1.
Which of the following is not true about the abdominal cavity
Correct Answer
D. None of the above
Explanation
The statement "none of the above" means that all of the statements given about the abdominal cavity are true. This means that the abdominal cavity is indeed continuous inferiorly with the pelvic cavity, it is lined with peritoneum, and it is enclosed by the diaphragm at the 4th intercostal space.
2.
Which of the following regions would be located inferior to the Right lumbar region
Correct Answer
D. Right iliac
Explanation
The right iliac region would be located inferior to the right lumbar region. The term "inferior" refers to a position below or lower than another. In this case, the right iliac region is below the right lumbar region.
3.
Which is true about the external oblique
Correct Answer
C. Inferior margin forms inguinal ligament
Explanation
The correct answer is that the inferior margin of the external oblique forms the inguinal ligament. The inguinal ligament is a band of connective tissue that runs from the anterior superior iliac spine to the pubic tubercle. It forms the floor of the inguinal canal and helps to support the structures in the groin area. The fibers of the external oblique muscle run inferolaterally, but this is not specifically related to the formation of the inguinal ligament.
4.
The innermost muscle of the abdominal wall is the
Correct Answer
D. Transverse abdominal
Explanation
The transverse abdominal muscle is the deepest muscle of the abdominal wall. It runs horizontally across the abdomen and plays a crucial role in stabilizing the core and providing support to the spine. Unlike the other muscles listed, the transverse abdominal muscle is not involved in flexion or rotation of the trunk. Instead, it primarily aids in compressing the abdominal contents and maintaining proper posture.
5.
Which muscle is not involved in the formation of the linea alba
Correct Answer
A. Pyramidalis
Explanation
pyrimidalis only tenses the linea alba, and is absent in 20% of people
6.
Which of the following would be expected after injury to the abdominal wall
Correct Answer
B. Increased difficulty during defecation and micturition
Explanation
Injury to the abdominal wall can lead to increased difficulty during defecation and micturition. The abdominal wall provides support and stability for the abdominal organs, including the intestines and bladder. When it is injured, the integrity of the abdominal cavity is compromised, which can result in weakened control over bowel movements and urination. This can manifest as increased difficulty and discomfort during defecation and micturition. The other options, such as increased protection of abdominal viscera, increased flexion of the trunk, and increased control of abdominal pressure, are not directly related to injury of the abdominal wall.
7.
Which of the following are found on the internal surface of the abdominal wall
Correct Answer
D. All of the above
Explanation
The internal surface of the abdominal wall contains extraperitoneal fat, transversalis fascia, and parietal peritoneum. Extraperitoneal fat refers to the layer of fat located outside the peritoneum, which lines the abdominal cavity. Transversalis fascia is a dense connective tissue layer that lies beneath the extraperitoneal fat and provides support to the abdominal wall. Parietal peritoneum is the serous membrane that lines the abdominal cavity and covers the organs within it. Therefore, all of the above options are found on the internal surface of the abdominal wall.
8.
Which of the following should not be cut because they cover the inferior epigastric vessels
Correct Answer
B. Lateral umbilical folds
Explanation
The lateral umbilical folds should not be cut because they cover the inferior epigastric vessels. Cutting them could potentially damage these vessels, which could lead to bleeding or other complications. The inferior epigastric vessels are important for the blood supply to the abdominal wall, so it is crucial to preserve them during surgical procedures.
9.
Remnants of vessels supplying the fetus may be found in the
Correct Answer
D. Peritoneal folds
10.
The inguinal area is important because it
Correct Answer
B. Is clinically important because it is a site of herniation
Explanation
The inguinal area is clinically important because it is a site of herniation. Herniation refers to the protrusion of an organ or tissue through a weak spot or opening in the surrounding muscle or connective tissue. Inguinal hernias are common and occur when a portion of the intestine or abdominal tissue protrudes through the inguinal canal, which is located in the inguinal area. This can cause pain, discomfort, and complications if left untreated. Therefore, understanding the clinical significance of the inguinal area as a site of herniation is crucial for medical professionals.
11.
Which of the following branches of the inguinal ligament attach to the pubic tubercle
Correct Answer
E. None of the above
Explanation
these ligaments don't attach to the pubic tubercle
12.
The inguinal canal is
Correct Answer
B. Superior to inguinal ligament
Explanation
it is occupied by the spermatic cord or round ligament, and the deep/internal ring is lateral to inferior epigastric vessels
13.
Patient presents with rupture of the conjoint tendon, which of the following is likely
Correct Answer
C. Damage to posterior wall of inguinal canal
Explanation
conjoint tendon is associated with he posterior wall of inguinal canal
14.
