Animal Development Ch 47 Section 1
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We are way too far into our studies to stop now, so keep on trucking as we make it to chapter 47 of animal development and our opening quiz. How much can you tell us about the cytoplasm, blastoderm, archenteron and more? Find out in this quiz on Animal Development Ch 47 Section 1!
Questions and Answers
- 1.
The rim of the cytoplasm
Explanation
The term "cortex" refers to the outer layer or rim of the cytoplasm. It is the region of the cytoplasm that is located just beneath the cell membrane. The cortex plays a crucial role in maintaining the shape and structure of the cell. It is involved in various cellular processes, such as cell movement, cell division, and the organization of cellular components. The cortex contains a network of cytoskeletal elements, including actin filaments, which provide mechanical support and help in cell motility.Rate this question:
- 2.
Within seconds after sperm binds to the egg, cortical granules fuse with the egg plasma membrane, initiating the________ _________.
Explanation
After sperm binds to the egg, cortical granules fuse with the egg plasma membrane, initiating the cortical reaction. This reaction involves the release of enzymes and other substances from the cortical granules into the space between the egg plasma membrane and the zona pellucida (outer layer of the egg). These substances create a barrier that prevents other sperm from binding to the egg, ensuring that only one sperm can fertilize the egg. Additionally, the cortical reaction helps to activate the egg and initiate the process of embryonic development.Rate this question:
- 3.
This resists the entry of additional sperm nuclei
Explanation
The fertilization envelope is a protective layer formed after the fusion of sperm and egg in certain organisms. It acts as a barrier to prevent the entry of additional sperm nuclei into the egg, ensuring that only one sperm can fertilize the egg. This is important to maintain the correct number of chromosomes in the resulting embryo and to prevent polyspermy, which can lead to genetic abnormalities.Rate this question:
- 4.
The fertilization envelope and other changes in the egg's surface function together as a long-term _______________.
Explanation
The fertilization envelope and other changes in the egg's surface function together as a long-term slow block to polyspermy. This means that these changes prevent multiple sperm from fertilizing the egg, ensuring that only one sperm can successfully fertilize the egg. The slow block to polyspermy is important for maintaining the genetic integrity of the resulting embryo by preventing the mixing of genetic material from multiple sperm.Rate this question:
- 5.
Cellular respiration and protein synthesis by the egg
- 6.
It is impossible to artificially activate an egg that has had its own nucleus removed.
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
B. FalseExplanation
It is possible to artificially activate an egg that has had its own nucleus removed. This process is called nuclear transfer, where the egg is fused with a somatic cell, and the resulting cell can be stimulated to divide and develop into an embryo. This technique has been used in cloning experiments and reproductive technologies. Therefore, the statement that it is impossible to artificially activate such an egg is false.Rate this question:
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- 7.
Extracellular matrix of an egg
Correct Answer
zona pellucidaExplanation
The zona pellucida is a glycoprotein-rich extracellular matrix that surrounds the egg. It plays a crucial role in fertilization by protecting the egg and facilitating sperm binding and penetration. The zona pellucida also helps in preventing polyspermy, which is the entry of multiple sperm into the egg. It is formed by the secretions of the oocyte and surrounding follicle cells.Rate this question:
- 8.
A sperm must travel through this layer of follicle cells before it reaches the __________.
Correct Answer
zona pellucidaExplanation
The zona pellucida is a layer surrounding the oocyte (egg cell) in the ovary. It acts as a barrier that a sperm must penetrate in order to reach and fertilize the egg. Before reaching the zona pellucida, the sperm must first travel through a layer of follicle cells that surround the oocyte. These follicle cells provide protection and support to the developing egg.Rate this question:
- 9.
Fluid filled cavity in the process of cleavage.
Correct Answer
blastocoelExplanation
The correct answer is blastocoel. During the process of cleavage, the zygote undergoes rapid cell division, forming a hollow ball of cells called the blastula. The blastocoel is the fluid-filled cavity that forms within the blastula. It is important for the development of the embryo as it provides a space for further cell division and differentiation.Rate this question:
- 10.
Hollow ball of cells during cleavage.
