Anatomy & Physiology - Final Exam (Respiratory, Renal, & Reproduction)

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  • 1/190 Questions

    The reproductive system includes

    • Gonads and external genitalia.
    • Ducts that receive and transport the gametes.
    • Accessory glands and organs that secrete fluids.
    • All of the above
    • None of the above
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About This Quiz

Do you believe you understood the topic on respiratory, renal, & reproduction and can tackle any question about them? The quiz below is designed to test how ready you are for the final exam that is just around the corner. Give it a try and see how high you score.

Anatomy & Physiology - Final Exam (Respiratory, Renal, & Reproduction) - Quiz

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  • 2. 

    Asthma is

    • A collapsed lung.

    • An acute condition resulting from unusually sensitive, irritated conducting airways.

    • An obstructive tumor.

    • Characterized by fluid buildup in the alveoli.

    • Caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

    Correct Answer
    A. An acute condition resulting from unusually sensitive, irritated conducting airways.
    Explanation
    The correct answer is an acute condition resulting from unusually sensitive, irritated conducting airways. Asthma is a chronic respiratory condition characterized by inflammation and narrowing of the airways, which leads to symptoms such as wheezing, coughing, and shortness of breath. These symptoms are triggered by various factors, such as allergens, exercise, or respiratory infections, and result from the hypersensitivity and irritability of the airways. This explanation aligns with the understanding of asthma as a condition that involves the hyperreactivity of the conducting airways rather than a collapsed lung, obstructive tumor, fluid buildup in the alveoli, or infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

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  • 3. 

    When there is no air movement, the relationship between the intrapulmonary and atmospheric pressure is that

    • They are equal.

    • Intrapulmonary pressure is greater than atmospheric.

    • Atmospheric pressure is less than intrapulmonary.

    • Atmospheric pressure is more than intrapulmonary.

    • Intrapulmonary pressure is less than atmospheric.

    Correct Answer
    A. They are equal.
    Explanation
    When there is no air movement, the intrapulmonary pressure, which is the pressure inside the lungs, is equal to the atmospheric pressure, which is the pressure of the air outside the body. This means that there is no pressure difference between the lungs and the atmosphere, resulting in no air movement.

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  • 4. 

    Most of the oxygen transported by the blood is

    • Dissolved in plasma.

    • Bound to hemoglobin.

    • In ionic form as solute in the plasma.

    • Bound to the same protein as carbon dioxide.

    • Carried by white blood cells.

    Correct Answer
    A. Bound to hemoglobin.
    Explanation
    Oxygen is primarily transported in the blood by binding to hemoglobin molecules in red blood cells. Hemoglobin has a high affinity for oxygen, allowing it to bind to oxygen in the lungs and release it to tissues throughout the body. This mechanism ensures efficient oxygen delivery to cells and tissues.

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  • 5. 

    The U-shaped segment of the nephron is the

    • Nephron loop (loop of Henle).

    • Proximal convoluted tubule.

    • Distal convoluted tubule.

    • Collecting loop.

    • Minor calyx.

    Correct Answer
    A. Nephron loop (loop of Henle).
    Explanation
    The correct answer is the nephron loop (loop of Henle). The nephron loop is a U-shaped segment of the nephron that plays a crucial role in the reabsorption of water and solutes from the filtrate. It consists of a descending limb and an ascending limb, which have different permeabilities to water and solutes. As the filtrate flows through the descending limb, water is reabsorbed into the surrounding tissues, while the ascending limb actively transports sodium and chloride ions out of the tubule. This creates a concentration gradient in the surrounding tissues, allowing for further reabsorption of water in the collecting duct. Therefore, the nephron loop is an important component of urine concentration and regulation.

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  • 6. 

    Blocking afferent action potentials from the chemoreceptors in the carotid and aortic bodies would interfere with the brain's ability to regulate breathing in response to

    • Changes in PCO2.

    • Changes in PO2.

    • Changes in pH.

    • Changes in blood pressure.

    Correct Answer
    A. Changes in PCO2.
    Explanation
    Blocking afferent action potentials from the chemoreceptors in the carotid and aortic bodies would interfere with the brain's ability to regulate breathing in response to changes in PCO2. The chemoreceptors in the carotid and aortic bodies detect changes in the levels of carbon dioxide (PCO2) in the blood. When the PCO2 levels increase, the chemoreceptors send signals to the brain, which then stimulates an increase in the rate and depth of breathing to remove excess carbon dioxide from the body. Therefore, blocking these action potentials would disrupt this feedback mechanism and impair the brain's ability to regulate breathing in response to changes in PCO2.

