AHS 307 - Gastrointestinal Drugs
Covers material from the GI Lecture, and from chapter 11.
Questions and Answers
- 1.
Parasympathetic systems are inhibited by _______ drugs.
Explanation
Anticholinergic drugs inhibit the parasympathetic system. These drugs block the action of acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter that is responsible for activating the parasympathetic nervous system. By inhibiting the parasympathetic system, anticholinergic drugs can produce various effects such as relaxation of smooth muscles, decreased glandular secretions, and increased heart rate. The terms "anticholinergic" and "anti-cholinergic" are interchangeable and both refer to drugs that have this inhibitory effect on the parasympathetic system.Rate this question:
- 2.
Parasympathetic systems are stimulated by __________ drugs.
Explanation
Parasympathetic systems are stimulated by cholinergic drugs. Cholinergic drugs act by increasing the levels of acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter involved in the parasympathetic nervous system. These drugs mimic the effects of acetylcholine, leading to increased parasympathetic activity. This can result in various physiological responses such as increased digestion, decreased heart rate, and constriction of the pupils. Therefore, cholinergic drugs are used to treat conditions where increased parasympathetic activity is desired, such as in the management of urinary retention, glaucoma, and certain gastrointestinal disorders.Rate this question:
- 3.
Anticholinergics
- A.
Atropine
- B.
Glycopyrrolate
- C.
Aminopentamide
- D.
Isopropamide
- E.
Methscopolamine
Correct Answer(s)
A. Atropine
B. Glycopyrrolate
C. Aminopentamide
D. Isopropamide
E. MethscopolamineExplanation
The given answer includes a list of anticholinergics, which are a class of drugs that block the action of acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter in the body. Atropine, glycopyrrolate, aminopentamide, isopropamide, and methscopolamine are all examples of anticholinergic drugs. These drugs are commonly used to treat a variety of conditions such as excessive sweating, gastrointestinal disorders, and urinary incontinence. They work by inhibiting the effects of acetylcholine on specific receptors in the body, leading to a decrease in certain bodily functions.Rate this question:
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- 4.
Can blacken the stool and cause opacities on the radiographs. Also should not be used in cats because of aspirin-like qualities.
- A.
Bismuth subsalicylate (Pepto-bismol)
- B.
Kaolin/pectin
- C.
Activated charcoal
- D.
All of the above
Correct Answer
A. Bismuth subsalicylate (Pepto-bismol)Explanation
Bismuth subsalicylate (Pepto-bismol) is the correct answer because it can blacken the stool and cause opacities on radiographs. Additionally, it should not be used in cats due to its aspirin-like qualities. Kaolin/pectin and activated charcoal are not mentioned as causing these specific effects.Rate this question:
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- 5.
Antidiarrheal drug
- A.
Bismuth subsalicylate (Pepto-bismol)
- B.
Kaolin/pectin
- C.
Activated charcoal
- D.
All of the above
Correct Answer
D. All of the aboveExplanation
The correct answer is "All of the above." This means that all three options mentioned - bismuth subsalicylate (Pepto-bismol), kaolin/pectin, and activated charcoal - are considered antidiarrheal drugs. These drugs are commonly used to treat diarrhea by either reducing inflammation in the digestive system (bismuth subsalicylate), absorbing excess fluid in the intestines (kaolin/pectin), or binding to toxins and chemicals in the gut (activated charcoal). Therefore, all three options are correct as they are all used to alleviate symptoms of diarrhea.Rate this question:
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- 6.
Both an adsorbent and a protectant.
- A.
Bismuth subsalicylate (Pepto-bismol)
- B.
Kaolin/pectin
- C.
Activated charcoal
- D.
All of the above
Correct Answer
B. Kaolin/pectinExplanation
Kaolin/pectin is both an adsorbent and a protectant. Kaolin is a type of clay that can bind to toxins and irritants in the digestive system, preventing them from being absorbed into the body. Pectin, on the other hand, forms a protective coating on the lining of the stomach and intestines, reducing inflammation and irritation. Therefore, the combination of kaolin and pectin in a medication provides both adsorbent and protective properties, making it an effective treatment for digestive issues.Rate this question:
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- 7.
Comes in powdered form. Is considerded the best ADsorbent.
- A.
Bismuth subsalicylate (Pepto-bismol)
- B.
Kaolin/pectin
- C.
Activated charcoal
- D.
