Let's Play Anatomy & Physiology II - Ch. Quiz16

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The endocrine system is made up of glands that produce and secrete hormones. These hormones regulate the body's growth, metabolism, and sexual development and function. Take the quiz below and see how much you understood in chapter 16 in the anatomy and physiology classes. All the best as you do.

Questions and Answers

1.

All of the following are true of the nervous system, except that it doesn't
- A.
  
  Respond rapidly to stimuli.
- B.
  
  Respond specifically to stimuli.
- C.
  
  Communicate by the release of neurotransmitters.
- D.
  
  Respond with motor output.
- E.
  
  Function independently of the endocrine system.
Correct Answer
E. Function independently of the endocrine system.

Explanation
The nervous system is responsible for responding rapidly to stimuli, responding specifically to stimuli, and communicating by the release of neurotransmitters. It also responds with motor output. However, it does not function independently of the endocrine system. The nervous and endocrine systems work together to regulate and coordinate various physiological processes in the body.

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2.

Endocrine structures
- A.
  
  Are a type of nerve cell.
- B.
  
  Release their secretions onto an epithelial surface.
- C.
  
  Release their secretions directly into body fluids.
- D.
  
  Contain few vesicles.
- E.
  
  Are modified connective-tissue cells.
Correct Answer
C. Release their secretions directly into body fluids.

Explanation
Endocrine structures release their secretions directly into body fluids. This is because endocrine glands are ductless glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream or surrounding body fluids. These hormones are then carried to target cells or organs throughout the body, where they regulate various physiological processes. Unlike exocrine glands, which release their secretions onto an epithelial surface or through ducts, endocrine glands release their secretions directly into the bloodstream or body fluids for systemic distribution.

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3.

Hormones known as "catecholamines" are
- A.
  
  Lipids.
- B.
  
  Peptides.
- C.
  
  Steroids.
- D.
  
  Amino acid derivatives.
- E.
  
  Derivatives of reproductive glands.
Correct Answer
D. Amino acid derivatives.

Explanation
The correct answer is amino acid derivatives. Catecholamines, such as dopamine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine, are derived from the amino acid tyrosine. They are not lipids, peptides, or steroids. While some hormones are derived from reproductive glands, catecholamines are not specifically derived from these glands.

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4.

Peptide hormones are
- A.
  
  Composed of amino acids.
- B.
  
  Produced by the adrenal glands.
- C.
  
  Derived from the amino acid tyrosine.
- D.
  
  Lipids.
- E.
  
  Chemically related to cholesterol.
Correct Answer
A. Composed of amino acids.

Explanation
Peptide hormones are composed of amino acids because they are chains of amino acids that are linked together by peptide bonds. These hormones are synthesized in various glands and tissues throughout the body and play important roles in regulating physiological processes. Examples of peptide hormones include insulin, glucagon, and growth hormone.

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5.

Each of the following hormones is an amino acid derivative, except
- A.
  
  Epinephrine.
- B.
  
  Norepinephrine.
- C.
  
  Thyroid hormone.
- D.
  
  Thyroid-stimulating hormone.
- E.
  
  Melatonin.
Correct Answer
D. Thyroid-stimulating hormone.

Explanation
The correct answer is thyroid-stimulating hormone. This hormone is not an amino acid derivative, unlike the other options listed. Epinephrine, norepinephrine, and melatonin are all derived from amino acids. Thyroid hormone, while not directly derived from amino acids, is synthesized from the amino acid tyrosine.

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6.

Hormones can be divided into different groups based on their chemistry. These categories include
- A.
  
  Peptides.
- B.
  
  Steroids.
- C.
  
  Eicosanoids.
- D.
  
  Amino acid derivatives.
- E.
  
  All of the above
Correct Answer
E. All of the above

Explanation
The correct answer is "all of the above" because hormones can indeed be divided into different groups based on their chemistry. Peptides, steroids, eicosanoids, and amino acid derivatives are all different categories of hormones. Peptides are made up of amino acids, steroids are derived from cholesterol, eicosanoids are derived from fatty acids, and amino acid derivatives are derived from amino acids. Therefore, all of these categories are valid classifications for hormones based on their chemistry.

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7.

Gap junctions
- A.
  
  Coordinate ciliary movement among epithelial cells.
- B.
  
  Coordinate the contractions of cardiac muscle cells.
- C.
  
  Facilitate the propagation of action potentials from one cell to the next at electrical synapses.
- D.
  
  All of the above
- E.
  