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  • 7. 

    If the dorsal respiratory group of neurons in the medulla oblongata were destroyed bilaterally,

    • A person would stop breathing.

    • Pulmonary ventilation would increase markedly

    • The respiratory minute volume would increase.

    • Tidal volumes would increase.

    • Alveolar ventilation would increase.

    Correct Answer
    A. A person would stop breathing.
    Explanation
    If the dorsal respiratory group of neurons in the medulla oblongata were destroyed bilaterally, a person would stop breathing. The dorsal respiratory group is responsible for initiating and controlling the basic rhythm of breathing. Without these neurons, the person would lose the ability to generate the necessary signals to stimulate the muscles involved in breathing, leading to a cessation of respiratory activity.

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  • 8. 

    The most important chemical regulator of respiration is

    • Oxygen.

    • Carbon dioxide.

    • Bicarbonate ion.

    • Sodium ion.

    • Hemoglobin.

    Correct Answer
    A. Carbon dioxide.
    Explanation
    The most important chemical regulator of respiration is carbon dioxide. During respiration, carbon dioxide is produced as a waste product and accumulates in the blood. High levels of carbon dioxide trigger an increase in respiration rate to remove the excess carbon dioxide from the body. This is known as the respiratory drive. Oxygen, although important for respiration, does not directly regulate the process. Bicarbonate ion, sodium ion, and hemoglobin are all involved in various aspects of respiration but do not serve as the primary chemical regulator.

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  • 9. 

    Each of the following is a normal constituent of urine, except .

    • Urea.

    • Proteins.

    • Amino acids.

    • Creatine.

    • Hydrogen ions.

    Correct Answer
    A. Proteins.
    Explanation
    Urine is primarily composed of waste products that are filtered out from the blood by the kidneys. Urea, amino acids, creatine, and hydrogen ions are all normal constituents of urine. However, proteins are not normally found in urine. Proteins are usually too large to be filtered by the kidneys and are reabsorbed back into the bloodstream. The presence of proteins in urine can indicate a potential kidney or urinary tract disorder.

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  • 10. 
    Use Figure 25-1 to answer the following questions: Identify the structure labeled "3." - ProProfs

    Use Figure 25-1 to answer the following questions: Identify the structure labeled "3."

    • Corpora cavernosa

    • Prostatic urethra

    • Corpus spongiosum

    • Penile urethra

    • Ejaculatory duct

    Correct Answer
    A. Penile urethra
    Explanation
    The structure labeled "3." in Figure 25-1 is the penile urethra.

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  • 11. 

    Which of the following muscles might be recruited to increase inspired volume?

    • Sternocleidomastoid

    • Pectoralis minor

    • Scalenes

    • Serratus anterior

    • All of the above

    Correct Answer
    A. All of the above
    Explanation
    All of the muscles mentioned, sternocleidomastoid, pectoralis minor, scalenes, and serratus anterior, can be recruited to increase inspired volume. These muscles are involved in the process of inhalation and play a role in expanding the thoracic cavity to allow for greater air intake. The sternocleidomastoid helps elevate the sternum and clavicles, the pectoralis minor lifts the ribs, the scalenes lift the upper ribs, and the serratus anterior helps expand the rib cage. Together, these muscles work synergistically to increase the volume of air inspired during inhalation.

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  • 12. 

    A 10 percent increase in the level of carbon dioxide in the blood will

    • Decrease the rate of breathing.

    • Increase the rate of breathing.

    • Decrease pulmonary ventilation

    • Decrease the alveolar ventilation rate.

    • Decrease the vital capacity.

    Correct Answer
    A. Increase the rate of breathing.
    Explanation
    An increase in the level of carbon dioxide in the blood is detected by chemoreceptors in the brain and blood vessels. This triggers an increase in the rate of breathing, known as hyperventilation, in order to remove the excess carbon dioxide and restore normal blood pH levels. Therefore, an increase in the level of carbon dioxide in the blood will result in an increase in the rate of breathing.

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  • 13. 

    The term hypercapnia refers to

    • The cessation of breathing.

