendations, it makes more sense in this context than the verb "advise." Therefore, the correct answer is "advice."

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16. 8 It's very likely that the workers will go on strike. ALMOST A strike by the workers _____.

The phrase "is almost certain" is a synonym for "very likely." Therefore, the correct answer is "A strike by the workers is almost certain," as it means that it is highly likely that the workers will go on strike.

Explanation

The phrase "is almost certain" is a synonym for "very likely." Therefore, the correct answer is "A strike by the workers is almost certain," as it means that it is highly likely that the workers will go on strike.

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17. 9 Have you written the _____ yet? PROPOSE

The correct answer is "proposal" because the question asks if the person has written the [blank] yet, and "proposal" is the most fitting word to complete the sentence. A proposal is a formal document or plan that is presented for consideration or discussion, which aligns with the context of the question.

Explanation

The correct answer is "proposal" because the question asks if the person has written the [blank] yet, and "proposal" is the most fitting word to complete the sentence. A proposal is a formal document or plan that is presented for consideration or discussion, which aligns with the context of the question.

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18. 9 We might go to London for the weekend. PERHAPS _____ go to London for the weekend.

The word "Perhaps" is used to indicate uncertainty or possibility. In this context, it suggests that there is a chance of going to London for the weekend. The phrase "we’ll" or "we will" is used to express future actions or intentions. Therefore, the correct answer is "Perhaps we’ll, Perhaps we will" as it accurately conveys the uncertainty of the plan to go to London.

Explanation

The word "Perhaps" is used to indicate uncertainty or possibility. In this context, it suggests that there is a chance of going to London for the weekend. The phrase "we’ll" or "we will" is used to express future actions or intentions. Therefore, the correct answer is "Perhaps we’ll, Perhaps we will" as it accurately conveys the uncertainty of the plan to go to London.

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19. 10 A lot of city workers use a _____ bike to get to work. FOLD

A lot of city workers use a foldable bike to get to work because it is convenient and easy to transport. Foldable bikes can be folded up and carried on public transportation or stored in small spaces, making them a practical choice for commuting in a city.

Explanation

A lot of city workers use a foldable bike to get to work because it is convenient and easy to transport. Foldable bikes can be folded up and carried on public transportation or stored in small spaces, making them a practical choice for commuting in a city.

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20. READING You are going to read an article about an organization called Future of Fish. Six paragraphs have been removed from the article. Choose from the paragraphs A–G the one which fits each gap (1–5). There is one extra paragraph which you do not need to use. There is an example at the beginning (0). Future of Fish Future of Fish is a non-profit organization that is helping entrepreneurs who hope to reinvent the seafood industry by attacking problems throughout the long-supply chains used by today's industrialized fisheries. (0) C 'We hope to change incentives for behaviour in the industry so it's no longer profitable to overfish and to fish non-sustainably,' founder Cheryl Dahle explained. 'And we're looking to reward sustainable behaviour with a better price.' (1) 'Estimates vary, but some 30% to 70% of the fish sold in the United States is mislabelled,' Dahle said. 'If fish is mislabelled, you don't have a real choice to eat the right kind of fish. Until the marketplace becomes transparent, you can't value fish for where it came from or how it was caught – and those are two of the main pillars of sustainability.' In recent years, many popular fish species like orange roughy and bluefin tuna have collapsed under fishing pressure. Indeed, some studies suggest that today's populations of large ocean fish are at just 10% of their pre- industrial levels. This is truly alarming. Some scientists warn that all fisheries could be in collapse by 2050. (2) Tough regulations is one way, but they often encounter pushback from the fishing industry. That's why Future of Fish takes the view that forcing the industry to comply with restrictive rules can be counter-productive. The organization hopes to drive the adoption of more regulations by making them better for business. (3) 'The truth is that fresh is not a regulated term,' Dahle added. 'It's defined as not frozen or smoked, but fresh is in the nose of the salesman. Often what you are buying as fresh fish may be thirty days old. If people knew more about fish distribution, they would understand the value of buying fish that was landed just days before they eat it as opposed to weeks.' (4) 'Once you can track fish you have a perfect traceability chain,' Dahle added. 'Was this tuna part of a catch using fish aggregating devices? Was it caught legally? You can start to track some of these things that really matter for sustainability.' Dahle believes that adopting such techniques can be good for the producer and the consumer as well as for the ocean environment and the sustainability of fish species. It is Dahle's confident belief that many consumers are concerned enough about the health of our oceans to pay a premium for sustainably caught product. But she also stresses that, once they are being rewarded, such practices can spread throughout the larger seafood market as well. (5) At the same time, however, Dahle believes that this sector has plenty of room for growth. She sees no reason why it shouldn't end up being more dominant. If that were to be the case, it would mean less pressure on ailing fish stocks. 'There is no reason why you can't take sustainably caught Alaskan salmon, and portion it properly and sell it at a price point that can be served in a fish taco,' Dahle said. 'It's absolutely possible to do sustainable, affordable fish.' A Most of the fish is processed in major processing plants before being sent for distribution across the country. This is a time-consuming process and changes in the industry are long overdue. B 'Our approach is not a substitute for policy changes,' Dahle said. 'But we're trying to re-engineer incentives through the ways fish are traded every day.' Improving supply chains is a key component of the strategy Future of Fish has adopted. One area of concern is the industry's confusing interpretation of how recently a fish has been taken from the sea. C On its website, the organization claims to create business solutions to ocean challenges, and envisions a global seafood supply chain that rewards responsible fishing. It is a bold claim and one worthy of investigation. D One company Dahle works with is using tag technology to keep tabs on the temperature of fish as it moves through the supply chain, to better monitor quality – this is especially important when it comes to sushi-grade products. E The effort begins with making information more available, properly identifying fish, and tracking it all the way from sea to plate. Today's consumers have little idea where, when, or how most of their fish was caught. In fact, genetic studies show they often don't even know what kind of fish they are really buying. F 'The advent of Fair Trade has changed and improved the practices of a much larger portion of the supply chain, including large buyers,' said Dahle. 'This shows that the premium, sustainable market doesn't have to be the largest percentage of the market to have a big influence.' G Despite such foreboding, however, there are some reasons to be optimistic, so long as action is taken sooner rather than later. Many fish populations have shown an ability to rebound if they are managed properly. The question is how best to achieve this. (1) _____