All of the above
Correct Answer
C. Activated charcoalExplanation
Activated charcoal is the correct answer because it comes in powdered form and is considered the best adsorbent. It is commonly used to treat poisoning and overdose cases as it can bind to toxins and chemicals in the stomach and prevent their absorption into the bloodstream. Activated charcoal has a large surface area and porous structure, allowing it to effectively adsorb a wide range of substances. It is widely recognized for its ability to alleviate symptoms of gastrointestinal distress, such as bloating, gas, and diarrhea.Rate this question:
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- 8.
An adsorbent is a substance that binds other materials to its surface.
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
A. TrueExplanation
An adsorbent is a substance that has the ability to attract and bind other materials to its surface. This process is known as adsorption. The adsorbent material has a high surface area and can effectively trap and hold molecules or particles from a gas or liquid phase. This property makes adsorbents useful in various applications such as purification, filtration, and separation processes. Therefore, the statement "An adsorbent is a substance that binds other materials to its surface" is true.Rate this question:
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- 9.
Mechanisms of opiate/narcotic analgesics used for diarrheal control.
- A.
Decrease intestinal secretions
- B.
Increase intestinal secretions
- C.
Increase segmental contractions
- D.
Decrease segmental contractions
- E.
Decrease intestinal absorption.
Correct Answer(s)
A. Decrease intestinal secretions
C. Increase segmental contractionsExplanation
Opiate/narcotic analgesics are used for diarrheal control because they decrease intestinal secretions and increase segmental contractions. Decreasing intestinal secretions helps to reduce the amount of fluid in the intestines, which can help to alleviate diarrhea. Increasing segmental contractions promotes the movement of stool through the intestines, helping to relieve diarrhea by speeding up the passage of waste material. These mechanisms work together to help control diarrhea and restore normal bowel function.Rate this question:
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- 10.
Uncontrolled opioid anti-diarrheal.
- A.
Diphenoxylate
- B.
Loperamide
- C.
Paregoric
- D.
All of the above
Correct Answer
B. LoperamideExplanation
Loperamide is a medication used to treat diarrhea by slowing down the movement of the intestines. It is classified as an opioid anti-diarrheal, as it acts on the opioid receptors in the gut to reduce the frequency of bowel movements. Diphenoxylate and paregoric are also opioid anti-diarrheal medications, but loperamide is the most commonly used and widely available option. Therefore, the correct answer is loperamide.Rate this question:
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- 11.
C-V controlled antidiarrheal substance with added atropine.
- A.
Diphenoxylate
- B.
Loperamide
- C.
Paregoric
- D.
All of the above
Correct Answer
A. DipHenoxylateExplanation
Diphenoxylate is a C-V controlled antidiarrheal substance with added atropine. This means that it is a medication used to treat diarrhea and is classified as a controlled substance with a low potential for abuse. Atropine is added to the medication to discourage misuse. Therefore, diphenoxylate is the correct answer as it fits the given description.Rate this question:
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- 12.
C-III controlled anti-diarrheal. Combined with kaolin/pectin.
- A.
Diphenoxylate
- B.
Loperamide
- C.
Paregoric
- D.
All of the above
Correct Answer
C. ParegoricExplanation
Paregoric is the correct answer because it is a C-III controlled anti-diarrheal medication that is commonly combined with kaolin/pectin. Diphenoxylate and loperamide are also anti-diarrheal medications, but they are not specifically mentioned in the question as being combined with kaolin/pectin. Therefore, they are not the correct answer.Rate this question:
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- 13.
Narcotic anti-diarrheal not be used in horses or cattle.
- A.
Diphenoxylate
- B.
Loperamide
- C.
Paregoric
- D.
All of the above
Correct Answer
D. All of the aboveExplanation
All of the given options, diphenoxylate, loperamide, and paregoric, are narcotic anti-diarrheal drugs. These drugs are not recommended for use in horses or cattle. The reason behind this is that these drugs can have adverse effects on the gastrointestinal system of these animals and may cause further complications. Therefore, it is important to avoid using these drugs in horses or cattle.Rate this question:
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- 14.
Ideal osmotic for animals also suffering from liver disease.
- A.
Lactulose
- B.
Sodium phosphate enemas
- C.
Magnesium sulfate (MgSO4)
- D.
Magnesium hydroxide (Milk of magnesia)
Correct Answer
A. LactuloseExplanation
Decreases NH4 by absorbing ammonia.Rate this question:
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- 15.
