Anatomy And Physiology II Chapter 17 Quiz

Breast cancer screening is indeed done through a combination of methods, including self-breast exams, physical exams by a physician, and mammograms. Self-breast exams involve individuals examining their own breasts for any abnormalities or changes. Physical exams by a physician involve a healthcare professional examining the breasts and surrounding areas for any signs of cancer. Mammograms are X-ray images of the breasts that can detect tumors or other abnormalities that may not be felt during a physical exam. Therefore, the statement "Breast cancer screening is done with self-breast exam, physical exam by the physician, and mammogram" is true.

The inner layer of the uterus is known as the endometrium. This layer undergoes changes during the menstrual cycle and is responsible for supporting the implantation of a fertilized egg. It also plays a role in menstruation if pregnancy does not occur. The perimetrium refers to the outer layer of the uterus, while the myometrium is the middle layer composed of smooth muscle tissue.

Fertilization refers to the process of the union of the sperm and ovum, resulting in the formation of a zygote. It is the initial step in the development of a new individual in sexual reproduction. During fertilization, the genetic material from both the sperm and ovum combines to form a unique set of chromosomes in the zygote. This process is essential for the continuation of the species and the formation of offspring. Infertility refers to the inability to conceive, ovulation is the release of an egg from the ovary, and "None of these" does not accurately describe the union of sperm and ovum.

Amniocentesis is a prenatal test that involves extracting a small amount of amniotic fluid from the uterus to analyze the chromosomes of the fetus. Down syndrome is a genetic disorder caused by the presence of an extra copy of chromosome 21. Therefore, amniocentesis can be used to confirm the presence of Down syndrome by detecting the extra chromosome 21 in the fetal cells. Hence, the statement "Down syndrome can be confirmed with amniocentesis" is true.

HPV, or human papillomavirus, has been strongly linked to cervical cancer. Numerous studies have shown that certain strains of HPV are responsible for causing almost all cases of cervical cancer. HPV is a sexually transmitted infection that can lead to abnormal cell growth in the cervix, potentially progressing to cancer over time. Regular screening and vaccination against HPV are important preventive measures to reduce the risk of developing cervical cancer. Therefore, the statement "HPV has been highly associated with cervical cancer" is true.

LH (luteinizing hormone) and FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone) are the hormones that control the female and male gonads. LH stimulates the production of testosterone in males and triggers ovulation in females. FSH stimulates the growth and development of ovarian follicles in females and the production of sperm in males. Together, LH and FSH play crucial roles in regulating reproductive functions and maintaining hormonal balance in both genders.

The structure labeled D in the figure is the cervix. The cervix is the lower part of the uterus that connects to the vagina. It acts as a passageway for menstrual blood to leave the body during menstruation and for sperm to enter the uterus during sexual intercourse. It also plays a crucial role during childbirth by dilating and allowing the baby to pass through the birth canal.

Placenta previa is a condition where the placenta is located over the cervical os, causing painless vaginal bleeding. It occurs during pregnancy and can be detected through ultrasound. Abruptio placenta refers to the premature separation of the placenta from the uterine wall, which is different from the given scenario. Cervical cancer is a type of cancer that affects the cervix and is not related to the placenta. Therefore, the correct answer is placenta previa.

The structure labeled A corresponds to the urethra. The urethra is a tube that carries urine from the bladder to be expelled from the body. It also carries semen during ejaculation in males.

Endometriosis is a condition where endometrial tissue, which normally lines the uterus, grows outside of the uterus. This tissue can implant and grow on organs such as the ovaries, fallopian tubes, and pelvic lining. It can cause symptoms such as pelvic pain, painful periods, and infertility. Ectopic pregnancy refers to a pregnancy that occurs outside of the uterus, usually in the fallopian tube. Adhesions are bands of scar tissue that can form between organs, causing them to stick together. None of these options accurately describe the condition where endometrial tissue escapes from the uterus, making endometriosis the correct answer.

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The structure labeled C in the figure is the vagina. The vagina is a muscular canal that connects the uterus to the external genitalia. It serves as the birth canal during childbirth and also allows for the passage of menstrual blood.

The average gestational period is commonly considered to be around 40 weeks. This is based on the typical duration of a full-term pregnancy, which is approximately 9 months or 280 days. However, it is important to note that the actual length of a gestational period can vary and may be shorter or longer for individual pregnancies.

To accurately diagnose premenstrual syndrome (PMS), it is important to document the patient's symptoms over a period of time. By asking the patient to document her symptoms in a diary for 3 menstrual cycles, it allows for a comprehensive assessment of the symptoms experienced throughout the entire menstrual cycle. This method helps to identify any patterns or changes in symptoms that align with the criteria for PMS, providing a more reliable diagnosis. Obtaining a family history, getting a pregnancy test, and referring to a primary doctor may be necessary for further evaluation, but documenting symptoms in a diary is the most appropriate initial step in confirming a diagnosis of PMS.