Paragraph E is the correct answer because it discusses the need to make information about fish more available to consumers and the importance of properly identifying and tracking fish from sea to plate. This fits the context of the article, which is about Future of Fish's efforts to improve the seafood industry by addressing problems in the supply chain. The paragraph also mentions that consumers often don't know where their fish comes from or what kind of fish they are buying, which aligns with the issue of mislabeling discussed in paragraph 1.

Explanation

Paragraph E is the correct answer because it discusses the need to make information about fish more available to consumers and the importance of properly identifying and tracking fish from sea to plate. This fits the context of the article, which is about Future of Fish's efforts to improve the seafood industry by addressing problems in the supply chain. The paragraph also mentions that consumers often don't know where their fish comes from or what kind of fish they are buying, which aligns with the issue of mislabeling discussed in paragraph 1.

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21. VOCABULARY Task 2 Use the word given in CAPITAL LETTERS at the end of each sentence to form a word that fits in the gap in the same sentence. Here is an example (0). 0 On the picnic, we used disposable plates and cups. DISPOSE 1 The windscreen of the armoured car is _____ and bullet-proof. BREAK

The windscreen of the armoured car is unbreakable, meaning that it cannot be broken or damaged, especially by bullets.

Explanation

The windscreen of the armoured car is unbreakable, meaning that it cannot be broken or damaged, especially by bullets.

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22. 8 I think you should ___________ Tom a break. He tried his best and didn't make a mess of things on purpose.

Take

Give

Get

Make

The correct answer is "give". In this context, "give" means to grant or allow someone to have or experience something. The sentence suggests that the speaker believes Tom deserves a break because he tried his best and didn't intentionally make a mess of things. Using "take", "get", or "make" in this sentence would not convey the same meaning or intention.

Explanation

The correct answer is "give". In this context, "give" means to grant or allow someone to have or experience something. The sentence suggests that the speaker believes Tom deserves a break because he tried his best and didn't intentionally make a mess of things. Using "take", "get", or "make" in this sentence would not convey the same meaning or intention.

23. GRAMMAR Taks 1 For questions 1–10, read the text below and think of the word which best fits each gap. Use only one word in each gap. There is an example at the beginning (0). Predicting the future is a hazardous business. All we can say for (0) certain is that what we think will happen, (1) won't. Technology is progressing at such a pace that it is highly (2) that machines we now use on a daily basis will (3) obsolete before the end of the decade. Similarly, the (4) are that machines we haven't yet heard of will be commonplace. We may (5) be on the verge of another great technological leap, which will (6) certainly transform the way we interact with technology. Of course, this isn't the first time mankind has felt the winds of change. At the end of the nineteenth century, a time when new inventions were patented daily, people (7) have felt as though everything was about to change. Many were concerned and felt that that they (8) to hold back scientific progress. (9) they had a point. The industrial revolution culminated in all-out industrial warfare. Hopefully, our technological revolution will have a peaceful ending. There's a good (10) that new innovations will lead to better lives for everyone. Let's make sure that's the case. (2) _____

The word "highly" in the sentence suggests that the machines we currently use on a daily basis will have a high chance or probability of becoming obsolete before the end of the decade. Therefore, the word "likely" fits best in the blank. Additionally, "probable" and "possible" also convey a similar meaning and can be used interchangeably in this context.

Explanation

The word "highly" in the sentence suggests that the machines we currently use on a daily basis will have a high chance or probability of becoming obsolete before the end of the decade. Therefore, the word "likely" fits best in the blank. Additionally, "probable" and "possible" also convey a similar meaning and can be used interchangeably in this context.

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24. 3 It's not a difficult sport. Why don't you give it a ________ yourself?

Go

Take

Play

Throw

The phrase "give it a go" is a common expression meaning to try something. In this context, the speaker is suggesting that the person try the sport because it is not difficult. "Take" and "play" do not fit the sentence structure, and "throw" does not make sense in this context. Therefore, the correct answer is "go."

Explanation

The phrase "give it a go" is a common expression meaning to try something. In this context, the speaker is suggesting that the person try the sport because it is not difficult. "Take" and "play" do not fit the sentence structure, and "throw" does not make sense in this context. Therefore, the correct answer is "go."

