AHS 307 - Transfusion Therapy

DIC stands for disseminated intravascular coagulation, which is a serious medical condition characterized by the widespread formation of blood clots throughout the body's blood vessels. These clots can block blood flow to vital organs, leading to organ damage and failure. DIC can be triggered by various underlying conditions such as sepsis, trauma, or certain types of cancer. It is a life-threatening condition that requires prompt medical intervention. Therefore, the statement "DIC stands for disseminated intravascular coagulation" is true.

Regenerative anemia is the correct answer because bone marrow is responsible for the production of red blood cells (RBCs) and in regenerative anemia, the bone marrow is actively trying to produce more RBCs in response to increased demand or loss of blood. This is in contrast to non-regenerative anemia, where the bone marrow is unable to produce an adequate number of RBCs. Therefore, the statement suggests that the bone marrow is functioning properly and attempting to compensate for the decreased number of RBCs in regenerative anemia.

Uticaria = hives

Non-regenerative anemia refers to a condition where the bone marrow is unable to produce new red blood cells. This can be caused by various factors such as chronic diseases, certain medications, or bone marrow disorders. In this case, the given statement suggests that the bone marrow is not producing new RBCs, which aligns with the definition of non-regenerative anemia.

Hemorrhage due to GI lesions is most likely to cause regenerative anemia. This is because regenerative anemia occurs when there is increased destruction or loss of red blood cells, leading to the body's response of producing more red blood cells to compensate for the loss. In the case of hemorrhage from GI lesions, there is a significant loss of blood, triggering the bone marrow to increase the production of red blood cells to replace the lost ones. Non-regenerative anemia, on the other hand, is characterized by a decreased production of red blood cells and would not be the expected outcome in this scenario.

This is the case for dogs, not cats.

The statement is true because when calculating the volume of blood to transfuse, it is estimated that 2 ml of blood per kilogram of body weight will increase the recipient's hematocrit (HCT) level by 1%. This means that if a person weighs 70 kg, transfusing 140 ml of whole blood will raise their HCT by 1%. This is a commonly used guideline in medical practice to determine the appropriate volume of blood to transfuse based on the desired increase in HCT.

Oxyglobin is a blood substitute that can be stored for up to 3 years unopened. Unlike whole blood or packed RBC, which have a shorter storage life, Oxyglobin is designed to have a longer shelf life, making it a suitable option for emergency situations or when a blood transfusion is needed in remote areas where fresh blood may not be readily available.

Whole Blood can only be stored for less than 8 hours at room temperature because it contains all the components of blood, including red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and plasma. Without proper storage conditions, the cells in the blood can start to degrade and break down, leading to a decrease in the quality and effectiveness of the blood. Therefore, it is important to store Whole Blood properly to ensure its viability for transfusion purposes.

FELV (Feline Leukemia Virus) is a retrovirus that primarily affects cats. It can cause non-regenerative anemia, which is characterized by a decrease in red blood cell production in the bone marrow. Non-regenerative anemia occurs when the bone marrow is unable to produce enough new red blood cells to replace the old ones. This can lead to symptoms such as weakness, pale gums, and lethargy in affected cats.

Benadryl should be given slowly via IV prior to transfusions because it is an antihistamine that helps prevent allergic reactions. By administering it slowly, any potential adverse reactions can be monitored and managed effectively. Giving Benadryl slowly allows for better control of its effects and reduces the risk of complications during the transfusion process.

Babesiosis is a parasitic infection caused by Babesia species, which invade red blood cells. This invasion leads to the destruction of red blood cells, resulting in hemolysis. As a result, the body tries to compensate for the loss by increasing the production of new red blood cells, leading to regenerative anemia. Non-regenerative anemia, on the other hand, is usually caused by factors such as bone marrow dysfunction or inadequate production of red blood cells. Therefore, the most likely effect of babesiosis would be regenerative anemia.

Crossmatching cats prior to breeding is important to prevent neonatal isoerythrolysis. Neonatal isoerythrolysis is a condition where the mother's immune system produces antibodies against the blood type of the father, leading to the destruction of red blood cells in the kittens. By crossmatching, potential blood type incompatibilities can be identified and breeding can be avoided between cats with incompatible blood types, reducing the risk of neonatal isoerythrolysis in the offspring.

In a major crossmatch, donor cells are combined with recipient serum. This is done to determine if there are any antibodies in the recipient's serum that could react with the donor cells. If the recipient's serum contains antibodies that are specific to the antigens on the donor cells, it indicates that the recipient may have a potential reaction to the donor's cells and the transplant may not be compatible. Therefore, combining donor cells with recipient serum is an important step in assessing the compatibility of a potential organ transplant.

Packed RBCs - chronic blood loss leads to normovolemic anemia. Using packed RBCs will avoid a fluid volume overload.

AB is the most rare feline blood type because it is only present in around 1% of the feline population. This blood type is considered rare because it requires both A and B antigens to be present on the red blood cells. Cats with AB blood type can only receive blood from other AB cats, making it difficult to find suitable donors in case of a blood transfusion.

DEA 1.1 is the most clinically important canine blood type because it is the most immunogenic and can cause severe transfusion reactions if not properly matched during blood transfusions. It is also the most common blood type in dogs, making it crucial for veterinarians to identify and match during transfusions to ensure the safety and well-being of the recipient dog.

The most common feline blood type is A.

Administering 1 ml/kg of packed red blood cells (RBC) to a recipient will increase their hematocrit (HCT) by 1%. Hematocrit is the percentage of red blood cells in the total blood volume. By giving 1 ml/kg of packed RBC, the number of red blood cells in the recipient's bloodstream increases, leading to a higher HCT value. This is a common method to address anemia or blood loss and restore the recipient's blood volume and oxygen-carrying capacity.

Leads to normovolemic anemia.

Blood type B in felines produces stronger, more reactive antibodies compared to other blood types. This means that when a cat with blood type B is exposed to certain antigens, their immune system will produce a more robust response, potentially leading to a more effective defense against infections or diseases.

Plasma provides antibodies and albumin (protein)

Hypoalbuminemia is a condition characterized by low levels of albumin in the blood. It can occur as a common problem after colic surgery in horses. Albumin is a protein that helps maintain osmotic pressure and transports various substances in the blood. Post-operatively, horses may experience a loss of albumin, leading to hypoalbuminemia. Administering plasma, which contains albumin, can help rectify this loss and restore normal albumin levels in the blood.

In a minor crossmatch, donor cells are combined with recipient serum. This is done to determine if the recipient has any antibodies that could react with the donor's cells. By combining the donor cells with recipient serum, any antibodies present in the recipient's serum will react with the donor cells if they are a match. This helps to identify any potential compatibility issues between the donor and recipient, which is crucial in organ and blood transfusions.

Whole blood and packed red blood cells (RBCs) can be stored for 20-35 days if refrigerated. This means that these blood products can be kept at a low temperature in order to extend their shelf life. Oxyglobin, on the other hand, is a veterinary blood substitute and does not have the same storage requirements as whole blood or packed RBCs.

Signs of hypovolemic shock include increased capillary refill time (CRT), tachycardia (rapid heart rate), and hypotension (low blood pressure). Increased CRT indicates poor blood flow to the tissues, tachycardia is the body's compensatory response to low blood volume, and hypotension is a result of decreased blood volume. Bradycardia (slow heart rate), injected MM (mucous membranes), and hypertension (high blood pressure) are not typically associated with hypovolemic shock.