Correct Answer
blastulaExplanation
During cleavage, the zygote divides into multiple cells, forming a hollow ball of cells known as a blastula. This early stage of embryonic development is characterized by rapid cell division without growth, resulting in the formation of a hollow sphere. The blastula is an important stage as it precedes the formation of the gastrula, where further cell differentiation and tissue formation occur. Therefore, blastula is the correct answer that describes the hollow ball of cells during cleavage.Rate this question:
- 11.
Stored nutrients. Key factor influencing the pattern of cleavage.
Correct Answer
yolkExplanation
The presence of yolk in an egg is a key factor influencing the pattern of cleavage. Yolk is a stored nutrient that provides nourishment to the developing embryo. The distribution and amount of yolk in the egg affects how the cells divide during cleavage. In eggs with a large amount of yolk, such as bird eggs, cleavage is typically meroblastic, meaning that only a portion of the egg cytoplasm undergoes division. This is because the yolk is not evenly distributed throughout the egg and restricts the movement of cells. In contrast, eggs with little or no yolk, like those of mammals, undergo holoblastic cleavage, where the entire egg cytoplasm is divided evenly.Rate this question:
- 12.
Yolk is often concentrated toward one pole of the egg called the
Correct Answer
vegetal poleExplanation
The yolk in an egg is often concentrated towards one pole, known as the vegetal pole. This concentration is due to the process of oogenesis, where the yolk is produced and accumulates in the egg during the development of the female reproductive system. The vegetal pole is usually located opposite to the animal pole, which contains the nucleus and other cellular components. The positioning of the yolk towards the vegetal pole is important for the development of the embryo, as it provides essential nutrients and energy for growth and development.Rate this question:
- 13.
The yolk concentration decreases significantly toward the opposite pole called the________. This is also the site where the polar bodies of oogenesis bud from the cell.
Correct Answer
animal poleExplanation
The yolk concentration decreases significantly toward the opposite pole called the animal pole. This is because the animal pole is the site where the polar bodies of oogenesis bud from the cell. The polar bodies are small, non-functional cells that are produced during oogenesis and contain very little yolk. Therefore, as the polar bodies bud from the cell at the animal pole, the yolk concentration decreases significantly in that area.Rate this question:
- 14.
The pattern in animals, whose eggs contain relatively little yolk, in which the blastocoel is centrally located, ant the cleavage furrow passes all the way through the cells.
Correct Answer
holoblastic cleavageExplanation
Holoblastic cleavage refers to a pattern of cell division in animal embryos where the entire embryo undergoes complete division. In this pattern, the blastocoel (the fluid-filled cavity) is centrally located, and the cleavage furrow passes all the way through the cells. This type of cleavage is typically observed in animals whose eggs contain relatively little yolk. During holoblastic cleavage, the cells divide completely and evenly, resulting in the formation of a multicellular embryo. This pattern allows for the development of a well-organized and symmetrical organism.Rate this question:
- 15.
The incomplete division of a yolk-rich egg is known as
Correct Answer
meroblastic cleavageExplanation
Meroblastic cleavage refers to the incomplete division of a yolk-rich egg during embryonic development. In this type of cleavage, only a portion of the egg cytoplasm undergoes cell division, while the rest remains as yolk. This type of cleavage is commonly seen in eggs of birds, reptiles, and some fish, where the yolk serves as a source of nutrients for the developing embryo. The division of the cytoplasm creates a blastodisc, which eventually develops into the embryo.Rate this question:
- 16.
Morphogenic process taking up new locations that will allow the later formation of tissues and organs.
Correct Answer
gastrulationExplanation
Gastrulation is the process by which cells in an embryo rearrange themselves to form three primary germ layers, which later give rise to different tissues and organs in the body. During gastrulation, cells migrate and differentiate into specific cell types, establishing the basic body plan of the organism. This process is crucial for the development of complex multicellular organisms and is essential for the formation of tissues and organs. Therefore, the given explanation aligns with the concept of gastrulation as it describes the morphogenic process that allows the later formation of tissues and organs.Rate this question:
- 17.
The three layers produced by gastrulation are embryonic tissues collectively called the embryonic __________.
Correct Answer
germ layersExplanation
During gastrulation, the process by which the three primary germ layers are formed, the embryonic tissues differentiate into three distinct layers known as the germ layers. These layers, namely the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm, give rise to different structures and organs in the developing embryo. The ectoderm forms the skin, nervous system, and sensory organs, the mesoderm gives rise to muscles, bones, and the circulatory system, while the endoderm develops into the digestive and respiratory systems. Collectively, these three germ layers play a crucial role in the early development of an embryo.Rate this question:
- 18.