    • Elevated PCO2.

    • Elevated PO2.

    • An increase in pH.

    • Labored breathing.

    Correct Answer
    A. Elevated PCO2.
    Explanation
    Hypercapnia refers to the condition of elevated levels of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the blood. It occurs when there is an imbalance between the body's production of CO2 and its ability to remove it. This can happen due to various reasons, such as respiratory diseases or conditions that affect the lungs' ability to exchange gases effectively. Elevated PCO2 (partial pressure of carbon dioxide) is a characteristic feature of hypercapnia, indicating that there is an excess of CO2 in the blood. This can lead to respiratory distress and other symptoms associated with labored breathing.

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  • 14. 
    Identify the structure labeled "5." - ProProfs

    Identify the structure labeled "5."

    • Renal sinus

    • Fibrous capsule

    • Renal pyramid

    • Renal papilla

    • Renal column

    Correct Answer
    A. Renal pyramid
    Explanation
    The structure labeled "5." in the given options is the renal pyramid. The renal pyramid is a cone-shaped structure in the kidney that contains collecting ducts and loops of Henle. It is responsible for the production and transportation of urine. The renal pyramid is surrounded by renal columns and is located in the renal medulla.

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  • 15. 

    The average length of the uterine cycle is

    • 16 days.

    • 19 days.

    • 21 days.

    • 28 days.

    • 35 days.

    Correct Answer
    A. 28 days.
    Explanation
    The average length of the uterine cycle is 28 days. This is because the uterine cycle, also known as the menstrual cycle, typically lasts for an average of 28 days in most women. The cycle begins on the first day of menstruation and ends with the start of the next menstrual period. It is divided into different phases, including the follicular phase, ovulation, and the luteal phase, which collectively take around 28 days to complete. However, it is important to note that the length of the uterine cycle can vary from woman to woman and can range from 21 to 35 days.

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  • 16. 

    Air moves out of the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is

    • Air moves out of the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is

    • Greater than the pressure in the atmosphere.

    • Equal to the pressure in the atmosphere.

    • Greater than intraalveolar pressure.

    • Less than intrapulmonic pressure.

    Correct Answer
    A. Greater than the pressure in the atmosphere.
    Explanation
    When the pressure inside the lungs is greater than the pressure in the atmosphere, air moves out of the lungs. This is because air flows from an area of higher pressure to an area of lower pressure. When the pressure inside the lungs is greater than the pressure in the atmosphere, it creates a pressure gradient that allows air to be expelled from the lungs and into the atmosphere.

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  • 17. 

    The partial pressure of carbon dioxide in venous blood is approximately

    • 40 mm Hg.

    • 45 mm Hg.

    • 50 mm Hg.

    • 70 mm Hg.

    • 100 mm Hg.

    Correct Answer
    A. 45 mm Hg.
    Explanation
    The partial pressure of carbon dioxide in venous blood is approximately 45 mm Hg. This is because as blood circulates through the body, oxygen is delivered to the tissues and carbon dioxide is produced as a waste product. This carbon dioxide then diffuses from the tissues into the venous blood, resulting in an increase in its partial pressure. The normal range for the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in venous blood is around 35-45 mm Hg, with 45 mm Hg being a commonly accepted value.

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  • 18. 

    The partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the interstitial space of peripheral tissues is approximately

    • 35 mm Hg.

    • 45 mm Hg.

    • 55 mm Hg.

    • 70 mm Hg.

    • 100 mm Hg.

    Correct Answer
    A. 45 mm Hg.
    Explanation
    The partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the interstitial space of peripheral tissues is approximately 45 mm Hg. This is because carbon dioxide is continuously produced as a waste product of cellular respiration and diffuses out of the cells into the interstitial fluid. From there, it enters the capillaries where it is carried back to the lungs for elimination. The partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the interstitial space is lower than in the cells due to its diffusion out of the cells, but higher than in the capillaries. 45 mm Hg is within the normal range for carbon dioxide partial pressure in the interstitial space.

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  • 19. 

    All of the following provide chemoreceptor input to the respiratory centers of the medulla oblongata, except the

    • Olfactory epithelium.

    • Medullary chemoreceptors.

    • Aortic body.

    • Carotid body.