  None of the above
Correct Answer
D. All of the above

Explanation
Gap junctions are specialized protein channels that connect the cytoplasm of adjacent cells, allowing for direct cell-to-cell communication. These junctions play a crucial role in coordinating various cellular activities. In the case of epithelial cells, gap junctions help coordinate ciliary movement, which is important for processes such as the movement of mucus in the respiratory tract. In cardiac muscle cells, gap junctions coordinate contractions, ensuring synchronized and efficient pumping of blood. Additionally, gap junctions facilitate the propagation of action potentials, allowing for rapid and coordinated communication between electrically coupled cells. Therefore, the correct answer is "all of the above."

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8.

________ are chemical messengers that are released in one tissue and transported in the bloodstream to alter the activities of specific cells in other tissues.
- A.
  
  Hormones
- B.
  
  Neuropeptides
- C.
  
  Neurotransmitters
- D.
  
  Humoral antibodies
- E.
  
  None of the above
Correct Answer
A. Hormones

Explanation
Hormones are chemical messengers that are released in one tissue and transported in the bloodstream to alter the activities of specific cells in other tissues. They play a crucial role in regulating various physiological processes in the body, including growth, metabolism, reproduction, and mood. Unlike neurotransmitters, which transmit signals across synapses in the nervous system, hormones travel through the bloodstream to reach their target cells. Neuropeptides are a type of neurotransmitter that primarily function in the brain and spinal cord. Humoral antibodies are not chemical messengers but rather proteins produced by the immune system to fight against pathogens. Therefore, the correct answer is hormones.

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9.

Norepinephrine and epinephrine are considered to be ________ when released into the bloodstream, but ________ when released at synapses.
- A.
  
  Hormones; neurotransmitters
- B.
  
  Neuropeptides; neurotransmitters
- C.
  
  Neurotransmitters; hormones
- D.
  
  Neurotransmitters; neuropeptides
- E.
  
  Neuropeptides; neurohormones
Correct Answer
A. Hormones; neurotransmitters

Explanation
Norepinephrine and epinephrine are considered to be hormones when released into the bloodstream because they are produced by the adrenal glands and have widespread effects on various target organs and tissues throughout the body. However, when released at synapses, they act as neurotransmitters because they are involved in transmitting signals between nerve cells in the nervous system.

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10.

The functional organization of the nervous system parallels that of the ________ system in many ways.
- A.
  
  Endocrine
- B.
  
  Cardiovascular
- C.
  
  Body
- D.
  
  Muscular
- E.
  
  Hepatic
Correct Answer
A. Endocrine

Explanation
The functional organization of the nervous system parallels that of the endocrine system in many ways. Both systems play crucial roles in regulating and coordinating various bodily functions. They communicate through chemical signals, with the nervous system using neurotransmitters and the endocrine system using hormones. Both systems work together to maintain homeostasis, respond to stimuli, and coordinate the activities of different organs and tissues in the body. Therefore, the parallel between the nervous and endocrine systems allows for efficient communication and control throughout the body.

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11.

Extracellular membrane receptors are used by which of the following types of hormones?
- A.
  
  Catecholamines
- B.
  
  Peptide hormones
- C.
  
  Eicosanoids
- D.
  
  All of the above
- E.
  
  None of the above
Correct Answer
D. All of the above

Explanation
Extracellular membrane receptors are used by all of the above types of hormones. Catecholamines, peptide hormones, and eicosanoids are all examples of hormones that bind to receptors on the cell membrane. These receptors are located on the outer surface of the cell and are responsible for transmitting signals from the hormone to the inside of the cell, initiating a response. Therefore, all three types of hormones listed in the options utilize extracellular membrane receptors.

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12.

Steroid hormones
- A.
  
  Are proteins.
- B.
  
  Cannot diffuse through cell membranes.
- C.
  
  Bind to receptors in the nucleus of their target cells.
- D.
  
  Remain in circulation for relatively short periods of time.
- E.
  
  Are transported in the blood dissolved in the plasma.
Correct Answer
C. Bind to receptors in the nucleus of their target cells.

Explanation
Steroid hormones are able to bind to receptors in the nucleus of their target cells. Unlike proteins, steroid hormones are lipid-based molecules that can easily diffuse through cell membranes. Once inside the target cell, they bind to specific receptors located in the nucleus. This binding activates the receptor, leading to changes in gene expression and ultimately affecting cellular processes. Steroid hormones have a longer duration of action compared to proteins and are transported in the blood dissolved in the plasma.

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13.

When a catecholamine or peptide hormone binds to receptors on the surface of a cell, the
- A.
  
  Hormone receptor complex moves into the cytoplasm.
- B.
  
  Cell membrane becomes depolarized.
- C.
  
  Second messenger appears in the cytoplasm.
- D.
  
  Cell becomes inactive.
- E.
  
  Hormone is transported to the nucleus where it alters the activity of DNA.
Correct Answer
C. Second messenger appears in the cytoplasm.