Osmotic not for use in cats.
- A.
Lactulose
- B.
Sodium phosphate enemas
- C.
Magnesium sulfate (MgSO4)
- D.
Magnesium hydroxide (Milk of magnesia)
Correct Answer
B. Sodium pHospHate enemasExplanation
Because of phosphate toxicity.Rate this question:
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- 16.
Which are emollients?
- A.
Ducosate derivatives (DSS)
- B.
Mineral oil
- C.
Lactulose
- D.
Polyethylene glycol-electrolyte solution
- E.
Castor oil
- F.
Psyllium
Correct Answer(s)
A. Ducosate derivatives (DSS)
B. Mineral oilExplanation
Ducosate derivatives (DSS) and mineral oil are both examples of emollients. Emollients are substances that help to moisturize and soften the skin. Ducosate derivatives (DSS) are commonly used as stool softeners to relieve constipation. Mineral oil is a type of lubricant that can be applied topically to the skin to prevent dryness and provide a protective barrier. Both of these substances work by trapping moisture in the skin and preventing water loss, making them effective emollients.Rate this question:
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- 17.
Includes surfactants, which help reduce surface tension by helping water soak into the fecal material.
- A.
Emollient laxatives
- B.
Osmotic laxitives
- C.
Stimulant laxitives
- D.
Bulk-forming laxatives
Correct Answer
A. Emollient laxativesExplanation
Emollient laxatives contain surfactants that aid in reducing the surface tension of water, allowing it to penetrate and soften the fecal material. This helps to lubricate the stool and promote easier bowel movements.Rate this question:
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- 18.
Bulk forming laxative
- A.
Psyllium seed extract
- B.
Castor oil
- C.
Mineral oil
- D.
Phenophthalein (Ex Lax)
Correct Answer
A. Psyllium seed extractExplanation
Psyllium seed extract is the correct answer because it is a type of bulk forming laxative. Bulk forming laxatives work by absorbing water in the intestine, which increases the bulk of the stool and stimulates bowel movements. Psyllium seed extract is derived from the seeds of the Plantago ovata plant and is commonly used to treat constipation. It is a natural source of dietary fiber and is known for its ability to soften the stool and promote regular bowel movements.Rate this question:
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- 19.
Inhibit dopamine in the CRTZ, thus decreasing the stimulation to vomit.
- A.
Acepromazine
- B.
Chlorpromazine
- C.
Prochlorpromazine
- D.
Meclizine
Correct Answer(s)
A. Acepromazine
B. Chlorpromazine
C. ProchlorpromazineExplanation
These three medications, Acepromazine, Chlorpromazine, and Prochlorpromazine, inhibit dopamine in the CRTZ (chemoreceptor trigger zone) which decreases the stimulation to vomit. Meclizine, on the other hand, is an antihistamine that is commonly used to treat motion sickness and vertigo, but it does not directly inhibit dopamine in the CRTZ.Rate this question:
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- 20.
Antihistamines that act to decrease input to the CRTZ from the vestibular apparatus.
- A.
Dimenhydrinate
- B.
Diphenhydramine
- C.
Meclizine
Correct Answer(s)
A. Dimenhydrinate
B. DipHenhydramine
C. MeclizineExplanation
These three drugs, dimenhydrinate, diphenhydramine, and meclizine, are all antihistamines that work by decreasing input to the CRTZ (Chemoreceptor Trigger Zone) from the vestibular apparatus. The CRTZ is a region in the brain that is responsible for triggering nausea and vomiting. By reducing the input from the vestibular apparatus, these drugs help to alleviate symptoms of motion sickness and vertigo.Rate this question:
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- 21.
Anticholiergics that block acetylcholine peripherally, decreasing input to the CRTZ. Contraindicated in animals with glaucoma or pyloric obstruction.
- A.
Aminopentamide
- B.
Atropine
- C.
Acepromazine
Correct Answer(s)
A. Aminopentamide
B. AtropineExplanation
Aminopentamide and Atropine are both anticholinergic drugs that block the action of acetylcholine in the peripheral nervous system. This decreases the input to the chemoreceptor trigger zone (CRTZ), which is responsible for inducing vomiting. By blocking acetylcholine, these drugs can help prevent vomiting in animals. However, they are contraindicated in animals with glaucoma or pyloric obstruction, as they can worsen these conditions. Therefore, aminopentamide and atropine are the correct answers as they fit the description given in the question.Rate this question:
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- 22.