25. GRAMMAR Taks 1 For questions 1–10, read the text below and think of the word which best fits each gap. Use only one word in each gap. There is an example at the beginning (0). Predicting the future is a hazardous business. All we can say for (0) certain is that what we think will happen, (1) won't. Technology is progressing at such a pace that it is highly (2) that machines we now use on a daily basis will (3) obsolete before the end of the decade. Similarly, the (4) are that machines we haven't yet heard of will be commonplace. We may (5) be on the verge of another great technological leap, which will (6) certainly transform the way we interact with technology. Of course, this isn't the first time mankind has felt the winds of change. At the end of the nineteenth century, a time when new inventions were patented daily, people (7) have felt as though everything was about to change. Many were concerned and felt that that they (8) to hold back scientific progress. (9) they had a point. The industrial revolution culminated in all-out industrial warfare. Hopefully, our technological revolution will have a peaceful ending. There's a good (10) that new innovations will lead to better lives for everyone. Let's make sure that's the case. (8) _____

The word "had" is used in the past perfect tense to show that people in the past felt the need to hold back scientific progress. It indicates that their concern was in the past and is no longer relevant.

Explanation

The word "had" is used in the past perfect tense to show that people in the past felt the need to hold back scientific progress. It indicates that their concern was in the past and is no longer relevant.

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26. 9 Ben looks so much plumper these days; he should really ___________ his weight.

Watch

See

Look

Stare

The word "watch" in this context means to be mindful or cautious about something. In this case, it suggests that Ben should pay attention to his weight and take measures to control it. The other options, such as "see," "look," and "stare," do not convey the same meaning and are not appropriate in this context.

Explanation

The word "watch" in this context means to be mindful or cautious about something. In this case, it suggests that Ben should pay attention to his weight and take measures to control it. The other options, such as "see," "look," and "stare," do not convey the same meaning and are not appropriate in this context.

27. GRAMMAR Taks 1 For questions 1–10, read the text below and think of the word which best fits each gap. Use only one word in each gap. There is an example at the beginning (0). Predicting the future is a hazardous business. All we can say for (0) certain is that what we think will happen, (1) won't. Technology is progressing at such a pace that it is highly (2) that machines we now use on a daily basis will (3) obsolete before the end of the decade. Similarly, the (4) are that machines we haven't yet heard of will be commonplace. We may (5) be on the verge of another great technological leap, which will (6) certainly transform the way we interact with technology. Of course, this isn't the first time mankind has felt the winds of change. At the end of the nineteenth century, a time when new inventions were patented daily, people (7) have felt as though everything was about to change. Many were concerned and felt that that they (8) to hold back scientific progress. (9) they had a point. The industrial revolution culminated in all-out industrial warfare. Hopefully, our technological revolution will have a peaceful ending. There's a good (10) that new innovations will lead to better lives for everyone. Let's make sure that's the case. (4) _____

The word "chances" fits in the blank because it is referring to the likelihood or probability of machines we haven't yet heard of becoming commonplace. The sentence is saying that the chances are high that these machines will be common in the future.

Explanation

The word "chances" fits in the blank because it is referring to the likelihood or probability of machines we haven't yet heard of becoming commonplace. The sentence is saying that the chances are high that these machines will be common in the future.

Submit

28. READING You are going to read an article about an organization called Future of Fish. Six paragraphs have been removed from the article. Choose from the paragraphs A–G the one which fits each gap (1–5). There is one extra paragraph which you do not need to use. There is an example at the beginning (0). Future of Fish Future of Fish is a non-profit organization that is helping entrepreneurs who hope to reinvent the seafood industry by attacking problems throughout the long-supply chains used by today's industrialized fisheries. (0) C 'We hope to change incentives for behaviour in the industry so it's no longer profitable to overfish and to fish non-sustainably,' founder Cheryl Dahle explained. 'And we're looking to reward sustainable behaviour with a better price.' (1) 'Estimates vary, but some 30% to 70% of the fish sold in the United States is mislabelled,' Dahle said. 'If fish is mislabelled, you don't have a real choice to eat the right kind of fish. Until the marketplace becomes transparent, you can't value fish for where it came from or how it was caught – and those are two of the main pillars of sustainability.' In recent years, many popular fish species like orange roughy and bluefin tuna have collapsed under fishing pressure. Indeed, some studies suggest that today's populations of large ocean fish are at just 10% of their pre- industrial levels. This is truly alarming. Some scientists warn that all fisheries could be in collapse by 2050. (2) Tough regulations is one way, but they often encounter pushback from the fishing industry. That's why Future of Fish takes the view that forcing the industry to comply with restrictive rules can be counter-productive. The organization hopes to drive the adoption of more regulations by making them better for business. (3) 'The truth is that fresh is not a regulated term,' Dahle added. 'It's defined as not frozen or smoked, but fresh is in the nose of the salesman. Often what you are buying as fresh fish may be thirty days old. If people knew more about fish distribution, they would understand the value of buying fish that was landed just days before they eat it as opposed to weeks.' (4) 'Once you can track fish you have a perfect traceability chain,' Dahle added. 'Was this tuna part of a catch using fish aggregating devices? Was it caught legally? You can start to track some of these things that really matter for sustainability.' Dahle believes that adopting such techniques can be good for the producer and the consumer as well as for the ocean environment and the sustainability of fish species. It is Dahle's confident belief that many consumers are concerned enough about the health of our oceans to pay a premium for sustainably caught product. But she also stresses that, once they are being rewarded, such practices can spread throughout the larger seafood market as well. (5) At the same time, however, Dahle believes that this sector has plenty of room for growth. She sees no reason why it shouldn't end up being more dominant. If that were to be the case, it would mean less pressure on ailing fish stocks. 'There is no reason why you can't take sustainably caught Alaskan salmon, and portion it properly and sell it at a price point that can be served in a fish taco,' Dahle said. 'It's absolutely possible to do sustainable, affordable fish.' A Most of the fish is processed in major processing plants before being sent for distribution across the country. This is a time-consuming process and changes in the industry are long overdue. B 'Our approach is not a substitute for policy changes,' Dahle said. 'But we're trying to re-engineer incentives through the ways fish are traded every day.' Improving supply chains is a key component of the strategy Future of Fish has adopted. One area of concern is the industry's confusing interpretation of how recently a fish has been taken from the sea. C On its website, the organization claims to create business solutions to ocean challenges, and envisions a global seafood supply chain that rewards responsible fishing. It is a bold claim and one worthy of investigation. D One company Dahle works with is using tag technology to keep tabs on the temperature of fish as it moves through the supply chain, to better monitor quality – this is especially important when it comes to sushi-grade products. E The effort begins with making information more available, properly identifying fish, and tracking it all the way from sea to plate. Today's consumers have little idea where, when, or how most of their fish was caught. In fact, genetic studies show they often don't even know what kind of fish they are really buying. F 'The advent of Fair Trade has changed and improved the practices of a much larger portion of the supply chain, including large buyers,' said Dahle. 'This shows that the premium, sustainable market doesn't have to be the largest percentage of the market to have a big influence.' G Despite such foreboding, however, there are some reasons to be optimistic, so long as action is taken sooner rather than later. Many fish populations have shown an ability to rebound if they are managed properly. The question is how best to achieve this. (2) _____