Explanation
When a catecholamine or peptide hormone binds to receptors on the surface of a cell, it triggers a series of intracellular signaling events. These events often involve the activation of second messengers, which are small molecules that relay the signal from the cell surface to the cytoplasm. The second messenger molecules can then initiate various cellular responses, such as the activation of enzymes or the opening of ion channels. Therefore, the correct answer is that a second messenger appears in the cytoplasm.

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14.

Hormonal actions on cells include those that affect
- A.
  
  Quantities of enzymes.
- B.
  
  Activities of enzymes.
- C.
  
  Synthesis of enzymes.
- D.
  
  Gating of ion channels.
- E.
  
  All of the above.
Correct Answer
E. All of the above.

Explanation
Hormonal actions on cells can affect quantities, activities, and synthesis of enzymes. Additionally, hormones can also regulate the gating of ion channels. Therefore, the correct answer is "all of the above" as hormonal actions can have an impact on all these aspects.

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15.

The link between a first messenger and a second messenger in a cell that responds to peptide hormones is usually
- A.
  
  CAMP.
- B.
  
  CGMP.
- C.
  
  ATP.
- D.
  
  A G protein.
- E.
  
  Calcium ion levels.
Correct Answer
D. A G protein.

Explanation
In a cell that responds to peptide hormones, the link between a first messenger and a second messenger is usually a G protein. G proteins are involved in signal transduction pathways and act as intermediaries between cell surface receptors and intracellular signaling molecules. When a peptide hormone binds to its receptor on the cell surface, it activates a G protein, which then triggers a cascade of biochemical events leading to the production of a second messenger, such as cAMP or calcium ions. These second messengers then transmit the signal within the cell, ultimately resulting in a cellular response to the hormone.

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16.

When a G protein becomes activated and causes an activation of enzymes,
- A.
  
  ATP is consumed.
- B.
  
  CAMP is formed.
- C.
  
  CAMP is broken down.
- D.
  
  ATP is consumed and cAMP is formed.
- E.
  
  None of the above.
Correct Answer
D. ATP is consumed and cAMP is formed.

Explanation
When a G protein becomes activated and causes an activation of enzymes, it triggers a cascade of intracellular events. One of these events is the consumption of ATP, which provides the necessary energy for the enzymatic reactions to occur. Additionally, the activation of enzymes by the G protein also leads to the formation of cAMP (cyclic adenosine monophosphate), which serves as a secondary messenger in many cellular processes. Therefore, the correct answer is that ATP is consumed and cAMP is formed when a G protein becomes activated and causes an activation of enzymes.

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17.

Which of the following substances acts as a second messenger?
- A.
  
  Insulin
- B.
  
  Insulin
- C.
  
  Epinephrine
- D.
  
  Cyclic AMP
- E.
  
  TSH
Correct Answer
D. Cyclic AMP

Explanation
Cyclic AMP acts as a second messenger in cellular signaling pathways. When certain hormones or neurotransmitters bind to their respective receptors on the cell surface, it triggers the activation of an enzyme called adenylate cyclase, which converts ATP into cyclic AMP. Cyclic AMP then goes on to activate various downstream signaling molecules, leading to a cellular response. This amplification of the initial signal allows for efficient and rapid communication within the cell.

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18.

All of the following are true of steroid hormones, except that they
- A.
  
  Are produced by the adrenal medulla.
- B.
  
  Are derived from cholesterol.
- C.
  
  Are produced by reproductive glands.
- D.
  
  Bind to receptors within the cell.
- E.
  
  Are lipids.
Correct Answer
A. Are produced by the adrenal medulla.

Explanation
Steroid hormones are derived from cholesterol and are produced by reproductive glands. They are lipids and bind to receptors within the cell. However, they are not produced by the adrenal medulla. The adrenal medulla produces catecholamines, such as adrenaline and noradrenaline, not steroid hormones.

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19.

Cells can respond to ________ hormone(s) at a time.
- A.
  
  Only one
- B.
  
  One or two
- C.
  
  Two
- D.
  
  Several
Correct Answer
D. Several

Explanation
Cells have the ability to respond to multiple hormones simultaneously. This is because cells have different receptors on their surface that can recognize and bind to specific hormones. Each receptor is designed to respond to a particular hormone, allowing cells to receive and respond to signals from multiple hormones at the same time. This enables cells to coordinate and regulate various physiological processes in the body in response to different hormonal signals.

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20.

An activated G protein can trigger
- A.
  
  The opening of calcium ion channels in the membrane.
- B.
  
  The release of calcium ions from intracellular stores.
- C.
  
  A fall in cAMP levels.
- D.
  
  A rise in cAMP levels.
- E.
  
  All of the above.
Correct Answer
E. All of the above.