The spermatic cord
Correct Answer
C. Contains ductus deferens, testicular artery, and pampiniform venous plexus
Explanation
travels deep to superficial, and attaches to anterior testes, and is covered by cremasteric fascia, scrotum is dartos fascia
15.
The dartos fascia
Correct Answer
B. Prevents heat loss from scrotum
Explanation
The dartos fascia is a layer of smooth muscle and connective tissue in the scrotum. Its main function is to regulate the temperature of the testes by contracting or relaxing in response to changes in temperature. When it contracts, it causes the scrotum to become wrinkled, reducing the surface area and preventing heat loss from the scrotum. Therefore, the statement "prevents heat loss from scrotum" is the correct answer.
16.
Sperm forms in the
Correct Answer
D. Seminiferous tubules
Explanation
Sperm forms in the seminiferous tubules. These tubules are located in the testes and are responsible for the production of sperm through a process called spermatogenesis. The seminiferous tubules contain specialized cells known as germ cells, which undergo a series of divisions and differentiations to ultimately form mature sperm cells. These sperm cells are then released into the tubules and transported out of the testes for eventual ejaculation. Therefore, the seminiferous tubules are the correct answer for where sperm forms.
17.
The closed peritoneal sac surrounding the testes is
Correct Answer
B. Tunica vaginalis
Explanation
The closed peritoneal sac surrounding the testes is called the tunica vaginalis. This sac is formed during embryonic development and serves to protect and support the testes. It is derived from the peritoneum and consists of two layers, the visceral layer which covers the testes directly, and the parietal layer which lines the inner surface of the scrotum. The tunica vaginalis helps to maintain the temperature and proper functioning of the testes.
18.
The testicular artery runs retroperitoneally and enters the spermatic cord
Correct Answer
A. True
Explanation
The testicular artery is a major blood vessel that supplies blood to the testes. It runs retroperitoneally, which means it is located behind the peritoneum, a membrane that lines the abdominal cavity. After running retroperitoneally, the testicular artery enters the spermatic cord, which is a cord-like structure that contains the arteries, veins, nerves, and ducts necessary for the function of the testes. Therefore, the statement "The testicular artery runs retroperitoneally and enters the spermatic cord" is true.
19.
Which of the following is extraperitoneal
Correct Answer
C. Kidneys
Explanation
The kidneys are located outside the peritoneal cavity, which is why they are considered extraperitoneal. The peritoneal cavity is the space within the abdomen that contains the abdominal organs, such as the spleen and stomach. The kidneys, on the other hand, are retroperitoneal, meaning they are situated behind the peritoneum, a membrane that lines the abdominal cavity. Therefore, the correct answer is kidneys.
20.
The intraperitoneal organs are found within the peritoneal cavity
Correct Answer
B. False
Explanation
there are no organs in the peritoneal cavity , just fluid with leukocytes and antibodies
21.
The peritoneal cavity
Correct Answer
B. Open to erterior of body through fallopian tubes, uterine cavity and vagina in females
Explanation
no organs in the peritoneal cavity, only open in females
22.
The parietal peritoneum
Correct Answer
A. Has the same vasculature and innervation as the region of abdominopelvic wall above it
Explanation
all other answers are visceral peritoneum
23.
Neurovascular communication between the body wall and the organ is a feature of
Correct Answer
C. Mesentery
Explanation
The mesentery is a double layer of peritoneum that attaches the intestines to the abdominal wall. It plays a crucial role in neurovascular communication between the body wall and the organs it supports. This communication allows for the exchange of blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels, which are essential for maintaining the function and health of the organs. Therefore, the correct answer is mesentery.
24.
The falciform ligament
Correct Answer
B. Connects liver to abdominal wall
Explanation
The falciform ligament is a fold of peritoneum that attaches the liver to the anterior abdominal wall and diaphragm. It helps to stabilize and support the liver in its position within the abdominal cavity.
25.
The greater omentum has which of the following ligaments
Correct Answer
D. Gastrosplenic
Explanation
The greater omentum is a large fold of peritoneum that hangs down from the stomach and covers the intestines. It is attached to several ligaments, including the hepatoduodenal ligament, falciform ligament, hepatogastric ligament, and gastrosplenic ligament. The hepatoduodenal ligament connects the liver to the duodenum, the falciform ligament attaches the liver to the anterior abdominal wall, the hepatogastric ligament connects the liver to the stomach, and the gastrosplenic ligament connects the stomach to the spleen. Therefore, the correct answer is gastrosplenic.
26.