Paragraph G fits in this position because it talks about reasons to be optimistic and the potential for fish populations to rebound if managed properly. It also raises the question of how to achieve this, which connects to the overall theme of Future of Fish working to improve the seafood industry and promote sustainability. This paragraph provides a positive perspective and sets the stage for further discussion on solutions and strategies.

Explanation

Paragraph G fits in this position because it talks about reasons to be optimistic and the potential for fish populations to rebound if managed properly. It also raises the question of how to achieve this, which connects to the overall theme of Future of Fish working to improve the seafood industry and promote sustainability. This paragraph provides a positive perspective and sets the stage for further discussion on solutions and strategies.

Submit

29. 5 How does Jerry respond to Martha's innovative suggestion for improving safety on a bike?

He embraces aspects of her idea and suggests developing them.

He feels her idea has both positive and negative aspects.

He can see why it may help cyclists but not motorists.

He doesn’t understand her idea and questions her about it.

Jerry's response to Martha's innovative suggestion for improving safety on a bike is that he feels her idea has both positive and negative aspects. This suggests that Jerry recognizes the potential benefits of Martha's idea, but also acknowledges that there may be drawbacks or challenges associated with it.

Explanation

Jerry's response to Martha's innovative suggestion for improving safety on a bike is that he feels her idea has both positive and negative aspects. This suggests that Jerry recognizes the potential benefits of Martha's idea, but also acknowledges that there may be drawbacks or challenges associated with it.

30. VOCABULARY Task 1 Decide which answer (A, B, C or D) best fits the gap in each sentence. Here is an example (0). 0 I really don't know how the decision to have a reunion _________. Nobody intended it to happen. A came across B came over C came about D came for 1 The plan didn't __________. In fact, it was an utter failure and we were all very disappointed.

Come on

Come up

Come off

Come at

The phrase "come off" means to happen or occur, usually referring to the outcome or result of something. In this sentence, the plan did not turn out as expected and was a complete failure, causing disappointment. Therefore, the phrase "come off" is the best fit for the gap in the sentence.

Explanation

The phrase "come off" means to happen or occur, usually referring to the outcome or result of something. In this sentence, the plan did not turn out as expected and was a complete failure, causing disappointment. Therefore, the phrase "come off" is the best fit for the gap in the sentence.

31. 4 We've _______ to rely on Josephine's help. We'll miss her now she's leaving.

Given

Come

Gone

Taken

The correct answer is "come". The sentence suggests that the speaker and others have relied on Josephine's help in the past and will miss her now that she is leaving. The word "come" indicates that Josephine has been present and available to provide assistance.

Explanation

The correct answer is "come". The sentence suggests that the speaker and others have relied on Josephine's help in the past and will miss her now that she is leaving. The word "come" indicates that Josephine has been present and available to provide assistance.

32. GRAMMAR Taks 1 For questions 1–10, read the text below and think of the word which best fits each gap. Use only one word in each gap. There is an example at the beginning (0). Predicting the future is a hazardous business. All we can say for (0) certain is that what we think will happen, (1) won't. Technology is progressing at such a pace that it is highly (2) that machines we now use on a daily basis will (3) obsolete before the end of the decade. Similarly, the (4) are that machines we haven't yet heard of will be commonplace. We may (5) be on the verge of another great technological leap, which will (6) certainly transform the way we interact with technology. Of course, this isn't the first time mankind has felt the winds of change. At the end of the nineteenth century, a time when new inventions were patented daily, people (7) have felt as though everything was about to change. Many were concerned and felt that that they (8) to hold back scientific progress. (9) they had a point. The industrial revolution culminated in all-out industrial warfare. Hopefully, our technological revolution will have a peaceful ending. There's a good (10) that new innovations will lead to better lives for everyone. Let's make sure that's the case. (1) _____

The word "probably" fits in the gap because it suggests that what we think will happen in the future is not certain. It implies that there is a likelihood or probability that our predictions will not come true.

Explanation

The word "probably" fits in the gap because it suggests that what we think will happen in the future is not certain. It implies that there is a likelihood or probability that our predictions will not come true.