Most commonly used procainamide derivative anti-emetic.
- A.
Metoclopramide (Reglan)
- B.
Atropine
- C.
Propantheline (Pro-Banthine)
Correct Answer
A. Metoclopramide (Reglan)Explanation
Metoclopramide (Reglan) is the most commonly used procainamide derivative anti-emetic. This means that it is a medication derived from procainamide and is primarily used to prevent or treat nausea and vomiting. Metoclopramide works by blocking dopamine receptors in the brain, which helps to reduce nausea and increase the movement of food through the stomach. Atropine and Propantheline are not procainamide derivatives and are not commonly used as anti-emetics.Rate this question:
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- 23.
Metoclopramide's three modes of actions to reduce vomitting....
- A.
Decrease input to the CRTZ
- B.
Increase GI contractions
- C.
Decreases GI contractions
- D.
Increases gastric emptying
- E.
Decreases gastric emptying
- F.
Increases gastric secretions
Correct Answer(s)
A. Decrease input to the CRTZ
B. Increase GI contractions
D. Increases gastric emptyingExplanation
Metoclopramide has three modes of action to reduce vomiting. Firstly, it decreases input to the CRTZ (chemoreceptor trigger zone), which is responsible for initiating the vomiting reflex. By reducing the input to the CRTZ, metoclopramide helps to prevent the sensation of nausea and vomiting. Secondly, it increases GI contractions, which promotes the movement of food through the gastrointestinal tract and prevents the buildup of gastric contents that can trigger vomiting. Lastly, metoclopramide increases gastric emptying, meaning that it helps to empty the stomach contents into the intestines more quickly, reducing the likelihood of vomiting.Rate this question:
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- 24.
A dog comes in having ingested some toilet bowl cleaner containing a high concentration of bleach. You should...
- A.
Administer apomorphine.
- B.
Administer activated charcoal.
Correct Answer
B. Administer activated charcoal.Explanation
Because bleach is a caustic substance, you should not administer an emetic like apomorphine. Activated charcoal should be given in this circumstance.Rate this question:
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- 25.
Stimulate dopamine receptors in the CRTZ, thus inducing vomiting.
- A.
Apomorphine
- B.
Acepromazine
- C.
Chlorpromazine
- D.
Ipecac syrup
Correct Answer
A. ApomorpHineExplanation
Apomorphine is the correct answer because it stimulates dopamine receptors in the CRTZ (chemoreceptor trigger zone), which is a part of the brain that controls vomiting. By stimulating these receptors, apomorphine induces vomiting. The other options (Acepromazine, Chlorpromazine, and Ipecac syrup) do not have the same mechanism of action and do not specifically target dopamine receptors in the CRTZ.Rate this question:
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- 26.
Used as an emetic. Comes in pill form - can either be dissolved in a red top tube and given as an injection, or put directly in the conjunctiva and then removed after vomiting.
- A.
Apomorphine
- B.
Acepromazine
- C.
Activated charcoal
- D.
Xylazine
Correct Answer
A. ApomorpHineExplanation
Apomorphine is the correct answer because it is a medication that is used as an emetic, meaning it induces vomiting. It is available in pill form and can be administered either by dissolving it in a red top tube and giving it as an injection or by directly putting it in the conjunctiva and then removing it after vomiting.Rate this question:
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- 27.
Select all that are true about Ipecac syrup.
- A.
Irritates the stomach lining, causing vomiting.
- B.
Available as an oral, over the counter drug.
- C.
Respiratory side effects
- D.
Cardiovascular side effects
- E.
Best-known centrally acting emetic.
Correct Answer(s)
A. Irritates the stomach lining, causing vomiting.
B. Available as an oral, over the counter drug.
D. Cardiovascular side effectsExplanation
Ipecac syrup is a medication that is known to irritate the stomach lining, which in turn leads to vomiting. It is also available as an oral, over the counter drug, meaning it can be purchased without a prescription. Additionally, it can cause cardiovascular side effects, which are adverse effects on the heart and blood vessels. Therefore, all of the statements mentioned in the answer are true about Ipecac syrup.Rate this question:
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- 28.
Antacids prevent ulcer formation by reducing acid production.
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
B. FalseExplanation
Antacids do nothing to prevent acid production, rather they act to neutralize the HCl in the stomach.Rate this question:
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- 29.