Explanation
An activated G protein can trigger the opening of calcium ion channels in the membrane, allowing calcium ions to enter the cell. It can also cause the release of calcium ions from intracellular stores, increasing the concentration of calcium in the cytoplasm. In addition, G protein activation can lead to a fall in cAMP levels by inhibiting adenylate cyclase, the enzyme responsible for cAMP production. However, it can also result in a rise in cAMP levels by activating adenylate cyclase through a different pathway. Therefore, all of the above options are possible outcomes of G protein activation.

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21.

All target cells
- A.
  
  Have hormone receptors.
- B.
  
  Respond to chemical signals.
- C.
  
  Secrete hormones.
- D.
  
  Have hormone receptors and respond to chemical signals.
- E.
  
  Secrete hormones and have hormone receptors.
Correct Answer
D. Have hormone receptors and respond to chemical signals.

Explanation
All target cells have hormone receptors and respond to chemical signals. This means that all cells in the body that are capable of receiving and responding to hormones have specific receptors on their surface that allow them to detect and bind to these chemical signals. Once the hormone binds to the receptor, it triggers a series of cellular responses that ultimately lead to a specific physiological effect. Therefore, it is essential for target cells to have both hormone receptors and the ability to respond to chemical signals in order to regulate various bodily functions.

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22.

Calcium ions serve as messengers, often in combination with the intracellular protein
- A.
  
  Calcitonin.
- B.
  
  Calcitriol.
- C.
  
  Calmodulin.
- D.
  
  Calcium-binding globulin.
- E.
  
  Calcitropin.
Correct Answer
C. Calmodulin.

Explanation
Calmodulin is an intracellular protein that binds to calcium ions and acts as a messenger. It is involved in various cellular processes, including muscle contraction, enzyme regulation, and cell growth. The other options, calcitonin, calcitriol, calcium-binding globulin, and calcitropin, are not directly involved in calcium ion signaling and do not serve as messengers in the same way as calmodulin.

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23.

After a steroid hormone binds to its receptor to form an active complex,
- A.
  
  Adenylyl cyclase is activated.
- B.
  
  Cyclic nucleotides are formed.
- C.
  
  G proteins are phosphorylated.
- D.
  
  Gene transcription is initiated.
- E.
  
  Protein kinases are activated.
Correct Answer
D. Gene transcription is initiated.

Explanation
When a steroid hormone binds to its receptor to form an active complex, it triggers a series of events that ultimately lead to the initiation of gene transcription. This is because the steroid hormone-receptor complex acts as a transcription factor, binding to specific DNA sequences and promoting the assembly of the transcriptional machinery. This results in the synthesis of messenger RNA (mRNA) from the genes that are targeted by the hormone-receptor complex, leading to the production of specific proteins that mediate the hormone's effects on the target cells.

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24.

The most complex endocrine responses that integrated the nervous and endocrine system involve the
- A.
  
  Thyroid gland.
- B.
  
  Pancreas.
- C.
  
  Adrenal glands.
- D.
  
  Hypothalamus.
- E.
  
  Thymus gland.
Correct Answer
D. Hypothalamus.

Explanation
The hypothalamus is responsible for integrating the nervous and endocrine systems through its control over the pituitary gland. It produces and releases various hormones that regulate the secretion of hormones from the pituitary gland, which in turn controls the release of hormones from other endocrine glands such as the thyroid, pancreas, and adrenal glands. This complex interaction between the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and other endocrine glands allows for the coordination and regulation of various physiological processes in the body.

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25.

Hormone release may be controlled by which of the following factors?
- A.
  
  Blood level of an ion-like potassium
- B.
  
  Blood level of glucose
- C.
  
  Blood level of a hormone
- D.
  
  Nervous stimuli
- E.
  
  All of the above
Correct Answer
E. All of the above

Explanation
Hormone release can be influenced by multiple factors. The blood level of an ion, such as potassium, can impact hormone release. Similarly, the blood level of glucose can also affect hormone release. Additionally, the blood level of a hormone itself can regulate its own release through a feedback mechanism. Furthermore, hormone release can be controlled by nervous stimuli, as the nervous system plays a crucial role in regulating hormone secretion. Therefore, all of the above factors can control hormone release.

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26.

Regulatory factors that control secretion of anterior pituitary hormones are released by neurons at the ________ of the hypothalamus.
- A.
  
  Paraventricular nuclei
- B.
  
  Supraoptic nuclei
- C.
  
  Median eminence
- D.
  
  Infundibulum
- E.
  
  Geniculate bodies
Correct Answer
C. Median eminence

Explanation
The regulatory factors that control secretion of anterior pituitary hormones are released by neurons at the median eminence of the hypothalamus. The median eminence is a specialized region at the base of the hypothalamus where neurosecretory cells release hormones into the hypophyseal portal system. These hormones then travel to the anterior pituitary gland, where they stimulate or inhibit the release of specific hormones. This communication between the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary is essential for maintaining hormonal balance in the body.

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27.