Submit

33. GRAMMAR Taks 1 For questions 1–10, read the text below and think of the word which best fits each gap. Use only one word in each gap. There is an example at the beginning (0). Predicting the future is a hazardous business. All we can say for (0) certain is that what we think will happen, (1) won't. Technology is progressing at such a pace that it is highly (2) that machines we now use on a daily basis will (3) obsolete before the end of the decade. Similarly, the (4) are that machines we haven't yet heard of will be commonplace. We may (5) be on the verge of another great technological leap, which will (6) certainly transform the way we interact with technology. Of course, this isn't the first time mankind has felt the winds of change. At the end of the nineteenth century, a time when new inventions were patented daily, people (7) have felt as though everything was about to change. Many were concerned and felt that that they (8) to hold back scientific progress. (9) they had a point. The industrial revolution culminated in all-out industrial warfare. Hopefully, our technological revolution will have a peaceful ending. There's a good (10) that new innovations will lead to better lives for everyone. Let's make sure that's the case. (3) _____

The word "be" is the correct answer because it fits grammatically in the sentence "machines we now use on a daily basis will be obsolete before the end of the decade." The sentence is talking about the future, and the verb "be" is used to indicate a state or condition that will exist in the future. The word "become" would not fit in this sentence because it implies a change or transformation, which is not the intended meaning.

Explanation

The word "be" is the correct answer because it fits grammatically in the sentence "machines we now use on a daily basis will be obsolete before the end of the decade." The sentence is talking about the future, and the verb "be" is used to indicate a state or condition that will exist in the future. The word "become" would not fit in this sentence because it implies a change or transformation, which is not the intended meaning.

Submit

34. 3 How does Jerry compare older bikes with newer, more innovative ones?

He says older bikes are simpler.

He says newer bikes are more expensive.

He says older bikes are more reliable.

He says newer bikes go faster.

Jerry compares older bikes with newer, more innovative ones by stating that older bikes are simpler.

Explanation

Jerry compares older bikes with newer, more innovative ones by stating that older bikes are simpler.

35. 10 Which type of bike does Emma think may go better if it had egg-shaped wheels?

Her racing bike

Her mountain bike

Her road bike

Her midweek bike

Emma thinks that her mountain bike may go better if it had egg-shaped wheels.

Explanation

Emma thinks that her mountain bike may go better if it had egg-shaped wheels.

36. 2 Don't put that pullover in the washing machine. It'll ___________, and then it'll be too small to wear.

Bend

Dispose

Fold

Shrink

If the pullover is put in the washing machine, it will shrink. This means that it will become smaller in size and therefore, it will be too small to wear.

Explanation

If the pullover is put in the washing machine, it will shrink. This means that it will become smaller in size and therefore, it will be too small to wear.

37. GRAMMAR Taks 1 For questions 1–10, read the text below and think of the word which best fits each gap. Use only one word in each gap. There is an example at the beginning (0). Predicting the future is a hazardous business. All we can say for (0) certain is that what we think will happen, (1) won't. Technology is progressing at such a pace that it is highly (2) that machines we now use on a daily basis will (3) obsolete before the end of the decade. Similarly, the (4) are that machines we haven't yet heard of will be commonplace. We may (5) be on the verge of another great technological leap, which will (6) certainly transform the way we interact with technology. Of course, this isn't the first time mankind has felt the winds of change. At the end of the nineteenth century, a time when new inventions were patented daily, people (7) have felt as though everything was about to change. Many were concerned and felt that that they (8) to hold back scientific progress. (9) they had a point. The industrial revolution culminated in all-out industrial warfare. Hopefully, our technological revolution will have a peaceful ending. There's a good (10) that new innovations will lead to better lives for everyone. Let's make sure that's the case. (7) _____

The word that best fits in the blank is "must, may, might". This is because it suggests that people at the end of the nineteenth century felt as though everything was about to change, and it implies that they had a strong belief or certainty (must), a possibility or likelihood (may), or a potential or uncertainty (might) about the impending change.

Explanation

The word that best fits in the blank is "must, may, might". This is because it suggests that people at the end of the nineteenth century felt as though everything was about to change, and it implies that they had a strong belief or certainty (must), a possibility or likelihood (may), or a potential or uncertainty (might) about the impending change.

Submit

38. 9 What does Emma say about her cycling habits?

She prefers using a mountain bike to a road bike.

She uses a different bike every day.

She spends more time on one bike than on others.

She uses different bikes for very different purposes.

Emma says that she uses different bikes for very different purposes. This implies that she may have multiple bikes for different activities such as mountain biking, road cycling, or commuting. She chooses a specific bike depending on the purpose or terrain she will be riding on.

Explanation

Emma says that she uses different bikes for very different purposes. This implies that she may have multiple bikes for different activities such as mountain biking, road cycling, or commuting. She chooses a specific bike depending on the purpose or terrain she will be riding on.

39. 4 Which of Martha's ideas does Jerry like?

Speedometers

Lights on the cycling helmet

Rear view mirrors

Brake lights

Jerry likes Martha's idea of adding brake lights.

Explanation

Jerry likes Martha's idea of adding brake lights.

40. 2 What does Jerry believe will be the next big thing in cycling?

He imagines that 3D printed bikes will be a huge success.

He thinks electric bikes will soon be popular with buyers.

He considers a return to traditional bikes likely to happen.

He says he doesn’t think any new innovations will catch on.

Jerry believes that electric bikes will soon be popular with buyers.

Explanation

Jerry believes that electric bikes will soon be popular with buyers.

41. 6 What problem does Jerry see with Martha's suggestion?

It may cost far too much to manufacture.

