AHS 202l Digestive System

Explanation
The correct answer is "esophagus." The given description of a "looooong tube connecting the pharynx to the stomach" perfectly matches the function and location of the esophagus in the human body. The esophagus is responsible for transporting food and liquids from the mouth to the stomach, utilizing peristalsis, a series of muscle contractions, to push the contents along.

Explanation
The correct answer is "cardia." The question is asking for the name of the area at the beginning of the stomach, not the sphincter. The cardia is the area where the esophagus connects to the stomach, and it is responsible for allowing food to enter the stomach.

Explanation
The cardiac sphincter is the muscle that opens and closes the top of the stomach. It is located at the junction between the esophagus and the stomach and acts as a valve to prevent stomach acid from flowing back into the esophagus. When food is swallowed, the cardiac sphincter relaxes to allow it to enter the stomach, and then contracts to prevent the stomach contents from regurgitating back into the esophagus. This muscle plays a crucial role in the digestion process and helps maintain the integrity of the digestive system.

Explanation
The term "greater curvature of the stomach" refers to the outer curve of the stomach. The stomach has two main curves, the greater curvature and the lesser curvature. The greater curvature is longer and more pronounced, while the lesser curvature is shorter and more concave. Therefore, the correct answer is the greater curvature of the stomach.

Explanation
The term "lesser curvature of the stomach" refers to the inner curve or concave surface of the stomach. The stomach has two main curvatures, the lesser curvature and the greater curvature. The lesser curvature is shorter and located on the medial side of the stomach, while the greater curvature is longer and located on the lateral side. Understanding the anatomical landmarks of the stomach, such as the lesser curvature, is important for medical professionals in diagnosing and treating conditions related to the stomach.

Explanation
The fundus is the upper portion of the stomach that is able to stretch and expand to accommodate food. It is located above the body of the stomach and below the lower esophageal sphincter. The fundus is responsible for storing and mixing food before it is gradually released into the rest of the stomach for digestion. It is highly elastic and can accommodate large amounts of food without causing discomfort.

Explanation
The question is asking for the part between the fundus and antrum. The body is the correct answer because it is the main portion of the stomach located between these two regions. The fundus is the upper part of the stomach, while the antrum is the lower part. Therefore, the body is the section that lies in between them.

Explanation
The antrum is the part of the stomach located between the body and the pylorus. It is a lower portion of the stomach that helps in the digestion process by mixing and grinding food with the help of muscular contractions. The antrum also plays a role in regulating the release of gastric juices and controlling the movement of food into the small intestine.

Explanation
The correct answer is pylorus. The pylorus is the last portion of the stomach, located at the lower end. It acts as a valve that controls the flow of partially digested food from the stomach to the small intestine. The pylorus helps regulate the release of chyme, a mixture of food and gastric juices, into the small intestine for further digestion and absorption.

Explanation
The pyloric sphincter is a circular muscle located at the bottom of the stomach. Its main function is to control the flow of partially digested food from the stomach to the small intestine. When the sphincter is relaxed, it allows food to pass through and enter the small intestine for further digestion and absorption. However, when the sphincter contracts, it closes off the opening and prevents the contents of the small intestine from flowing back into the stomach. This helps to regulate the movement of food through the digestive system and ensures that it is properly processed before continuing on its journey.

Explanation
The duodenum is the first part of the small intestine, located immediately after the stomach. It receives partially digested food from the stomach and plays a crucial role in the digestion process. It receives bile from the liver and pancreatic enzymes from the pancreas, which aid in the breakdown of fats, proteins, and carbohydrates. The duodenum also helps neutralize stomach acid before it continues to the rest of the small intestine for further digestion and absorption of nutrients.

Explanation
The jejunum is the middle part of the small intestine, located between the duodenum and the ileum. It is characterized by its numerous curves and loops, which increase the surface area available for nutrient absorption. The jejunum is responsible for further breaking down food particles and absorbing nutrients into the bloodstream.

Explanation
The ileum is the final segment of the small intestine, located between the jejunum and the large intestine. It is responsible for absorbing nutrients, electrolytes, and water from digested food, as well as aiding in the absorption of vitamin B12. The ileum also plays a role in the immune system, as it contains specialized cells called Peyer's patches, which help protect against harmful bacteria and pathogens. Therefore, the ileum is correctly identified as the end of the small intestine.

Explanation
The ascending colon is the first part of the colon, which is a part of the large intestine. It is located on the right side of the abdomen and connects the cecum (the first part of the large intestine) to the transverse colon. The ascending colon is responsible for absorbing water and electrolytes from the digested food, as well as storing waste before it is eliminated from the body.

Explanation
The anus is located at the very end of the digestive system. It is the opening through which waste materials, such as feces, are eliminated from the body. The anus is surrounded by muscles that help control the release of waste and prevent leakage. It is an important part of the digestive process as it allows for the elimination of indigestible materials from the body.

Explanation
The pancreas is an organ that is attached to the duodenum. It is located behind the stomach and plays a crucial role in digestion and regulating blood sugar levels. The pancreas produces digestive enzymes that help break down food in the small intestine, as well as hormones such as insulin and glucagon that regulate blood sugar. Its attachment to the duodenum allows for the efficient release of these enzymes and hormones into the digestive system.

Explanation
The given answer "gall bladder" is correct because it is the organ in the human body where bile is stored. Bile is produced by the liver and then stored in the gall bladder until it is needed for digestion. The description of "the deflated bag hugging the liver" also matches the appearance and location of the gall bladder in relation to the liver.

Explanation
The term "mesenteric border" refers to the border of the jejunum that is connected to the mesentery. The mesentery is a double layer of peritoneum that attaches the intestines to the back wall of the abdomen, providing support and allowing for blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatics to reach the intestines. Therefore, the mesenteric border of the jejunum is the side that is in contact with the mesentery.

Explanation
The anti-mesenteric border refers to the portion of the jejunum that is not connected to the mesentery. The mesentery is a fold of tissue that attaches the intestines to the back of the abdominal wall. The anti-mesenteric border is located on the opposite side of the jejunum from the mesentery and is not attached to it. This allows for greater mobility and flexibility of the jejunum within the abdominal cavity.

Explanation
The shiny covering of the internal organs of the abdominal cavity is known as the visceral peritoneum. The peritoneum is a thin, transparent membrane that lines the abdominal cavity and covers the organs within it. The visceral peritoneum specifically refers to the portion of the peritoneum that covers the organs, providing them with protection and allowing them to glide smoothly against each other during movement.

Explanation
The shiny surface covering the abdominal walls is known as the parietal peritoneum. The peritoneum is a thin, serous membrane that lines the abdominal cavity and covers the organs within it. The parietal peritoneum specifically refers to the portion of the membrane that lines the walls of the abdominal cavity. It helps to protect and support the organs, as well as provide lubrication to allow for smooth movement within the abdomen.

Explanation
The correct answer is retro-peritoneal fat. Retro-peritoneal fat refers to the fat deposits located behind the peritoneum, which is the membrane that lines the abdominal cavity. This fat is specifically found around the spine and kidneys in the dorsal abdominal cavity. It serves as a protective cushion for these organs and also provides insulation.