Neurons of the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus manufacture
- A.
  
  CRF and GnRH.
- B.
  
  TSH and FSH.
- C.
  
  ADH and oxytocin.
- D.
  
  FSH and PRL.
- E.
  
  GHIH and GHRH.
Correct Answer
C. ADH and oxytocin.

Explanation
The neurons of the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus are responsible for producing antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin. ADH helps regulate water balance in the body by reducing the amount of water excreted in urine, while oxytocin plays a role in various reproductive functions, including childbirth and breastfeeding.

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28.

The hypophyseal portal system
- A.
  
  Has two capillary plexuses connected by short veins.
- B.
  
  Carries neurosecretions to the anterior lobe of the pituitary.
- C.
  
  Carries ADH and oxytocin.
- D.
  
  All of the above.
- E.
  
  None of the above.
Correct Answer
D. All of the above.

Explanation
The hypophyseal portal system refers to a specialized network of blood vessels in the brain that connects two capillary plexuses with short veins. This system is responsible for carrying neurosecretions, including antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin, to the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland. Therefore, the correct answer is "all of the above" as all the statements mentioned are true.

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29.

The hypothalamus acts as both a neural and a(n) ________ organ.
- A.
  
  Endocrine
- B.
  
  Cardiovascular
- C.
  
  Renal
- D.
  
  Muscular
- E.
  
  Hepatic
Correct Answer
A. Endocrine

Explanation
The hypothalamus acts as both a neural and an endocrine organ. The hypothalamus is a small region in the brain that plays a crucial role in regulating various bodily functions, including hormone production and secretion. It produces and releases several hormones that control the release of hormones from the pituitary gland, which is considered the master gland of the endocrine system. Therefore, the hypothalamus acts as an endocrine organ by producing and releasing hormones that regulate the endocrine system's functioning.

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30.

The hypothalamus controls secretion by the anterior pituitary by
- A.
  
  Direct neural stimulation.
- B.
  
  Indirect osmotic control.
- C.
  
  Secreting releasing and inhibiting factors into a tiny portal system.
- D.
  
  Altering ion concentrations and pH in the anterior pituitary.
- E.
  
  Gap synaptic junctions.
Correct Answer
C. Secreting releasing and inhibiting factors into a tiny portal system.

Explanation
The hypothalamus controls secretion by the anterior pituitary by secreting releasing and inhibiting factors into a tiny portal system. This system allows the hypothalamus to release specific hormones that either stimulate or inhibit the release of hormones by the anterior pituitary. These releasing and inhibiting factors travel through the portal system directly to the anterior pituitary, where they regulate the secretion of hormones into the bloodstream. This mechanism ensures precise control over the anterior pituitary's hormone secretion and allows the hypothalamus to regulate various physiological processes in the body.

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31.

Destruction of the supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus would have which result?
- A.
  
  Loss of ADH secretion
- B.
  
  Loss of GH secretion
- C.
  
  Loss of melatonin secretion
- D.
  
  Loss of emotional response
- E.
  
  Loss of loss of regulatory factor secretion
Correct Answer
A. Loss of ADH secretion

Explanation
The supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus is responsible for producing and releasing antidiuretic hormone (ADH), also known as vasopressin. ADH plays a crucial role in regulating water balance in the body by promoting water reabsorption in the kidneys. Therefore, if the supraoptic nucleus is destroyed, it would result in a loss of ADH secretion. This would lead to decreased water reabsorption in the kidneys, causing increased urine output and potentially leading to dehydration.

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32.

Secretory cells of the adenohypophysis release
- A.
  
  FSH.
- B.
  
  TSH.
- C.
  
  LH.
- D.
  
  GH.
- E.
  
  All of the above
Correct Answer
E. All of the above

Explanation
The secretory cells of the adenohypophysis, also known as the anterior pituitary gland, release several hormones including FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone), TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone), LH (luteinizing hormone), and GH (growth hormone). Therefore, the correct answer is "all of the above" as all of these hormones are released by the secretory cells of the adenohypophysis.

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33.

The posterior pituitary gland secretes
- A.
  
  FSH.
- B.
  
  TSH.
- C.
  
  ACTH.
- D.
  
  ADH.
- E.
  
  MSH.
Correct Answer
D. ADH.

Explanation
The posterior pituitary gland secretes ADH, also known as antidiuretic hormone. ADH plays a crucial role in regulating water balance in the body by acting on the kidneys to increase water reabsorption. This hormone helps to prevent excessive water loss in urine, conserving water and maintaining the body's fluid balance. It is also involved in regulating blood pressure by constricting blood vessels. FSH, TSH, ACTH, and MSH are all hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary gland, not the posterior pituitary gland.

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34.

The hormone produced by the pars intermedia of the adenohypophysis during early childhood is
- A.
  
  FSH.
- B.
  