    • All of the above

    Correct Answer
    A. Olfactory epithelium.
    Explanation
    The olfactory epithelium is not involved in providing chemoreceptor input to the respiratory centers of the medulla oblongata. The medullary chemoreceptors, aortic body, and carotid body are all responsible for detecting changes in blood chemistry and providing input to regulate respiration. However, the olfactory epithelium is primarily responsible for detecting odors and does not directly influence respiratory centers.

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  • 20. 

    Triangular or conical structures located in the renal medulla are called

    • Pyramids.

    • Renal columns.

    • Renal pelvises.

    • Nephrons.

    • Calyces.

    Correct Answer
    A. Pyramids.
    Explanation
    The correct answer is pyramids. Triangular or conical structures located in the renal medulla are called pyramids. These structures contain the nephrons, which are the functional units of the kidneys. The pyramids help in the transportation of urine from the nephrons to the renal pelvis, which is the funnel-shaped structure that collects urine and drains it into the ureter. The renal columns are extensions of the renal cortex that separate the pyramids, while the renal pelvises are the expanded upper ends of the ureters. Nephrons are the microscopic units responsible for filtering and processing blood to produce urine. Calyces are cup-like structures that collect urine from the pyramids and transport it to the renal pelvis.

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  • 21. 

    Most of the carbon dioxide in the blood is transported as

    • Solute dissolved in the plasma.

    • Carbaminohemoglobin.

    • Bicarbonate ions.

    • Solute dissolved in the cytoplasm of red blood cells.

    • Carbonic acid.

    Correct Answer
    A. Bicarbonate ions.
    Explanation
    Carbon dioxide is transported in the blood in three forms: dissolved in plasma, bound to hemoglobin as carbaminohemoglobin, and as bicarbonate ions. However, the majority of carbon dioxide is transported as bicarbonate ions. When carbon dioxide enters the red blood cells, it combines with water to form carbonic acid, which quickly dissociates into bicarbonate ions and hydrogen ions. The bicarbonate ions are then transported out of the red blood cells into the plasma, where they can be carried to the lungs and exhaled. This process helps to maintain the acid-base balance in the body.

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  • 22. 

    Autoregulation of the rate of glomerular filtration has which of the following properties?

    • Depends on changes in the afferent arteriole

    • Depends on changes in the mesangial cells

    • Depends on changes in the efferent arteriole

    • All of the above

    • None of the above

    Correct Answer
    A. All of the above
    Explanation
    Autoregulation of the rate of glomerular filtration refers to the ability of the kidneys to maintain a relatively constant filtration rate despite changes in blood pressure. This process involves the regulation of both the afferent arteriole, which supplies blood to the glomerulus, and the efferent arteriole, which carries blood away from the glomerulus. Changes in the afferent arteriole diameter can alter the glomerular filtration rate, while changes in the mesangial cells within the glomerulus can also affect filtration. Finally, the efferent arteriole plays a role in autoregulation by adjusting its diameter to maintain a stable filtration rate. Therefore, all of the given options are correct.

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  • 23. 
    Use Figure 25-1 to answer the following questions: Identify the structure labeled "11." - ProProfs

    Use Figure 25-1 to answer the following questions: Identify the structure labeled "11."

    • Bulbourethral gland

    • Prostate gland

    • Seminal gland (seminal vesicle)

    • Epididymis

    • Ductus deferens

    Correct Answer
    A. Prostate gland
  • 24. 

    The organ that delivers semen into the female reproductive tract is the

    • Urethra.

    • Ejaculatory duct.

    • Penis.

    • Corpus cavernosum.

    • Corpus spongiosum.

    Correct Answer
    A. Penis.
    Explanation
    The penis is the organ that delivers semen into the female reproductive tract during sexual intercourse. It is composed of three main parts: the root, the body, and the glans. The body of the penis contains two erectile tissues called the corpus cavernosum and the corpus spongiosum. The corpus spongiosum surrounds the urethra, which is the tube that carries both urine and semen out of the body. Therefore, the correct answer is the penis.

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  • 25. 

    Pulmonary ventilation refers to the

    • Movement of air into and out of the lungs.

    • Movement of dissolved gases from the alveoli to the blood.

    • Movement of dissolved gases from the blood to the interstitial space.

    • Movement of dissolved gases from the interstitial space to the cells.

    • Utilization of oxygen.