During your first rotation for surgery you get the opportunity to make a surgical incision through the anterolateral abdominal wall which of the following will you see
Correct Answer
B. The greater sac
Explanation
During the first rotation for surgery, making a surgical incision through the anterolateral abdominal wall would reveal the greater sac. The greater sac is the main cavity within the abdominal cavity and is surrounded by the peritoneum. It contains various organs such as the stomach, liver, intestines, and spleen. By making this incision, the surgeon would be able to visualize and access the greater sac and its contents for further surgical procedures.
27.
Choose the best answer. the stomach is allowed free movement on adjacent structures due to
Correct Answer
D. Omaental bursa
Explanation
The omental bursa is a potential space located behind the stomach. It allows for free movement of the stomach on adjacent structures, such as the liver and intestines. The omental bursa is formed by the folding of the peritoneum, a membrane that lines the abdominal cavity. This folding creates a sac-like structure that provides mobility and flexibility for the stomach. The other options, including the mesentery, omentum, and peritoneal ligament, do not specifically provide the same level of movement for the stomach.
28.
Which of the following is in the infracolic compartment of the abdomen
Correct Answer
B. Ascending and descending colon
Explanation
The infracolic compartment of the abdomen refers to the space below the transverse mesocolon. The ascending and descending colon are located in this compartment. The stomach and liver are located in the upper part of the abdomen, and the spleen and small intestines are not specifically located in the infracolic compartment. Therefore, the correct answer is ascending and descending colon.
29.
The paracolic gutters allow communication between compartments of the abdomen
Correct Answer
A. True
Explanation
The paracolic gutters are anatomical structures located on either side of the colon in the abdomen. They serve as channels that allow communication between different compartments of the abdomen, such as the right and left paracolic gutters. This communication is important for the flow of fluid and the movement of organs within the abdomen. Therefore, the statement that the paracolic gutters allow communication between compartments of the abdomen is true.
30.
The esophagus is
Correct Answer
B. Retroperitoneal
Explanation
The correct answer is "retroperitoneal." The esophagus is located behind the peritoneum, which is the membrane that lines the abdominal cavity. Being retroperitoneal means that it is positioned outside the peritoneal cavity. This is an important anatomical characteristic to consider when studying the esophagus and understanding its relationship with other organs in the abdominal region.
31.
*The stomach starts enzymatic digestion by using chyme to break down food
Correct Answer
B. False
Explanation
chyme is food that has been broken down after enzymatic digestion
32.
A thickened area of circular smooth muscle can be found in the ______ of the stomach
Correct Answer
B. Pylorus
Explanation
The pylorus is the correct answer because it is the part of the stomach that connects to the small intestine. It contains a thickened area of circular smooth muscle called the pyloric sphincter, which controls the flow of food from the stomach into the small intestine. The other options, cardia, fundus, and body, do not contain this specific thickened area of circular smooth muscle.
33.
Gastric rugae, the folds of stomach mucosa are most defined
Correct Answer
A. Pyloric stomach
Explanation
in pyloric and greater curvature
34.
The widest and most fixed portion of the small intestine is
Correct Answer
B. Duodenum
Explanation
The correct answer is duodenum. The duodenum is the widest and most fixed portion of the small intestine. It is the first part of the small intestine and receives partially digested food from the stomach. It plays a crucial role in the digestion process by receiving bile and pancreatic enzymes that help break down fats, proteins, and carbohydrates. The duodenum also absorbs nutrients from the digested food before it moves on to the jejunum and ileum for further digestion and absorption.
35.
The jejunum and illeum
Correct Answer
B. Receive arterial supply from SMA in arterial arcades
Explanation
The jejunum and ileum receive their arterial supply from the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) in arterial arcades. This means that the blood vessels that supply these parts of the small intestine are arranged in a series of arches or loops. The venous drainage from the jejunum and ileum occurs through the splenic veins, which then lead to the superior mesenteric vein (SMV) and ultimately to the portal vein. Therefore, all of the above statements are correct.
36.
Which of the following differentiates the large and small intestines
Correct Answer
E. All of the above
Explanation
The large and small intestines can be differentiated by several factors. The teniae coli are bands of smooth muscle that run along the colon, giving it a segmented appearance. Haustra are pouches that form along the colon, allowing for the expansion and contraction of the intestine. Omental appendices are small fatty projections found on the colon. Caliber refers to the diameter or width of the intestine. All of these factors, including teniae coli, haustra, omental appendices, and caliber, differentiate the large and small intestines.
37.
This part of the large intestine has no mesentery but has a diverticula attached with a mesentery of its own
Correct Answer
B. Cecum
Explanation
the diverticula is the appendix
38.