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Mitosis is the correct answer because it is the process of asexual cellular reproduction in which a single cell divides into two identical daughter cells. During mitosis, the replicated DNA is evenly distributed to the daughter cells, resulting in the production of genetically identical offspring. This process is essential for growth, development, and tissue repair in multicellular organisms. Meiosis, on the other hand, is a type of cellular division that occurs during sexual reproduction, while fertilization is the fusion of gametes to form a zygote, and chromosomal disjunction refers to the separation of sister chromatids during cell division.

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Breast engorgement is a common condition in breastfeeding women and can cause pain and swelling. Continuing breastfeeding helps to relieve the engorgement and prevent complications like mastitis. Breast milk is the best source of nutrition for the infant and provides important antibodies for their immune system. Therefore, it is recommended to continue breastfeeding despite the breast tenderness.

The structure labeled B in the given figure is the bladder. The bladder is a hollow organ located in the lower abdomen that stores urine until it is ready to be expelled from the body.

The patient's presentation of truncal obesity, facial hair, deep voice, and polycystic ovaries on ultrasound are consistent with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). PCOS is associated with insulin resistance, which increases the risk of developing diabetes and hyperlipidemia. Therefore, the best response would be to inform the patient that long term complications such as diabetes and hyperlipidemia are common in PCOS.

The figure provided likely shows a diagram of the female reproductive system. Based on the labels given, the structure labeled E is the uterus. The uterus is a hollow, muscular organ where a fertilized egg implants and develops into a fetus during pregnancy. It is located between the bladder and the cervix, and its main function is to support the development of a growing baby.

LH, or luteinizing hormone, stimulates the production of testosterone. It is released by the pituitary gland and acts on the testes in males to promote the production of testosterone. Testosterone is an important hormone for male reproductive function, as it plays a role in sperm production, sex drive, and the development of secondary sexual characteristics. FSH, or follicle-stimulating hormone, plays a role in sperm production as well, but it does not directly stimulate the production of testosterone. PRL, or prolactin, is involved in milk production in females and does not stimulate testosterone production.

The statement is false because a pap smear should start at the age of 21, regardless of sexual activity. The recommended age for starting pap smears was changed in 2012 by the United States Preventive Services Task Force, which found that starting screening earlier did not provide significant benefits. Therefore, the correct answer is false as it incorrectly states the age at which pap smears should start.

Based on the information provided, the patient is 25 years old and all physical exams and tests come back normal. This suggests that there are no organic or physical causes for his difficulty in maintaining an erection. Therefore, the most likely cause of his condition is psychogenic, meaning that it is related to psychological factors such as stress, anxiety, or relationship issues.

Amenorrhea is the correct answer because it refers to the absence of menstruation. This can be a temporary or permanent condition and can be caused by various factors such as hormonal imbalances, pregnancy, breastfeeding, excessive exercise, stress, or certain medical conditions. Dysmenorrhea, on the other hand, refers to painful menstruation, while metrorrhagia refers to irregular or abnormal uterine bleeding.

The sperm mature in the epididymis. The epididymis is a coiled tube located on the back of each testicle. It serves as a storage and maturation site for sperm. When sperm are first produced in the testes, they are immature and incapable of fertilization. As they pass through the epididymis, they gain the ability to swim and fertilize an egg. Therefore, the epididymis is crucial for the development and maturation of sperm before they are ejaculated.

Cilia are hair-like structures found on the surface of cells in the female reproductive system. They help to move the fertilized ovum, or embryo, from the fallopian tubes into the uterus. Cilia create a wave-like motion that propels the embryo forward, ensuring its proper implantation in the uterine lining. Therefore, the correct answer is cilia.

The correct answer is the functional layer. During the menstrual cycle, the functional layer of the endometrium, the inner lining of the uterus, thickens in preparation for potential pregnancy. If pregnancy does not occur, this layer sheds and is expelled during menstruation. The basal layer, on the other hand, remains intact and regenerates the functional layer in each new menstrual cycle. Perimetrium refers to the outer layer of the uterus and is not directly involved in the shedding of tissue during menses.

LH, or luteinizing hormone, stimulates ovulation. During the menstrual cycle, LH levels rise in order to trigger the release of a mature egg from the ovary. This surge in LH is necessary for the egg to be released and potentially fertilized. FSH, or follicle-stimulating hormone, plays a role in the development of the egg, but it is LH that specifically stimulates ovulation. ACTH, or adrenocorticotropic hormone, is not involved in ovulation. Estrogen, while important for the menstrual cycle, does not directly stimulate ovulation.

BPH (Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia) is not diagnosed solely by DRE (digital rectal exam) and PSH (Prostate-Specific Hormone) levels. While these tests can provide valuable information, the diagnosis of BPH requires a comprehensive evaluation that includes medical history, physical examination, symptom assessment, and additional tests such as urinalysis, prostate-specific antigen (PSA) blood test, and ultrasound. Therefore, the given statement is false.

Breast milk production occurs in the alveoli. The alveoli are small sacs located within the breast tissue. They are responsible for producing and secreting milk. When a woman is lactating, the alveoli fill with milk, which is then transported through the mammary ducts and lactiferous ducts to the nipple for breastfeeding. The ampulla is a widened portion of the mammary ducts that stores milk before it is released during breastfeeding. Therefore, the correct answer is alveoli.