Most ______ antacids have a rapid onset and short duration of action.
Correct Answer
systemicExplanation
Systemic antacids refer to those that are absorbed into the bloodstream and act throughout the body. These antacids are known for their quick onset and short duration of action, meaning they start working soon after ingestion but their effects do not last for a long time. This is in contrast to non-systemic antacids, which primarily work in the stomach and do not get absorbed into the bloodstream.Rate this question:
- 30.
Nonsystemic antacids
- A.
CaCO3
- B.
MgOH
- C.
AlOH
Correct Answer(s)
B. MgOH
C. AlOHExplanation
MgOH and AlOH are nonsystemic antacids because they work locally in the stomach to neutralize excess acid. They are not absorbed into the bloodstream and do not have systemic effects on the body. CaCO3, on the other hand, is a systemic antacid as it can be absorbed into the bloodstream and can affect the acid-base balance in the body. Therefore, MgOH and AlOH are the correct answers as they are nonsystemic antacids.Rate this question:
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- 31.
H2 receptors are found only in the stomach and cause acid production.
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
A. TrueExplanation
H2 receptors are indeed found only in the stomach and are responsible for stimulating the production of stomach acid. These receptors are specifically located on the parietal cells of the stomach lining, which secrete hydrochloric acid. When these receptors are activated, they trigger a cascade of events that result in the release of acid into the stomach, aiding in the digestion of food. Therefore, the statement "H2 receptors are found only in the stomach and cause acid production" is true.Rate this question:
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- 32.
H2 blockers prevent acid production, but do not neutralize any acid already produced.
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
A. TrueExplanation
H2 blockers are a type of medication that work by blocking the action of histamine on the cells in the stomach lining, which reduces the production of stomach acid. However, they do not have any effect on the acid that has already been produced. Therefore, the statement that H2 blockers prevent acid production but do not neutralize any acid already produced is true.Rate this question:
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- 33.
Select the order of H2 receptor antagonists in order of least potent to most potent.
- A.
Cimetidine, ranitidine, famotidine
- B.
Ranitidine, famotidine, cimetidine
- C.
Famotidine, ranitidine, cimetidine
- D.
Cimetidine, famotidine, ranitidine
- E.
Ranitidine, cimetidine, famitidine
Correct Answer
A. Cimetidine, ranitidine, famotidineExplanation
Cimetidine is the least potent H2 receptor antagonist, followed by ranitidine, and then famotidine, which is the most potent.Rate this question:
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- 34.
Which H2 receptor antagonists also stimulates gastric emptying?
- A.
Cimetidine
- B.
Famotidine
- C.
Ranitidine
Correct Answer
C. RanitidineExplanation
Ranitidine is the correct answer because it is the only H2 receptor antagonist that also stimulates gastric emptying. Cimetidine and famotidine are H2 receptor antagonists, but they do not have the additional effect of stimulating gastric emptying.Rate this question:
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- 35.
Sucralfate (Carafate) must be given on an empty stomach.
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
A. TrueExplanation
Sucralfate (Carafate) must be given on an empty stomach because it works by forming a protective coating over ulcers or irritated areas in the stomach and intestines. Taking it with food can interfere with its ability to adhere to these areas and may reduce its effectiveness. Therefore, it is important to take sucralfate at least one hour before or two hours after meals to ensure optimal absorption and therapeutic benefit.Rate this question:
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- 36.
The pepsin inhibitor, Sucralfate (Carafate), coats the entire stomach.
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
B. FalseExplanation
False - because sucralfate only binds mucosa where there is an ulcer.Rate this question:
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- 37.
Suppresses gastric secretions and increases mucus production in the GI tract. Used to counter ulcer causing potential of NSAIDs.
- A.
Misoprostol
- B.
Sucralfate
- C.
Cimetidine
Correct Answer
A. MisoprostolExplanation
Misoprostol is the correct answer because it suppresses gastric secretions and increases mucus production in the GI tract. This helps to counter the ulcer-causing potential of NSAIDs. Sucralfate is not the correct answer as it works by forming a protective barrier over the ulcers, rather than suppressing gastric secretions. Cimetidine is also not the correct answer as it is a histamine H2 receptor antagonist used to reduce stomach acid production, but it does not increase mucus production.Rate this question:
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- 38.