    Correct Answer
    A. Movement of air into and out of the lungs.
    Explanation
    The correct answer is "movement of air into and out of the lungs." This is because pulmonary ventilation specifically refers to the process of breathing, where air is drawn into the lungs (inspiration) and then expelled from the lungs (expiration). It does not refer to the movement of gases between different areas of the respiratory system or the utilization of oxygen.

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  • 26. 

    Which of the following would be greater?

    • The percent of oxygen saturation of hemoglobin when the pH is 7.6

    • The percent of oxygen saturation of hemoglobin when the pH is 7.2

    • Neither is greater.

    Correct Answer
    A. The percent of oxygen saturation of hemoglobin when the pH is 7.6
    Explanation
    The percent of oxygen saturation of hemoglobin is greater when the pH is 7.6 compared to when the pH is 7.2. This is because a higher pH indicates a more alkaline environment, which promotes the release of oxygen from hemoglobin and increases its saturation. Conversely, a lower pH (more acidic environment) decreases the oxygen saturation of hemoglobin. Therefore, the percent of oxygen saturation is higher at a pH of 7.6 than at a pH of 7.2.

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  • 27. 

    The obstructive lung disease in which elastic fibers are lost, leading to collapse of alveoli and bronchioles, is called

    • Asthma.

    • Bronchitis.

    • Emphysema.

    • Tuberculosis.

    • Pneumonia.

    Correct Answer
    A. Emphysema.
    Explanation
    Emphysema is the correct answer because it is a type of obstructive lung disease characterized by the loss of elastic fibers in the lungs. This loss of elasticity leads to the collapse of the alveoli (air sacs) and bronchioles, resulting in difficulty in exhaling air and decreased lung function. Asthma, bronchitis, tuberculosis, and pneumonia are all different respiratory conditions, but they do not specifically involve the loss of elastic fibers and collapse of alveoli and bronchioles as seen in emphysema.

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  • 28. 

    Which of the following formulas will allow you to calculate the net filtration pressure (FP)? (Hint: GHP = glomerular hydrostatic pressure, BCOP = blood colloidal osmotic pressure, CsHP = capsular hydrostatic pressure.)

    • A) FP = GHP + CsHP - BCOP

    • FP = GHP - (CsHP + BCOP)

    • FP = CsHP + GHP - BCOP

    • FP = BCOP - GHP + CsHP

    • FP = BCOP + (GHP - CsHP)

    Correct Answer
    A. FP = GHP - (CsHP + BCOP)
    Explanation
    The correct formula to calculate net filtration pressure (FP) is FP = GHP - (CsHP + BCOP). This formula takes into account the glomerular hydrostatic pressure (GHP), which promotes filtration, and subtracts the combined effects of capsular hydrostatic pressure (CsHP) and blood colloidal osmotic pressure (BCOP), which oppose filtration. By subtracting CsHP and BCOP from GHP, we can determine the net pressure that drives filtration in the glomerulus.

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  • 29. 

    The termination of the uterine cycle at age 45-55 is called ________.

    • Menarche

    • Menstruation

    • Menopause

    • Basilar phase

    • Menses

    Correct Answer
    A. Menopause
    Explanation
    Menopause refers to the natural process in a woman's life when her menstrual cycles permanently stop, typically occurring between the ages of 45 and 55. During menopause, the ovaries no longer release eggs and the production of hormones, such as estrogen and progesterone, decreases. This leads to various physical and emotional changes, including the end of the uterine cycle and the cessation of menstruation. Menopause is a significant milestone in a woman's life and marks the end of her reproductive years.

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  • 30. 

    The condition resulting from inadequate production of surfactant and the resultant collapse of alveoli is

    • Respiratory distress syndrome.

    • COPD.

    • Anoxia.

    • Pulmonary embolism.

    • Pneumothorax.

    Correct Answer
    A. Respiratory distress syndrome.
    Explanation
    The condition resulting from inadequate production of surfactant and the resultant collapse of alveoli is respiratory distress syndrome. This syndrome occurs primarily in premature infants and can also affect adults with certain risk factors. The inadequate production of surfactant leads to the collapse of alveoli, causing difficulty in breathing and insufficient oxygen exchange. COPD, anoxia, pulmonary embolism, and pneumothorax are all different conditions that can also cause respiratory distress, but they are not specifically related to inadequate surfactant production and alveolar collapse.

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  • 31. 