In the late gastrula, the _________ forms the outer layer, the __________ lines the embryonic digestive tract, ant the _________ partly fills the space between the two.
- A.
Endoderm, ectoderm, mesoderm
- B.
Mesoderm, endoderm, ectoderm
- C.
Ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm
- D.
Ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm
Correct Answer
C. Ectoderm, endoderm, mesodermExplanation
In the late gastrula, the ectoderm forms the outer layer of the embryo. The endoderm lines the embryonic digestive tract. The mesoderm partly fills the space between the ectoderm and endoderm.Rate this question:
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- 19.
Gastrulation begins at the _________, where individual cells detach from the blastocoel wall and enter the blastocoel as migratory cells called _________.
- A.
Vegetal pole, mesenchyme cells
- B.
Animal pole, mesenchyme cells
- C.
Vegetal pole, vegetal plate
- D.
Animal pole, vegetal plate
Correct Answer
A. Vegetal pole, mesenchyme cellsExplanation
During gastrulation, individual cells detach from the blastocoel wall and enter the blastocoel as migratory cells called mesenchyme cells. This process begins at the vegetal pole, which is the region of the blastula where the vegetal plate is formed. Therefore, the correct answer is vegetal pole, mesenchyme cells.Rate this question:
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- 20.
The process in which the remaining cells near the vegetal pole flatten slightly and form a vegetal plate that buckles inward as a result of cell shape changes.
Correct Answer
invaginationExplanation
Invagination is the correct answer because it refers to the process described in the question. During invagination, the cells near the vegetal pole flatten and form a vegetal plate that buckles inward due to changes in cell shape. This process is commonly observed during embryonic development, particularly in the formation of certain tissue layers and organs. Invagination is an essential step in the morphogenesis of various organisms and plays a crucial role in shaping the body plan.Rate this question:
- 21.
The buckled vegetal plate then undergoes extensive rearrangement of its cells, transforming the shallow invagination into a deeper, narrower, blind-ended tube called the
Correct Answer
archenteronExplanation
The buckled vegetal plate undergoes extensive rearrangement of its cells, resulting in the transformation of the shallow invagination into a deeper, narrower, blind-ended tube called the archenteron. This process is a crucial step in the development of certain organisms, as the archenteron eventually gives rise to the digestive cavity or gut.Rate this question:
- 22.
The open end of the archenteron, which will become the anus, is called the
Correct Answer
blastoporeExplanation
The open end of the archenteron, which will become the anus, is called the blastopore. The blastopore is the initial opening in the early embryo, formed during gastrulation. It is the site where the endoderm and ectoderm layers meet. As development progresses, the blastopore gives rise to the digestive system, with the opening eventually becoming the anus. This process occurs in organisms such as sea urchins and amphibians during embryonic development.Rate this question:
- 23.
The part above the crease during gastrulation of a frog becomes the dorsal side of the blastopore, called the
Correct Answer
dorsal lipExplanation
During gastrulation, the frog embryo undergoes a process where the cells move and rearrange to form the three germ layers. The part above the crease, known as the dorsal side, gives rise to the dorsal lip of the blastopore. The blastopore is a structure that forms during gastrulation and eventually develops into the anus or the mouth of the organism. The dorsal lip plays a crucial role in organizing the development of the embryo and is responsible for initiating the formation of the neural tube.Rate this question:
- 24.
As the blastoderm is forming, future endoderm and mesoderm cell layers on the surface of the embryo roll over the edge of the lip into the interior of the embryo, a process called
Correct Answer
involutionExplanation
During the formation of the blastoderm, the future endoderm and mesoderm cell layers move from the surface of the embryo and roll over the edge of the lip, entering the interior of the embryo. This process is known as involution.Rate this question:
- 25.
As gastrulation is completed, the circular lip of the blastopore encircles a ___________ consisting of the outer nutrient-laden cells; these protruding cells will move inward as expansion of the ectoderm causes the blastopore to shrink further.