  ADH.
- C.
  
  TSH.
- D.
  
  MSH.
- E.
  
  ACTH.
Correct Answer
D. MSH.

Explanation
During early childhood, the pars intermedia of the adenohypophysis produces melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH). MSH plays a role in the regulation of skin pigmentation by stimulating the production and release of melanin in melanocytes. FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone) is involved in the development of ovarian follicles in females and sperm production in males. ADH (antidiuretic hormone) regulates water reabsorption in the kidneys. TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone) stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones. ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone) stimulates the adrenal glands to produce cortisol.

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35.

Which of the following is released due to sensory input and thus part of a neuroendocrine reflex?
- A.
  
  FSH
- B.
  
  Oxytocin
- C.
  
  TSH
- D.
  
  Corticotropin
- E.
  
  Somatotropin
Correct Answer
B. Oxytocin

Explanation
Oxytocin is released due to sensory input and is part of a neuroendocrine reflex. Oxytocin is a hormone that plays a role in various reproductive functions, including labor and lactation. It is released in response to sensory stimuli such as touch, suckling, and sexual activity, and helps facilitate bonding and social interactions.

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36.

The hormone oxytocin
- A.
  
  Promotes uterine contractions.
- B.
  
  Is responsible for milk expression from the mammary glands.
- C.
  
  Rises during sexual arousal.
- D.
  
  All of the above
- E.
  
  None of the above
Correct Answer
D. All of the above

Explanation
Oxytocin is a hormone that serves multiple functions in the body. It promotes uterine contractions, which are important during childbirth. It is also responsible for milk expression from the mammary glands, aiding in breastfeeding. Additionally, oxytocin levels rise during sexual arousal, playing a role in sexual activity. Therefore, the correct answer is "all of the above" as oxytocin is involved in all these processes.

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37.

Growth hormone does all of the following, except that it
- A.
  
  Promotes bone growth.
- B.
  
  Promotes muscle growth.
- C.
  
  Causes fat accumulation within adipocytes.
- D.
  
  Is glucose sparing.
- E.
  
  Promotes amino acid uptake by cells.
Correct Answer
C. Causes fat accumulation within adipocytes.

Explanation
Growth hormone is known to have several functions in the body, including promoting bone and muscle growth, as well as promoting amino acid uptake by cells. Additionally, growth hormone is also known to be glucose sparing, meaning it helps to preserve glucose levels in the body. However, growth hormone does not cause fat accumulation within adipocytes.

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38.

Liver cells respond to growth hormone by releasing hormones called
- A.
  
  Gonadotrophins.
- B.
  
  Prostaglandins.
- C.
  
  Hepatic hormones.
- D.
  
  Somatomedins.
- E.
  
  Glucocorticoids.
Correct Answer
D. Somatomedins.

Explanation
Liver cells respond to growth hormone by releasing hormones called somatomedins. Somatomedins, also known as insulin-like growth factors (IGFs), are produced by the liver in response to growth hormone stimulation. They play a crucial role in promoting growth and development of various tissues and organs in the body. These hormones act locally and systemically to stimulate cell growth, protein synthesis, and bone growth. Therefore, somatomedins are the correct answer in this case.

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39.

The pituitary hormone that triggers the release of thyroid hormone from the thyroid gland is
- A.
  
  TSH.
- B.
  
  ACTH.
- C.
  
  FSH.
- D.
  
  LH.
- E.
  
  GH.
Correct Answer
A. TSH.

Explanation
The pituitary hormone that triggers the release of thyroid hormone from the thyroid gland is TSH. TSH, or thyroid-stimulating hormone, is produced and released by the pituitary gland in response to low levels of thyroid hormone in the blood. TSH then acts on the thyroid gland, stimulating it to produce and release thyroid hormones such as thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). These hormones are important for regulating metabolism, growth, and development in the body.

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40.

The pituitary hormone that controls the release of steroid hormones from the adrenal cortex is
- A.
  
  TSH.
- B.
  
  ACTH.
- C.
  
  FSH.
- D.
  
  LH.
- E.
  
  GH.
Correct Answer
A. TSH.

Explanation
TSH, or thyroid-stimulating hormone, is produced by the pituitary gland and is responsible for controlling the release of steroid hormones from the adrenal cortex. It stimulates the production and release of cortisol, a steroid hormone, from the adrenal glands. This hormone plays a crucial role in regulating metabolism, immune response, and stress response. ACTH, FSH, LH, and GH are hormones produced by the pituitary gland, but they do not directly control the release of steroid hormones from the adrenal cortex.

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41.

The pituitary hormone that promotes egg development in ovaries and sperm development in testes is
- A.
  
  TSH.
- B.
  
  ACTH.
- C.
  
  FSH.
- D.
  
  LH.
- E.
  