    Which of these age-based changes is false?

    • The lungs lose elastic tissue.

    • The lung's compliance changes.

    • Vital capacity increases.

    • Respiratory muscles weaken.

    • Costal cartilages become more flexible.

    Correct Answer
    A. Vital capacity increases.
    Explanation
    As a person ages, their lung function gradually decreases. The loss of elastic tissue in the lungs leads to decreased lung compliance, making it harder for the lungs to expand and contract. Additionally, the respiratory muscles weaken, making it more difficult to take deep breaths. The costal cartilages also become more rigid, reducing the flexibility of the ribcage. However, vital capacity, which is the maximum amount of air a person can exhale after a deep breath, actually decreases with age. Therefore, the statement "Vital capacity increases" is false.

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  • 32. 
    Where does countercurrent multiplication occur? - ProProfs

    Where does countercurrent multiplication occur?

    • 6

    • 5

    • 4

    • 3

    • 2

    Correct Answer
    A. 4
    Explanation
    Countercurrent multiplication occurs in the loop of Henle in the nephrons of the kidney. The loop of Henle is responsible for creating a concentration gradient in the medulla of the kidney, which is essential for the reabsorption of water and the production of concentrated urine. This process involves the exchange of ions and solutes between the descending and ascending limbs of the loop of Henle, creating a countercurrent flow that allows for the multiplication of the concentration gradient.

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  • 33. 

    Which of the following descriptions best matches the term nephron loop (loop of Henle)?

    • Relies on countercurrent multiplication

    • Creates high interstitial NaCl concentration in the renal medulla

    • Enables production of hypertonic urine

    • All of the above

    • None of the above

    Correct Answer
    A. All of the above
    Explanation
    The term nephron loop (loop of Henle) refers to a structure in the kidney that plays a crucial role in urine concentration. It relies on countercurrent multiplication, which involves the exchange of solutes and water between the ascending and descending limbs of the loop. This process creates a high interstitial NaCl concentration in the renal medulla, which is important for the reabsorption of water and the production of concentrated urine. Therefore, all of the given descriptions match the term nephron loop.

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  • 34. 

    For erection to occur

    • There must be sufficient blood hydrostatic pressure.

    • The sacral spinal cord must be intact.

    • Nitric oxide must be present.

    • All of the above

    • None of the above

    Correct Answer
    A. All of the above
    Explanation
    Erection is a complex physiological process that requires the coordination of multiple factors. One of these factors is sufficient blood hydrostatic pressure, which is necessary to fill the blood vessels in the penis and create an erection. Additionally, the sacral spinal cord plays a crucial role in transmitting signals from the brain to the penis, allowing for the initiation and maintenance of an erection. Finally, nitric oxide is a key molecule involved in the relaxation of smooth muscles in the penis, leading to increased blood flow and erection. Therefore, all of these factors - sufficient blood hydrostatic pressure, intact sacral spinal cord, and presence of nitric oxide - are required for erection to occur.

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  • 35. 

    Secondary sexual characteristics

    • May develop in response to testosterone.

    • May develop in response to estrogen.

    • Are usually apparent at birth.

    • May develop in response to testosterone or estrogen.

    • None of the above

    Correct Answer
    A. May develop in response to testosterone or estrogen.
    Explanation
    Secondary sexual characteristics can develop in response to either testosterone or estrogen. Testosterone is responsible for the development of male secondary sexual characteristics such as facial hair, deepening of the voice, and muscle development. Estrogen, on the other hand, is responsible for the development of female secondary sexual characteristics such as breast development, widening of the hips, and the onset of menstruation. Therefore, the correct answer is that secondary sexual characteristics may develop in response to either testosterone or estrogen.

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  • 36. 

    The cavity of the kidney that receives urine from the calyces is called the

    • Renal papilla.

    • Renal pelvis.

    • Renal medulla.

    • Renal cortex.

    • Renal sinus.

    Correct Answer
    A. Renal pelvis.
    Explanation
    The renal pelvis is the correct answer because it is the cavity of the kidney that receives urine from the calyces. The calyces collect urine from the renal pyramids, which are part of the renal medulla, and then the urine flows into the renal pelvis. The renal pelvis is located in the innermost part of the kidney, close to the hilum, and it serves as a funnel for urine to exit the kidney and enter the ureter.