Omeprazole (Prilosec/Gastrogard) inhibits the proton pump by binding to the surface of parietal cells of the stomach. Often used in horses and foals.
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
A. TrueExplanation
Omeprazole (Prilosec/Gastrogard) is a medication that inhibits the proton pump, which is responsible for producing stomach acid. It achieves this by binding to the surface of parietal cells in the stomach. This action helps reduce the production of stomach acid and is commonly used in horses and foals to treat conditions such as gastric ulcers. Therefore, the statement "Omeprazole inhibits the proton pump by binding to the surface of parietal cells of the stomach" is true.Rate this question:
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- 39.
Check all that apply to neostigmine.
- A.
Prokinetic agent
- B.
Parasympathomimetic agent
- C.
Sympathomimetic agent
- D.
Competes with ACH
- E.
Increased intestinal tone/salivation
- F.
Decreased intestinal tone/salivation
- G.
Tx. for myasthenia gravis
Correct Answer(s)
A. Prokinetic agent
B. Parasympathomimetic agent
D. Competes with ACH
E. Increased intestinal tone/salivation
G. Tx. for myasthenia gravisExplanation
Neostigmine is a medication that acts as a prokinetic agent, meaning it promotes gastrointestinal motility. It is also a parasympathomimetic agent, which means it mimics the effects of the parasympathetic nervous system, leading to increased intestinal tone and salivation. Neostigmine competes with acetylcholine (ACH), a neurotransmitter, for binding to its receptors. This medication is commonly used in the treatment of myasthenia gravis, a neuromuscular disorder characterized by muscle weakness and fatigue.Rate this question:
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- 40.
A dog with pancreatic exocrine insufficiency (PEI) would be treated with powdered enzymes in its food for 3-4 months.
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
B. FalseExplanation
False - This is a lifelong condition - will need replacement enzymes in order to digest proteins and fats for the rest of its life.Rate this question:
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- 41.
An animal with megacolon will likely have a history of...
- A.
Constipation
- B.
Diarrhea w/fetid odor
- C.
Loss of appetite
- D.
Increased appetite
- E.
Vomiting
Correct Answer(s)
A. Constipation
C. Loss of appetite
E. VomitingExplanation
An animal with megacolon will likely have a history of constipation, loss of appetite, and vomiting. Megacolon is a condition characterized by the abnormal enlargement of the colon, which can lead to difficulty in passing stool. This often results in constipation, as the stool becomes impacted and cannot be eliminated easily. The loss of appetite can occur due to the discomfort and pain associated with the condition. Vomiting may also be present as a result of the gastrointestinal distress caused by the megacolon.Rate this question:
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- 42.
Treatment of a dog with parvovirus would likely include which type(s) of drugs?
- A.
Anti-emetic
- B.
Anti-diarrheal
- C.
Antibiotics
- D.
Antacids
Correct Answer(s)
A. Anti-emetic
B. Anti-diarrheal
C. Antibiotics
D. AntacidsExplanation
The treatment of a dog with parvovirus would likely include a combination of anti-emetic, anti-diarrheal, antibiotics, and antacids. Parvovirus in dogs often causes severe vomiting and diarrhea, so anti-emetic drugs can help control the vomiting, while anti-diarrheal drugs can help manage the diarrhea. Antibiotics are necessary to treat any secondary bacterial infections that may occur. Additionally, antacids can be given to help reduce stomach acid and alleviate gastrointestinal discomfort.Rate this question:
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- 43.
Oral ulcers are likely a sign of...
- A.
Toxic reaction of the mucosa to BUN
- B.
Kidney disease
- C.
Additional presence of stomach ulcers
- D.
NSAID toxicity
- E.
All of the above
Correct Answer
E. All of the aboveExplanation
Oral ulcers can be a sign of various conditions, including a toxic reaction of the mucosa to BUN, kidney disease, additional presence of stomach ulcers, and NSAID toxicity. These conditions can all contribute to the development of oral ulcers.Rate this question:
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- 44.
Aminopentamide is a...
- A.
Anticholinergic
- B.
Cholinergic
- C.
Antidiarrheal
- D.
Emetic
- E.
Anti-emetic
- F.
SE: constipation
- G.
SE: paralytic ileus
- H.
"Centrine"
- I.