  GH.
Correct Answer
C. FSH.

Explanation
FSH, also known as follicle-stimulating hormone, is a pituitary hormone that plays a crucial role in reproductive processes. In females, FSH stimulates the growth and development of ovarian follicles, which contain the eggs. It also helps in the production of estrogen. In males, FSH stimulates the production of sperm in the testes. Therefore, FSH is responsible for promoting egg development in ovaries and sperm development in testes.

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42.

The pituitary hormone that promotes ovarian secretion of progesterone and testicular secretion of testosterone is
- A.
  
  TSH.
- B.
  
  ACTH.
- C.
  
  FSH.
- D.
  
  LH.
- E.
  
  GH.
Correct Answer
D. LH.

Explanation
LH, or luteinizing hormone, is the pituitary hormone that promotes ovarian secretion of progesterone and testicular secretion of testosterone. LH is responsible for triggering ovulation in females, leading to the release of an egg from the ovary, and stimulating the production of testosterone in males. This hormone plays a crucial role in the reproductive system and is essential for the regulation of hormonal balance and fertility.

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43.

The pituitary hormone that stimulates milk production by the mammary glands is
- A.
  
  TSH.
- B.
  
  ACTH.
- C.
  
  Growth hormone.
- D.
  
  FSH.
- E.
  
  Prolactin.
Correct Answer
E. Prolactin.

Explanation
Prolactin is the pituitary hormone that stimulates milk production by the mammary glands. It is released in response to the suckling stimulus from the baby, promoting the production and secretion of milk. TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone) stimulates the thyroid gland, ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone) stimulates the adrenal glands, growth hormone promotes growth and development, and FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone) stimulates the development of eggs in females and sperm in males. However, none of these hormones directly stimulate milk production like prolactin does.

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44.

The pituitary hormone that stimulates cell growth and replication by accelerating protein synthesis is
- A.
  
  ACTH.
- B.
  
  MSH.
- C.
  
  Prolactin.
- D.
  
  Insulin.
- E.
  
  Growth hormone.
Correct Answer
E. Growth hormone.

Explanation
The pituitary hormone that stimulates cell growth and replication by accelerating protein synthesis is growth hormone. Growth hormone, also known as somatotropin, is responsible for promoting growth and development in various tissues and organs. It stimulates the production of insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1), which in turn promotes cell growth, replication, and protein synthesis. This hormone is essential for normal growth during childhood and adolescence and also plays a role in maintaining healthy body composition and metabolism in adults.

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45.

The pituitary hormone that causes the kidney to reduce water loss is
- A.
  
  TSH.
- B.
  
  FSH.
- C.
  
  MSH.
- D.
  
  STH.
- E.
  
  ADH.
Correct Answer
E. ADH.

Explanation
ADH, or antidiuretic hormone, is the pituitary hormone that causes the kidney to reduce water loss. It is released in response to low blood volume or increased blood osmolality, and acts on the kidneys to increase water reabsorption, reducing the amount of water lost in urine.

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46.

Changes in blood osmotic pressure would most affect the secretion of
- A.
  
  ACTH.
- B.
  
  ADH.
- C.
  
  Oxytocin.
- D.
  
  TSH.
- E.
  
  LH.
Correct Answer
B. ADH.

Explanation
Changes in blood osmotic pressure would most affect the secretion of ADH. ADH, or antidiuretic hormone, is released by the posterior pituitary gland in response to increased blood osmotic pressure. When blood osmotic pressure rises, indicating a higher concentration of solutes in the blood, ADH is released to conserve water by reducing urine production in the kidneys. This helps to maintain the body's water balance and prevent dehydration. Therefore, changes in blood osmotic pressure would have the greatest impact on the secretion of ADH.

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47.

The primary function of ADH is to
- A.
  
  Increase the amount of sodium lost at the kidneys.
- B.
  
  Decrease the amount of water lost at the kidneys.
- C.
  
  Decrease blood pressure.
- D.
  
  Increase digestive absorption.
- E.
  
  Delay urination.
Correct Answer
B. Decrease the amount of water lost at the kidneys.

Explanation
ADH, or antidiuretic hormone, is primarily responsible for regulating the amount of water lost at the kidneys. It does this by increasing the reabsorption of water back into the bloodstream, thereby decreasing the amount of water that is excreted in urine. This helps to maintain the body's water balance and prevent dehydration. The other options, such as increasing sodium loss, decreasing blood pressure, increasing digestive absorption, and delaying urination, are not the primary functions of ADH.

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48.

The two lobes of the pituitary gland together produce how many hormones?
- A.
  
  3
- B.
  
  5
- C.
  
  7
- D.
  
  9
- E.
  