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  • 37. 
    What physiological process occurs at the structure labeled "2"? - ProProfs

    What physiological process occurs at the structure labeled "2"?

    • Reabsorption

    • Excretion

    • Secretion

    • Filtration

    • Micturition

    Correct Answer
    A. Filtration
    Explanation
    Filtration is the physiological process that occurs at the structure labeled "2". During filtration, substances are separated based on their size and charge as blood passes through the filtration membrane in the kidney. This process allows small molecules, such as water, ions, and waste products, to pass through while retaining larger molecules like proteins and blood cells. Filtration is an essential step in the formation of urine and helps to remove waste products from the body.

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  • 38. 
    Which area is sensitive to the hormone ADH? - ProProfs

    Which area is sensitive to the hormone ADH?

    • 1

    • 3

    • 4

    • 5 and 6

    • 4, 5, and 6

    Correct Answer
    A. 5 and 6
    Explanation
    Areas 5 and 6 are sensitive to the hormone ADH.

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  • 39. 

    The organ that carries sperm from the epididymis to the urethra is the

    • Ductus deferens.

    • Epididymis.

    • Seminal gland (seminal vesicle).

    • Ejaculatory duct.

    • Corpus cavernosum.

    Correct Answer
    A. Ductus deferens.
    Explanation
    The organ that carries sperm from the epididymis to the urethra is the ductus deferens. The ductus deferens is a long, muscular tube that connects the epididymis to the urethra. It transports sperm during ejaculation, allowing them to mix with seminal fluid from other glands before being expelled from the body. The epididymis, seminal gland, ejaculatory duct, and corpus cavernosum are all involved in the reproductive process, but they do not directly carry sperm from the epididymis to the urethra.

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  • 40. 

    Which is the function of the ovaries?

    • Secretion of hormones

    • Production of oocytes

    • Formation of immature gametes

    • Secretion of inhibin

    • All of the above

    Correct Answer
    A. All of the above
    Explanation
    The ovaries have multiple functions. They secrete hormones such as estrogen and progesterone, which play crucial roles in the development of secondary sexual characteristics and regulation of the menstrual cycle. The ovaries also produce oocytes, or eggs, which are necessary for reproduction. Additionally, the ovaries secrete inhibin, a hormone that helps regulate the production of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) in the pituitary gland. Therefore, all of the given options are correct functions of the ovaries.

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  • 41. 

    ________ is the amount of air that moves into the respiratory system during a single respiratory cycle under resting conditions.

    • Residual volume

    • Expiratory reserve volume

    • Inspiratory reserve volume

    • Tidal volume

    • Inspiratory capacity

    Correct Answer
    A. Tidal volume
    Explanation
    Tidal volume is the amount of air that moves into the respiratory system during a single respiratory cycle under resting conditions. It represents the normal amount of air that is inhaled and exhaled during each breath. It is different from other respiratory volumes such as residual volume, expiratory reserve volume, inspiratory reserve volume, and inspiratory capacity, which all refer to different aspects of lung capacity and function.

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  • 42. 
    Identify the structure labeled "10." - ProProfs

    Identify the structure labeled "10."

    • Renal pelvis

    • Minor calyx

    • Ureter

    • Major calyx

    • Renal column

    Correct Answer
    A. Ureter
    Explanation
    The structure labeled "10." in the given options is the ureter. The ureter is a tube-like structure that connects the kidneys to the urinary bladder. It carries urine from the kidneys to the bladder for storage and eventual elimination from the body.

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  • 43. 

    The process of filtration is driven by

    • Active transport.

    • Blood osmotic pressure.

    • Blood hydrostatic pressure.

    • Renal pumping.

    • Solvent drag.

    Correct Answer
    A. Blood hydrostatic pressure.
    Explanation
    The process of filtration in the kidneys is driven by blood hydrostatic pressure. This pressure is created by the force exerted by the blood against the walls of the glomerular capillaries. As the blood passes through the glomerulus, the high hydrostatic pressure pushes water and small solutes out of the blood and into the Bowman's capsule. This initial step of filtration is crucial for the formation of urine and the removal of waste products from the body. Active transport, blood osmotic pressure, renal pumping, and solvent drag are not the primary driving forces behind filtration in the kidneys.

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  • 44. 

    The mechanism for producing concentrated urine involves

    • The secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH).