"Cerenia"
Correct Answer(s)
A. Anticholinergic
C. Antidiarrheal
F. SE: constipation
H. "Centrine"Explanation
Aminopentamide is classified as an anticholinergic because it blocks the action of acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter that is involved in various bodily functions. As an anticholinergic, aminopentamide can inhibit the activity of certain receptors in the body, leading to a decrease in gastrointestinal motility. This property makes it useful as an antidiarrheal medication. However, one of the side effects of aminopentamide is constipation, which is a common side effect of anticholinergic drugs. "Centrine" is likely a brand name or trade name for aminopentamide.Rate this question:
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- 45.
Atropine should not be used in ruminants because of the risk of paralytic ileus.
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
A. TrueExplanation
Atropine should not be used in ruminants because it can cause paralytic ileus. Paralytic ileus is a condition where there is a loss of muscle movement in the intestines, leading to a blockage or obstruction. Ruminants, such as cows and sheep, have a unique digestive system that relies on the proper movement of the intestines to process their food. Atropine, a medication that can inhibit muscle movement, can disrupt this process and potentially cause severe digestive issues in ruminants. Therefore, it is true that atropine should not be used in ruminants due to the risk of paralytic ileus.Rate this question:
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- 46.
Atropine is a...
- A.
Anticholinergic
- B.
Decreases salivary secretions
- C.
Decreases peristalsis
- D.
Decreases segmentation
Correct Answer(s)
A. Anticholinergic
B. Decreases salivary secretions
C. Decreases peristalsisExplanation
Atropine is classified as an anticholinergic drug, meaning it blocks the action of acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter that stimulates various processes in the body. By blocking acetylcholine, atropine reduces salivary secretions, which can be beneficial in certain medical procedures or conditions where excessive salivation is a problem. Additionally, atropine decreases peristalsis, the movement of the gastrointestinal tract, and segmentation, the mixing and propulsion of food in the intestines. This can help in conditions where reducing gastrointestinal activity is necessary, such as in the treatment of diarrhea or certain types of abdominal pain.Rate this question:
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- 47.
Diphenoxylate and loperamide...
- A.
Decrease segmentation
- B.
Increase segmentation
- C.
Anti-diarrheal
- D.
Laxative
- E.
"Lomotil"
- F.
Not for use in cattle/horses
- G.
Relatively safe
Correct Answer(s)
B. Increase segmentation
C. Anti-diarrheal
E. "Lomotil"
F. Not for use in cattle/horses
G. Relatively safeExplanation
Diphenoxylate and loperamide are both medications used to treat diarrhea, making them anti-diarrheal. They work by increasing segmentation, which is the movement of the intestines that helps to mix and propel the contents forward. "Lomotil" is a brand name for diphenoxylate and atropine, a combination medication used for treating diarrhea. It is not recommended for use in cattle or horses. However, both diphenoxylate and loperamide are considered relatively safe for use in humans when used as directed.Rate this question:
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- 48.
Osmotics are anti-diarrheals.
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
B. FalseExplanation
Anti-constipationRate this question:
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- 49.
Antihistamines
- A.
Dimenhydrinate
- B.
Diphenhydramine
- C.
Meclizine
Correct Answer(s)
A. Dimenhydrinate
B. DipHenhydramine
C. MeclizineExplanation
The answer provided consists of three antihistamines: Dimenhydrinate, Diphenhydramine, and Meclizine. Antihistamines are commonly used to treat allergies and relieve symptoms such as itching, sneezing, and runny nose. Dimenhydrinate is primarily used to prevent and treat motion sickness, while Diphenhydramine is used for allergies, insomnia, and motion sickness. Meclizine is also used to prevent and treat motion sickness, as well as vertigo and dizziness. These medications work by blocking the effects of histamine, a substance in the body that causes allergic symptoms.Rate this question:
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- 50.
Benadryl
- A.
Dimenhydrinate
- B.
Diphenhydramine
- C.
Meclizine
Correct Answer
B. DipHenhydramineExplanation
Diphenhydramine is the correct answer because it is a common active ingredient found in the medication Benadryl. Dimenhydrinate and Meclizine are also active ingredients found in other medications, but they are not specifically associated with Benadryl.Rate this question:
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Quiz Review Timeline +
Our quizzes are rigorously reviewed, monitored and continuously updated by our expert board to maintain accuracy, relevance, and timeliness.
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Current Version
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Mar 20, 2023Quiz Edited by
ProProfs Editorial Team -
Nov 03, 2011Quiz Created by
Notabean
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