It may be hard to control when used on the road.

Some road-users might be confused by it.

The technology behind it may be complex.

Jerry sees a problem with Martha's suggestion because he believes that it may be difficult to control when used on the road.

Explanation

Jerry sees a problem with Martha's suggestion because he believes that it may be difficult to control when used on the road.

42. 8 What does Jerry say about Mick's suggested innovation?

What Mick wants to buy is currently available for purchase.

Mick will be able to buy what he wants soon, but it may cost a lot.

Mick won’t be able to buy what he wants for a while yet.

Manufacturing setbacks mean the product Mick wants isn’t currently for sale.

Mick's suggested innovation is currently available for purchase, according to Jerry's statement.

Explanation

Mick's suggested innovation is currently available for purchase, according to Jerry's statement.

43. 1 What does Jerry do for a living?

He rides bikes professionally.

He helps make new bikes.

He has a job in bike sales.

He is a presenter on a well-known cycling show.

The correct answer is "He helps make new bikes." This is inferred from the given options. The other options mention different professions related to bikes, such as riding bikes professionally, having a job in bike sales, or being a presenter on a cycling show. However, the option "He helps make new bikes" implies that Jerry is involved in the process of manufacturing or assembling bikes.

Explanation

The correct answer is "He helps make new bikes." This is inferred from the given options. The other options mention different professions related to bikes, such as riding bikes professionally, having a job in bike sales, or being a presenter on a cycling show. However, the option "He helps make new bikes" implies that Jerry is involved in the process of manufacturing or assembling bikes.

44. 7 Why does Mick suggest a new type of bicycle tyre?

He’s tired of doing a tedious task again and again.

He likes technological advances.

He’s afraid of accidents involving flat tyres.

He has found himself many times without a good pump.

Mick suggests a new type of bicycle tyre because he is tired of doing a tedious task again and again. This implies that the current bicycle tyre requires frequent maintenance or repair, which is time-consuming and tiresome for Mick. Therefore, he suggests a new type of tyre that would eliminate or reduce the need for this tedious task.

Explanation

Mick suggests a new type of bicycle tyre because he is tired of doing a tedious task again and again. This implies that the current bicycle tyre requires frequent maintenance or repair, which is time-consuming and tiresome for Mick. Therefore, he suggests a new type of tyre that would eliminate or reduce the need for this tedious task.

45. GRAMMAR Taks 1 For questions 1–10, read the text below and think of the word which best fits each gap. Use only one word in each gap. There is an example at the beginning (0). Predicting the future is a hazardous business. All we can say for (0) certain is that what we think will happen, (1) won't. Technology is progressing at such a pace that it is highly (2) that machines we now use on a daily basis will (3) obsolete before the end of the decade. Similarly, the (4) are that machines we haven't yet heard of will be commonplace. We may (5) be on the verge of another great technological leap, which will (6) certainly transform the way we interact with technology. Of course, this isn't the first time mankind has felt the winds of change. At the end of the nineteenth century, a time when new inventions were patented daily, people (7) have felt as though everything was about to change. Many were concerned and felt that that they (8) to hold back scientific progress. (9) they had a point. The industrial revolution culminated in all-out industrial warfare. Hopefully, our technological revolution will have a peaceful ending. There's a good (10) that new innovations will lead to better lives for everyone. Let's make sure that's the case. (5) _____

The word "well" is used to suggest that the speaker is acknowledging a potential counterpoint or objection to their previous statement. The word "even" is used to emphasize that the counterpoint or objection is still valid despite the speaker's argument. In this context, the speaker is acknowledging that there is a possibility of another great technological leap, even though they have previously stated that machines we now use will become obsolete.

Explanation

The word "well" is used to suggest that the speaker is acknowledging a potential counterpoint or objection to their previous statement. The word "even" is used to emphasize that the counterpoint or objection is still valid despite the speaker's argument. In this context, the speaker is acknowledging that there is a possibility of another great technological leap, even though they have previously stated that machines we now use will become obsolete.

Submit

46. GRAMMAR Taks 1 For questions 1–10, read the text below and think of the word which best fits each gap. Use only one word in each gap. There is an example at the beginning (0). Predicting the future is a hazardous business. All we can say for (0) certain is that what we think will happen, (1) won't. Technology is progressing at such a pace that it is highly (2) that machines we now use on a daily basis will (3) obsolete before the end of the decade. Similarly, the (4) are that machines we haven't yet heard of will be commonplace. We may (5) be on the verge of another great technological leap, which will (6) certainly transform the way we interact with technology. Of course, this isn't the first time mankind has felt the winds of change. At the end of the nineteenth century, a time when new inventions were patented daily, people (7) have felt as though everything was about to change. Many were concerned and felt that that they (8) to hold back scientific progress. (9) they had a point. The industrial revolution culminated in all-out industrial warfare. Hopefully, our technological revolution will have a peaceful ending. There's a good (10) that new innovations will lead to better lives for everyone. Let's make sure that's the case. (6) _____

The word "almost" is used to describe the extent to which the technological leap will transform the way we interact with technology. The word "most" is used to describe the likelihood that new machines we haven't heard of will be commonplace.

Explanation

The word "almost" is used to describe the extent to which the technological leap will transform the way we interact with technology. The word "most" is used to describe the likelihood that new machines we haven't heard of will be commonplace.