    • Aquaporins being inserted into the membranes of the collecting duct cells.

    • A high concentration of NaCl in the interstitial fluid that surrounds the collecting ducts.

    • A properly functioning nephron loop (loop of Henle).

    • All of the above

    Correct Answer
    A. All of the above
    Explanation
    The mechanism for producing concentrated urine involves multiple processes. One of these processes is the secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH), which increases the permeability of the collecting ducts to water, allowing for more water reabsorption and concentration of urine. Another process involves the insertion of aquaporins into the membranes of the collecting duct cells, which further facilitates water reabsorption. Additionally, a high concentration of NaCl in the interstitial fluid surrounding the collecting ducts creates an osmotic gradient that promotes water reabsorption. Finally, a properly functioning nephron loop (loop of Henle) is necessary for establishing the osmotic gradient. Therefore, all of the above factors contribute to the production of concentrated urine.

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  • 45. 

    A patient excretes a large volume of very dilute urine on a continuing basis. This is may be due to

    • Excessive ADH secretion.

    • Absence of ADH.

    • Hematuric oliguria.

    • Overproduction of aldosterone.

    • Dilation of the afferent arterioles.

    Correct Answer
    A. Absence of ADH.
    Explanation
    The patient excreting a large volume of very dilute urine on a continuing basis suggests a condition called diabetes insipidus, which is caused by the absence of antidiuretic hormone (ADH). ADH is responsible for regulating the reabsorption of water in the kidneys, so without it, the urine becomes very dilute and the volume increases. Excessive ADH secretion would lead to the opposite effect, causing the urine to be concentrated and the volume to decrease. The other options (hematuric oliguria, overproduction of aldosterone, dilation of the afferent arterioles) are not related to the symptoms described.

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  • 46. 

    What is the function of gonads?

    • Produce gametes

    • Transport gametes

    • Produce hormones

    • Produce gametes and produce hormones

    • None of the above

    Correct Answer
    A. Produce gametes and produce hormones
    Explanation
    The function of gonads is to produce gametes and hormones. Gonads are reproductive organs that produce gametes, which are the reproductive cells (sperm in males and eggs in females). Additionally, gonads also produce hormones such as testosterone in males and estrogen and progesterone in females, which are essential for the development and regulation of reproductive processes.

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  • 47. 

    The spermatic cord is

    • A bundle of tissue that contains the ductus deferens, blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatics that serve the testis.

    • A narrow opening that links the scrotal chamber with the peritoneal cavity.

    • The external marking of the boundary between the two chambers of the scrotum.

    • A layer of smooth muscle in the skin of the scrotal sac.

    • A dense layer of connective tissue that surrounds the testis.

    Correct Answer
    A. A bundle of tissue that contains the ductus deferens, blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatics that serve the testis.
    Explanation
    The spermatic cord is a bundle of tissue that contains the ductus deferens, blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatics that serve the testis. This bundle of tissue is responsible for connecting the testis to the rest of the reproductive system and providing it with the necessary blood supply, nerve innervation, and lymphatic drainage. It plays a crucial role in the transportation of sperm and other fluids to and from the testis.

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  • 48. 
    Use Figure 25-1 to answer the following questions: Identify the structure labeled "4." - ProProfs

    Use Figure 25-1 to answer the following questions: Identify the structure labeled "4."

    • Testis

    • Prostate gland

    • Seminal gland (seminal vesicle)

    • Epididymis

    • Ductus deferens

    Correct Answer
    A. Ductus deferens
    Explanation
    The structure labeled "4" in Figure 25-1 is the ductus deferens.

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  • 49. 

    Which of the following can be calculated if the tidal volume and respiratory rate are known?

    • Respiratory minute volume

    • Inspiratory reserve volume

    • Expiratory reserve volume

    • Anatomical dead space

    • Forced vital capacity

    Correct Answer
    A. Respiratory minute volume
    Explanation
    The respiratory minute volume can be calculated if the tidal volume and respiratory rate are known. The respiratory minute volume is the amount of air that is moved in and out of the lungs in one minute. It is calculated by multiplying the tidal volume (the amount of air moved in and out of the lungs in one breath) by the respiratory rate (the number of breaths taken per minute). Therefore, knowing the tidal volume and respiratory rate allows for the calculation of the respiratory minute volume.

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  • Mar 21, 2023
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