Correct Answer
yolk plugExplanation
During gastrulation, the blastopore is the opening that forms in the early embryo. The circular lip of the blastopore encircles a yolk plug, which is a mass of nutrient-laden cells located on the outer edge. As gastrulation progresses, the ectoderm expands, causing the blastopore to shrink further. The protruding cells of the yolk plug then move inward, contributing to the formation of the three germ layers and the development of different body structures.Rate this question:
- 26.
One layer of the blastoderm(lies atop the yolk mass)
Correct Answer
epiblast
hypoblastExplanation
The blastoderm is the outer layer of cells that forms on top of the yolk mass during embryonic development. Within the blastoderm, there are two distinct layers called the epiblast and the hypoblast. The epiblast is the upper layer of cells, while the hypoblast is the lower layer. These layers play important roles in the formation of the embryo and the development of different tissues and organs.Rate this question:
- 27.
Running along the embryo's anterior-posterior axis, the pileup of cells moving inward at the blastoderm's midline produces a thickening called
Correct Answer
primitive streakExplanation
The explanation for the correct answer is that during embryonic development, cells migrate inward along the midline of the blastoderm, causing a thickening known as the primitive streak. This process occurs along the anterior-posterior axis of the embryo and is crucial for the establishment of the body plan and formation of the three germ layers. The primitive streak plays a key role in gastrulation, during which the cells differentiate and organize themselves to form the various tissues and organs of the developing embryo.Rate this question:
- 28.
The epiblast cells that remain on the surface give rise to the ______________.
- A.
Mesoderm
- B.
Endoderm
- C.
Ectoderm
Correct Answer
C. EctodermExplanation
The epiblast cells that remain on the surface give rise to the ectoderm. The ectoderm is one of the three primary germ layers that form during early embryonic development. It gives rise to various structures such as the nervous system, skin, hair, and nails. These structures are derived from the ectoderm through a process called gastrulation, where the epiblast cells migrate and differentiate into different cell types.Rate this question:
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- 29.
During this process, various regions of the three embryonic germ layers develop into the rudiments of organs.
Correct Answer
organogenesisExplanation
Organogenesis refers to the process in which various regions of the three embryonic germ layers develop into the rudiments of organs. This process is crucial for the formation and development of organs in the body. It involves the differentiation and specialization of cells, as well as their organization into specific structures and tissues that eventually form fully functional organs. Organogenesis is a complex and highly regulated process that occurs during embryonic development, and it is essential for the proper functioning of the body's organ systems.Rate this question:
- 30.
The skeletal rod characteristic of all chordate embryos. One of the first organs to begin to take shape.
Correct Answer
notochordExplanation
The notochord is a skeletal rod that is found in the embryos of all chordates. It is one of the first organs to develop and take shape in the embryo. The notochord provides support and structure to the developing embryo, and later on, it serves as a basis for the formation of the vertebral column in vertebrates.Rate this question:
- 31.
The ectoderm above the notochord becomes the __________ in response to a number of signaling molecules secreted by mesodermal and other tissues.
Correct Answer
neural plateExplanation
During embryonic development, the ectoderm, which is the outermost germ layer, undergoes a process called neural induction. This occurs in response to signaling molecules secreted by mesodermal and other tissues. The neural plate is formed from the ectoderm above the notochord as a result of this induction. The neural plate is the precursor to the central nervous system and eventually gives rise to the brain and spinal cord.Rate this question:
- 32.
This will become the animal's central nervous system
Correct Answer
neural tubeExplanation
The neural tube is the precursor to the central nervous system in animals. During embryonic development, the neural tube forms from the ectoderm and eventually gives rise to the brain and spinal cord. It is a hollow structure that develops into the complex network of neurons and glial cells that make up the central nervous system. The neural tube plays a crucial role in the development and functioning of the animal's nervous system, making it the correct answer in this context.Rate this question:
- 33.
Completely surrounds the embryo and the other extraembryonic membranes and functions in gas exchange.
- A.
Chorion
- B.
Amnion
- C.
Yolk sac
- D.
Allantois
Correct Answer
A. ChorionExplanation
The chorion is the outermost membrane that completely surrounds the embryo and the other extraembryonic membranes. It plays a crucial role in gas exchange, allowing oxygen to enter the embryo and carbon dioxide to exit. This exchange of gases is vital for the embryo's development and survival.Rate this question:
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- 34.