Submit

47. READING You are going to read an article about an organization called Future of Fish. Six paragraphs have been removed from the article. Choose from the paragraphs A–G the one which fits each gap (1–5). There is one extra paragraph which you do not need to use. There is an example at the beginning (0). Future of Fish Future of Fish is a non-profit organization that is helping entrepreneurs who hope to reinvent the seafood industry by attacking problems throughout the long-supply chains used by today's industrialized fisheries. (0) C 'We hope to change incentives for behaviour in the industry so it's no longer profitable to overfish and to fish non-sustainably,' founder Cheryl Dahle explained. 'And we're looking to reward sustainable behaviour with a better price.' (1) 'Estimates vary, but some 30% to 70% of the fish sold in the United States is mislabelled,' Dahle said. 'If fish is mislabelled, you don't have a real choice to eat the right kind of fish. Until the marketplace becomes transparent, you can't value fish for where it came from or how it was caught – and those are two of the main pillars of sustainability.' In recent years, many popular fish species like orange roughy and bluefin tuna have collapsed under fishing pressure. Indeed, some studies suggest that today's populations of large ocean fish are at just 10% of their pre- industrial levels. This is truly alarming. Some scientists warn that all fisheries could be in collapse by 2050. (2) Tough regulations is one way, but they often encounter pushback from the fishing industry. That's why Future of Fish takes the view that forcing the industry to comply with restrictive rules can be counter-productive. The organization hopes to drive the adoption of more regulations by making them better for business. (3) 'The truth is that fresh is not a regulated term,' Dahle added. 'It's defined as not frozen or smoked, but fresh is in the nose of the salesman. Often what you are buying as fresh fish may be thirty days old. If people knew more about fish distribution, they would understand the value of buying fish that was landed just days before they eat it as opposed to weeks.' (4) 'Once you can track fish you have a perfect traceability chain,' Dahle added. 'Was this tuna part of a catch using fish aggregating devices? Was it caught legally? You can start to track some of these things that really matter for sustainability.' Dahle believes that adopting such techniques can be good for the producer and the consumer as well as for the ocean environment and the sustainability of fish species. It is Dahle's confident belief that many consumers are concerned enough about the health of our oceans to pay a premium for sustainably caught product. But she also stresses that, once they are being rewarded, such practices can spread throughout the larger seafood market as well. (5) At the same time, however, Dahle believes that this sector has plenty of room for growth. She sees no reason why it shouldn't end up being more dominant. If that were to be the case, it would mean less pressure on ailing fish stocks. 'There is no reason why you can't take sustainably caught Alaskan salmon, and portion it properly and sell it at a price point that can be served in a fish taco,' Dahle said. 'It's absolutely possible to do sustainable, affordable fish.' A Most of the fish is processed in major processing plants before being sent for distribution across the country. This is a time-consuming process and changes in the industry are long overdue. B 'Our approach is not a substitute for policy changes,' Dahle said. 'But we're trying to re-engineer incentives through the ways fish are traded every day.' Improving supply chains is a key component of the strategy Future of Fish has adopted. One area of concern is the industry's confusing interpretation of how recently a fish has been taken from the sea. C On its website, the organization claims to create business solutions to ocean challenges, and envisions a global seafood supply chain that rewards responsible fishing. It is a bold claim and one worthy of investigation. D One company Dahle works with is using tag technology to keep tabs on the temperature of fish as it moves through the supply chain, to better monitor quality – this is especially important when it comes to sushi-grade products. E The effort begins with making information more available, properly identifying fish, and tracking it all the way from sea to plate. Today's consumers have little idea where, when, or how most of their fish was caught. In fact, genetic studies show they often don't even know what kind of fish they are really buying. F 'The advent of Fair Trade has changed and improved the practices of a much larger portion of the supply chain, including large buyers,' said Dahle. 'This shows that the premium, sustainable market doesn't have to be the largest percentage of the market to have a big influence.' G Despite such foreboding, however, there are some reasons to be optimistic, so long as action is taken sooner rather than later. Many fish populations have shown an ability to rebound if they are managed properly. The question is how best to achieve this. (5) _____

The paragraph F fits in this position because it discusses the influence of the Fair Trade movement on the seafood industry and how it has improved practices in the supply chain. This paragraph aligns with the organization's goal of changing incentives and rewarding sustainable behavior in the industry. It also supports the idea that sustainable practices can have a significant impact even if they are not the largest percentage of the market.

Explanation

The paragraph F fits in this position because it discusses the influence of the Fair Trade movement on the seafood industry and how it has improved practices in the supply chain. This paragraph aligns with the organization's goal of changing incentives and rewarding sustainable behavior in the industry. It also supports the idea that sustainable practices can have a significant impact even if they are not the largest percentage of the market.

Submit

48. GRAMMAR Taks 1 For questions 1–10, read the text below and think of the word which best fits each gap. Use only one word in each gap. There is an example at the beginning (0). Predicting the future is a hazardous business. All we can say for (0) certain is that what we think will happen, (1) won't. Technology is progressing at such a pace that it is highly (2) that machines we now use on a daily basis will (3) obsolete before the end of the decade. Similarly, the (4) are that machines we haven't yet heard of will be commonplace. We may (5) be on the verge of another great technological leap, which will (6) certainly transform the way we interact with technology. Of course, this isn't the first time mankind has felt the winds of change. At the end of the nineteenth century, a time when new inventions were patented daily, people (7) have felt as though everything was about to change. Many were concerned and felt that that they (8) to hold back scientific progress. (9) they had a point. The industrial revolution culminated in all-out industrial warfare. Hopefully, our technological revolution will have a peaceful ending. There's a good (10) that new innovations will lead to better lives for everyone. Let's make sure that's the case. (9) _____

The word "perhaps" or "maybe" fits in the blank because it suggests that the statement made in the previous sentence could be true or valid. It implies that the concern raised by people about holding back scientific progress could have been justified.