McBurney's point is significant because it
Correct Answer
B. Is the base of the appendix
Explanation
McBurney's point is significant because it is the base of the appendix. This anatomical landmark is important in diagnosing appendicitis, as tenderness or pain at this point can indicate inflammation or infection of the appendix. Surgeons also use McBurney's point as a reference during appendectomy procedures, as it helps locate the appendix for removal.
39.
The ______ colon is the most flexible and the ___________colon is retroperitoneal
Correct Answer
D. Transverse, descending
Explanation
The transverse colon is the most flexible part of the colon because it is not fixed in position and can move freely within the abdominal cavity. On the other hand, the descending colon is retroperitoneal, meaning it is located outside the peritoneal cavity and is attached to the posterior abdominal wall.
40.
Pt presents with damage to left 9-11th ribs which of the following should you suspect
Correct Answer
B. Damage to spleen
Explanation
If a patient presents with damage to the left 9-11th ribs, it is likely that they have sustained trauma to the left upper quadrant of the abdomen. The spleen is located in this area and is vulnerable to injury due to its position and fragile structure. Therefore, damage to the spleen should be suspected in this case. The liver is also located in the upper abdomen, but the specific rib numbers mentioned in the question suggest a higher likelihood of spleen injury.
41.
The largest branch of the celiac trunk is the
Correct Answer
B. Splenic artery
Explanation
The largest branch of the celiac trunk is the splenic artery. The celiac trunk is a major branch of the abdominal aorta that supplies blood to the upper abdominal organs. It gives rise to several branches, including the left gastric artery, common hepatic artery, and splenic artery. Among these branches, the splenic artery is the largest. It supplies oxygenated blood to the spleen, as well as other organs in the abdominal region.
42.
The pancreas is
Correct Answer
B. An accessory digestive gland
Explanation
retroperitoneal, produces endocrine secretions from islets of Langerhans, exocrine secretion is pancreatic juice
43.
The tail of the spleen embraces the C shaped curve of the duodenum
Correct Answer
B. False
Explanation
this describes the head, the tail lies left of the colic flexure
44.
The sphincter of oddi
Correct Answer
C. Controls the flow of bile and pancreatic juice
Explanation
The sphincter of Oddi is a muscular valve located in the small intestine that regulates the flow of bile and pancreatic juice into the duodenum. Bile, produced by the liver, and pancreatic juice, produced by the pancreas, are essential for the digestion and absorption of fats, carbohydrates, and proteins. The sphincter of Oddi opens and closes to control the release of these fluids, allowing them to enter the small intestine at the appropriate times during digestion. This ensures that the digestive process is properly coordinated and efficient.
45.
Damage to L1 -L2 vertebrae may affect
Correct Answer
B. Pancreas
Explanation
Damage to the L1-L2 vertebrae may affect the pancreas because the pancreas is located in the upper abdomen, near the L1-L2 vertebrae. The pancreas plays a crucial role in digestion and regulating blood sugar levels. Any injury or damage to the vertebrae in this area can potentially impact the nerves and blood supply to the pancreas, leading to dysfunction or impairment in its normal functioning.
46.
The liver stores glycogen, secretes bile and receives every substance absorbed from the alimentary canal
Correct Answer
B. False
Explanation
except lipids
47.
Morrison's pouch a radiologist and surgeion landmark is found
Correct Answer
B. At the hepatorenal recess on the right side of the liver
Explanation
Morrison's pouch is a radiologist and surgeon landmark found at the hepatorenal recess on the right side of the liver. The hepatorenal recess is a space located between the liver and the right kidney. This anatomical landmark is important for medical professionals as it serves as a reference point during imaging or surgical procedures involving the liver and kidney.
48.
Which of the following would be noted on physical exam
Correct Answer
B. The liver moves inferiorly during deep breathing
Explanation
its on the right
49.
The sagital fissures and porta hepatis
Correct Answer
B. Demarcate the caudate and quadrate lobes of liver
Explanation
The sagittal fissures and porta hepatis are anatomical structures that separate different lobes of the liver. The caudate and quadrate lobes are two of the four lobes of the liver, and they are specifically demarcated by these structures. The sagittal fissures are deep grooves that separate the caudate and quadrate lobes from the right and left lobes of the liver. The porta hepatis, on the other hand, is a specific area on the liver where the hepatic artery, portal vein, and bile duct enter and exit the liver. Together, these structures clearly define the boundaries of the caudate and quadrate lobes within the liver.
50.
The cystic duct and common hepatic duct form the common bile duct
Correct Answer
A. True
Explanation
The cystic duct and common hepatic duct join together to form the common bile duct. This is a true statement because the cystic duct connects the gallbladder to the common hepatic duct, which carries bile from the liver. The common bile duct then transports bile from the liver and gallbladder to the small intestine, aiding in the digestion and absorption of fats.