Eventually encloses the embryo in a protective, fluid-filled amniotic cavity.
- A.
Chorion
- B.
Amnion
- C.
Yolk sac
- D.
Allantois
Correct Answer
B. AmnionExplanation
The amnion is a membrane that eventually encloses the embryo in a protective, fluid-filled amniotic cavity. This cavity provides a cushioning and protective environment for the developing embryo, allowing it to grow and develop without being exposed to external forces or harmful substances. The amnion is essential for the survival and well-being of the embryo during gestation.Rate this question:
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- 35.
Below the developing embryo proper this encloses the yolk and provides nutrients until the time of hatching.
- A.
Chorion
- B.
Amnion
- C.
Yolk sac
- D.
Allantois
Correct Answer
C. Yolk sacExplanation
The yolk sac is responsible for enclosing the yolk and providing nutrients to the developing embryo until it hatches. It serves as a temporary source of nourishment, allowing the embryo to grow and develop before it can obtain nutrients from its environment. The yolk sac is an essential structure in the early stages of embryonic development.Rate this question:
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- 36.
Disposes of waste products and contributes to gas exchange.
- A.
Chorion
- B.
Amnion
- C.
Yolk sac
- D.
Allantois
Correct Answer
D. AllantoisExplanation
The allantois is a membranous sac that forms as an outgrowth of the embryo's hindgut. It serves multiple functions during embryonic development, including disposing of waste products such as nitrogenous waste and contributing to gas exchange. The allantois is involved in the exchange of gases, allowing for the diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the embryo and the surrounding environment. Additionally, it plays a role in the storage and transfer of nutrients to the developing embryo.Rate this question:
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- 37.
The blastomeres of humans are all equal in size
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
A. TrueExplanation
In humans, blastomeres are the individual cells that make up the early embryo. During the early stages of development, these blastomeres divide rapidly, and it is generally observed that they are all equal in size. This equal distribution of size among blastomeres is important for the proper development and differentiation of the embryo.Rate this question:
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- 38.
At the eight cell stage, the blastomeres become tightly adhered to one another, causing the outer surface of the embryo to take on a rugged appearance
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
B. FalseExplanation
At the eight cell stage, the blastomeres become tightly adhered to one another, causing the outer surface of the embryo to take on a SMOOTH appearanceRate this question:
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- 39.
The mammalian version of a blastula during the embryonic stage
Correct Answer
blastocystExplanation
During the embryonic stage, mammals develop a structure called a blastocyst. This is the mammalian version of a blastula, which is an early stage of embryonic development characterized by a hollow ball of cells. The blastocyst consists of an outer layer of cells called the trophoblast, which will eventually form the placenta, and an inner mass of cells called the inner cell mass, which will develop into the embryo itself. The blastocyst is an important stage in mammalian development as it marks the beginning of implantation into the uterus.Rate this question:
- 40.
Clustered at one end of the blastocyst, this will subsequently develop into the embryo proper and form or contribute to all the extraembryonic membranes.
Correct Answer
inner cell massExplanation
The inner cell mass is a group of cells that are clustered at one end of the blastocyst. These cells will go on to develop into the embryo proper and also contribute to the formation of all the extraembryonic membranes. This means that the inner cell mass is responsible for the development of the future organism and plays a crucial role in the early stages of embryonic development.Rate this question:
- 41.
This is the outer epithelium of the blastocyst. It does not contribute to the embryo itself but instead provides support services.
Correct Answer
trophoblastExplanation
The trophoblast is the outer epithelium of the blastocyst, which is the early stage of development of an embryo. It does not directly contribute to the formation of the embryo, but instead plays a crucial role in providing support services. These include implantation of the blastocyst into the uterine wall, formation of the placenta, and secretion of hormones that are essential for maintaining pregnancy. The trophoblast is responsible for establishing a connection between the developing embryo and the mother's body, allowing for nutrient and gas exchange to support the growth and development of the embryo.Rate this question:
- 42.
First, it initiates implantation by secreting enzymes that break down molecules of the endometrium, the lining of the uterus.
Correct Answer
trophoblastExplanation
The trophoblast is responsible for initiating implantation by secreting enzymes that break down molecules of the endometrium, the lining of the uterus. This process allows the fertilized egg to implant and establish a connection with the maternal blood supply, essential for the development of the embryo. The trophoblast plays a crucial role in the early stages of pregnancy by facilitating implantation and supporting the growth and development of the embryo.Rate this question:
- 43.