Explanation

The word "perhaps" or "maybe" fits in the blank because it suggests that the statement made in the previous sentence could be true or valid. It implies that the concern raised by people about holding back scientific progress could have been justified.

Submit

49. 10 Although we lost, I'm not disappointed because we gave it our ___________.

Biggest

Most

Best

Strongest

The speaker is saying that even though they lost, they are not disappointed because they gave their best effort. "Best" here refers to the highest level of effort or performance that they could have given.

Explanation

The speaker is saying that even though they lost, they are not disappointed because they gave their best effort. "Best" here refers to the highest level of effort or performance that they could have given.

50. GRAMMAR Taks 1 For questions 1–10, read the text below and think of the word which best fits each gap. Use only one word in each gap. There is an example at the beginning (0). Predicting the future is a hazardous business. All we can say for (0) certain is that what we think will happen, (1) won't. Technology is progressing at such a pace that it is highly (2) that machines we now use on a daily basis will (3) obsolete before the end of the decade. Similarly, the (4) are that machines we haven't yet heard of will be commonplace. We may (5) be on the verge of another great technological leap, which will (6) certainly transform the way we interact with technology. Of course, this isn't the first time mankind has felt the winds of change. At the end of the nineteenth century, a time when new inventions were patented daily, people (7) have felt as though everything was about to change. Many were concerned and felt that that they (8) to hold back scientific progress. (9) they had a point. The industrial revolution culminated in all-out industrial warfare. Hopefully, our technological revolution will have a peaceful ending. There's a good (10) that new innovations will lead to better lives for everyone. Let's make sure that's the case. (10) _____

The word "chance" is the correct answer because it fits grammatically and semantically in the sentence. It is used to express the idea that there is a possibility or likelihood that new innovations will lead to better lives for everyone. The word "probability" is also a possible answer, as it has a similar meaning and can be used interchangeably with "chance" in this context.

Explanation

The word "chance" is the correct answer because it fits grammatically and semantically in the sentence. It is used to express the idea that there is a possibility or likelihood that new innovations will lead to better lives for everyone. The word "probability" is also a possible answer, as it has a similar meaning and can be used interchangeably with "chance" in this context.

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51. 2 We'll probably have driverless cars in our city centres very soon. CHANCE _____ we'll have driverless cars in our city centres very soon.

The correct answer options all convey the idea that it is possible or likely for driverless cars to be in city centres soon. They all suggest the presence of a possibility or likelihood, which aligns with the word "chance" in the original sentence.

Explanation

The correct answer options all convey the idea that it is possible or likely for driverless cars to be in city centres soon. They all suggest the presence of a possibility or likelihood, which aligns with the word "chance" in the original sentence.

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52. 5 Frank would have been well advised to keep his opinions to himself. OUGHT Frank _____ his opinions to himself.

The correct answer is "ought to have kept." This is because the phrase "well advised to" implies that it would have been a good idea for Frank to do something. "Ought to have kept" expresses the same meaning, indicating that Frank should have kept his opinions to himself.

Explanation

The correct answer is "ought to have kept." This is because the phrase "well advised to" implies that it would have been a good idea for Frank to do something. "Ought to have kept" expresses the same meaning, indicating that Frank should have kept his opinions to himself.

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53. 6 There was no need to speak up on my behalf, but thanks anyway. HAVE You _____ up on my behalf, but thanks anyway.

The correct answer is "needn't have spoken." This is because the original sentence states that there was no need for someone to speak up on the speaker's behalf, but they are still grateful for the gesture. "Needn't have spoken" accurately conveys this meaning, indicating that the action of speaking up was unnecessary but appreciated.

Explanation

The correct answer is "needn't have spoken." This is because the original sentence states that there was no need for someone to speak up on the speaker's behalf, but they are still grateful for the gesture. "Needn't have spoken" accurately conveys this meaning, indicating that the action of speaking up was unnecessary but appreciated.

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54. 7 Paul's probably signed the contract already, so there's no point explaining the terms to him. WELL Paul _____ the contract, so there's no point explaining the terms to him.

The word "probably" suggests that there is a high likelihood that Paul has already signed the contract. The phrase "no point explaining the terms to him" implies that there is no need to provide an explanation if he has already signed. Therefore, the phrase "may well have signed" fits in the sentence, indicating that it is highly possible that Paul has already signed the contract.

Explanation

The word "probably" suggests that there is a high likelihood that Paul has already signed the contract. The phrase "no point explaining the terms to him" implies that there is no need to provide an explanation if he has already signed. Therefore, the phrase "may well have signed" fits in the sentence, indicating that it is highly possible that Paul has already signed the contract.

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55. 10 I don't think it's likely that she fell. She's such a good climber. HAVE She _____. She's such a good climber.

The given sentence states that the person in question is a good climber, which suggests that it is unlikely for her to have fallen. The phrase "can't have fallen" and "cannot have fallen" both convey the idea that it is not possible for her to have fallen based on her climbing abilities. Therefore, either phrase can be used to complete the sentence.

Explanation

The given sentence states that the person in question is a good climber, which suggests that it is unlikely for her to have fallen. The phrase "can't have fallen" and "cannot have fallen" both convey the idea that it is not possible for her to have fallen based on her climbing abilities. Therefore, either phrase can be used to complete the sentence.

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