  16
Correct Answer
D. 9

Explanation
The pituitary gland is divided into two lobes, the anterior and posterior lobes. The anterior lobe produces six hormones: growth hormone, prolactin, adrenocorticotropic hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, and luteinizing hormone. The posterior lobe produces two hormones: oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone. Therefore, the two lobes of the pituitary gland together produce a total of eight hormones.

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49.

TSH plays a key role in the ________ of thyroid hormones.
- A.
  
  Inhibition
- B.
  
  Synthesis
- C.
  
  Release
- D.
  
  Inhibition and synthesis
- E.
  
  Synthesis and release
Correct Answer
E. Synthesis and release

Explanation
TSH, or thyroid-stimulating hormone, is responsible for the synthesis and release of thyroid hormones. It stimulates the thyroid gland to produce and release hormones such as thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). These hormones are essential for regulating metabolism, growth, and development in the body. Therefore, TSH plays a crucial role in both the synthesis and release of thyroid hormones.

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50.

If the median eminence of the hypothalamus is destroyed, the hypothalamus would no longer be able to control the secretion of which of the following hormones?
- A.
  
  TSH
- B.
  
  ACTH
- C.
  
  PRL
- D.
  
  ADH
- E.
  
  Melanocyte-stimulating hormone
Correct Answer
E. Melanocyte-stimulating hormone

Explanation
If the median eminence of the hypothalamus is destroyed, the hypothalamus would no longer be able to control the secretion of melanocyte-stimulating hormone. The median eminence is a region in the hypothalamus that serves as a bridge between the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland. It releases hormones called releasing factors into the hypothalamic-pituitary portal system, which then travel to the anterior pituitary gland and stimulate the release of specific hormones. Melanocyte-stimulating hormone is one of the hormones that is regulated by the hypothalamus through this pathway. Therefore, if the median eminence is destroyed, the control over melanocyte-stimulating hormone secretion would be lost.

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Let's Play Anatomy & Physiology II - Ch. Quiz16

All of the following are true of the nervous system, except that it doesn't

Endocrine structures

Hormones known as "catecholamines" are

Peptide hormones are

Each of the following hormones is an amino acid derivative, except

Hormones can be divided into different groups based on their chemistry. These categories include

Gap junctions

________ are chemical messengers that are released in one tissue and transported in the bloodstream to alter the activities of specific cells in other tissues.

Norepinephrine and epinephrine are considered to be ________ when released into the bloodstream, but ________ when released at synapses.

The functional organization of the nervous system parallels that of the ________ system in many ways.

Extracellular membrane receptors are used by which of the following types of hormones?

Steroid hormones

When a catecholamine or peptide hormone binds to receptors on the surface of a cell, the

Hormonal actions on cells include those that affect

The link between a first messenger and a second messenger in a cell that responds to peptide hormones is usually

When a G protein becomes activated and causes an activation of enzymes,

Which of the following substances acts as a second messenger?

All of the following are true of steroid hormones, except that they

Cells can respond to ________ hormone(s) at a time.

An activated G protein can trigger

All target cells

Calcium ions serve as messengers, often in combination with the intracellular protein

After a steroid hormone binds to its receptor to form an active complex,

The most complex endocrine responses that integrated the nervous and endocrine system involve the

Hormone release may be controlled by which of the following factors?

Regulatory factors that control secretion of anterior pituitary hormones are released by neurons at the ________ of the hypothalamus.

Neurons of the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus manufacture

The hypophyseal portal system

The hypothalamus acts as both a neural and a(n) ________ organ.

The hypothalamus controls secretion by the anterior pituitary by

Destruction of the supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus would have which result?

Secretory cells of the adenohypophysis release

The posterior pituitary gland secretes

The hormone produced by the pars intermedia of the adenohypophysis during early childhood is

Which of the following is released due to sensory input and thus part of a neuroendocrine reflex?

The hormone oxytocin

Growth hormone does all of the following, except that it

Liver cells respond to growth hormone by releasing hormones called

The pituitary hormone that triggers the release of thyroid hormone from the thyroid gland is

The pituitary hormone that controls the release of steroid hormones from the adrenal cortex is

The pituitary hormone that promotes egg development in ovaries and sperm development in testes is

The pituitary hormone that promotes ovarian secretion of progesterone and testicular secretion of testosterone is

The pituitary hormone that stimulates milk production by the mammary glands is

The pituitary hormone that stimulates cell growth and replication by accelerating protein synthesis is

The pituitary hormone that causes the kidney to reduce water loss is

Changes in blood osmotic pressure would most affect the secretion of

The primary function of ADH is to

The two lobes of the pituitary gland together produce how many hormones?

TSH plays a key role in the ________ of thyroid hormones.

If the median eminence of the hypothalamus is destroyed, the hypothalamus would no longer be able to control the secretion of which of the following hormones?

Norepinephrine and epinephrine are considered to be when released into the bloodstream, but when released at synapses.