Then, as it thickens through cell division, it extends fingerlike projections into the surrounding maternal tissue, which is rich in blood vessels.
Correct Answer
trophoblastExplanation
The trophoblast is a layer of cells that forms during early pregnancy and plays a crucial role in the development of the placenta. It thickens through cell division and extends fingerlike projections into the surrounding maternal tissue, which is rich in blood vessels. This allows for the exchange of nutrients and waste products between the mother and the developing embryo. The trophoblast also helps to anchor the embryo to the uterine wall and produces hormones that support the pregnancy.Rate this question:
- 44.
The allantois in mammals is incorporated into the __________.
Correct Answer
umbilical cordExplanation
The allantois in mammals is a membranous sac that forms during embryonic development. It plays a crucial role in the formation of the umbilical cord, which connects the developing fetus to the placenta. The allantois acts as a conduit for blood vessels, allowing for the exchange of nutrients, oxygen, and waste products between the fetus and the mother's bloodstream. Therefore, the allantois is incorporated into the umbilical cord, facilitating the necessary connections for fetal development and survival.Rate this question:
- 45.
The ____________ in mammals is incorporated into the umbilical cord.
Correct Answer
allantoisExplanation
The allantois in mammals is a structure that develops during embryonic development and is incorporated into the umbilical cord. It plays a crucial role in waste disposal and gas exchange, as well as nutrient transport between the developing fetus and the mother. The allantois eventually fuses with the chorion to form the placenta, which is responsible for providing oxygen and nutrients to the fetus and removing waste products.Rate this question:
- 46.
If the separation of twins occurs early, before the trophoblast and inner cell mass become differentiated, then the two embryos will share a chorion but each have their own amnion.
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
B. FalseExplanation
If the separation of twins occurs early, before the trophoblast and inner cell mass become differentiated, then two embryos will grow, each with its own chorion and amnion. 1/3 of twinsRate this question:
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- 47.
If the separation of twins occurs later, after the chorion forms but before the amnion forms, then they will share one chorion and each have their own amnion.
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
A. TrueExplanation
If the separation of twins occurs after the chorion forms but before the amnion forms, it means that the outermost membrane (chorion) has already developed but the inner membrane (amnion) has not yet formed. In this case, the twins will share the chorion, which is responsible for providing nutrients and oxygen to the developing embryos. However, since the amnion has not formed yet, each twin will have their own separate amnion, which is the fluid-filled sac that surrounds and protects the developing fetus. Therefore, the statement is true.Rate this question:
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- 48.
Molecules placed in the egg by the mother that include proteins and RNA's.
Correct Answer
cytoplasmic determinantsExplanation
Cytoplasmic determinants refer to molecules, such as proteins and RNA's, that are present in the cytoplasm of the egg and are placed there by the mother. These determinants play a crucial role in the early development of the embryo, as they provide instructions for various cellular processes and help determine the fate of different cells. Therefore, the presence of proteins and RNA's in the egg that are contributed by the mother can be referred to as cytoplasmic determinants.Rate this question:
- 49.
As a zygote divides, differences arise between early embryonic cells due to the _______ distribution of cytoplasmic determinants.
Correct Answer
unevenExplanation
As a zygote divides, differences arise between early embryonic cells due to the uneven distribution of cytoplasmic determinants. These determinants are molecules or substances that are unequally distributed within the cytoplasm of the zygote. This uneven distribution leads to the activation or repression of specific genes in different cells, causing them to develop different characteristics and functions. This process is crucial for the development of different cell types and the formation of distinct tissues and organs in the growing embryo.Rate this question:
- 50.
Along with cell division and differentiation, development involves _______.
Correct Answer
morphogenesisExplanation
Development involves morphogenesis, which refers to the process by which cells and tissues are organized into specific structures and shapes during the growth and development of an organism. This process includes cell movements, changes in cell shape, and the formation of specialized tissues and organs. Morphogenesis is essential for the proper formation of body structures and organs, and it is regulated by various molecular and cellular mechanisms.Rate this question:
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Nov 14, 2023Quiz Edited by
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