APUSH Ch 12-16 Quarterly (2nd Quarter)

After the Civil War, a serious constitutional question arose regarding the political and legal status of former Confederate states. This question revolved around whether these states should be treated as conquered territory or be reintegrated into the Union with full rights and representation. It was a complex issue that required careful consideration and decision-making, as it had significant implications for the future of the United States and the balance of power between the federal government and the states.

During the era of Reconstruction, southern whites used the term "scalawags" to identify southern whites who supported Radical Republican rule. These individuals were seen as traitors by many white Southerners because they aligned themselves with the Republican Party, which was viewed as the party of the North and the party responsible for the defeat of the Confederacy. The term "scalawags" was used to denigrate and discredit these white Southerners who supported the policies of the Radical Republicans, such as granting civil rights to freed slaves and promoting racial equality.

The Black Codes passed in southern states after the Civil War were a set of laws intended to restrict the rights and freedoms of black people. These laws aimed to place limits on the socioeconomic opportunities available to black individuals, effectively maintaining a system of racial inequality and oppression. The Black Codes imposed restrictions on various aspects of black people's lives, including their ability to own property, work in certain occupations, and move freely. These discriminatory laws were part of the larger system of segregation and racial discrimination that persisted in the South during the Reconstruction era.

The correct answer is C) Kansas. The first attempt to apply the doctrine of popular sovereignty in determining the status of slavery occurred in Kansas. Popular sovereignty was the idea that the residents of a territory should decide for themselves whether to allow slavery or not. In the case of Kansas, the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854 allowed the residents of the territory to vote on whether to allow slavery, leading to a period of violent conflict known as "Bleeding Kansas" between pro-slavery and anti-slavery factions. This marked an important moment in the lead-up to the American Civil War.

Most northerners during the sectional crises of the 1850s were willing to accept slavery where it already existed but opposed its further expansion into the territories. This position was known as "Free-Soil" or "Free-Labor" ideology, which aimed to prevent the spread of slavery into new states and territories. Northerners believed that allowing slavery to expand would threaten their economic interests and the future of free labor. They did not necessarily support complete abolition or the importation of slaves from Africa, nor did they advocate for the expansion of the slave system for cheap labor in northern factories.

The correct answer is C) preserve the union. During the American Civil War, the North fought against the South to maintain the unity of the United States. The southern states had seceded from the Union and formed the Confederate States of America, which posed a threat to the existence of the United States as a whole. The North aimed to prevent the dissolution of the Union and preserve the integrity of the nation.

The passage above is from the Dred Scott v Sanford case. This case involved a slave named Dred Scott who sued for his freedom based on the fact that he had lived in free territories. The Supreme Court ruled that African Americans, whether enslaved or free, were not considered citizens and therefore could not sue in federal court. This decision further reinforced the institution of slavery and denied African Americans the rights and privileges afforded to citizens under the Constitution.

The Republican Party originated in the mid-1850s as a sectional party committed to opposing the further extension of slavery into the territories. This means that they were against allowing slavery to expand into new areas of the United States. This position was a key factor in their formation and their goal was to prevent the spread of slavery in order to eventually abolish it.

The most threatening problem for the Union from 1861 through 1863 was the possible British recognition of the Confederacy. This would have given the Confederacy legitimacy as an independent nation and potentially led to foreign intervention and support. It would have greatly weakened the Union's position and made it more difficult for them to win the war. The British recognition of the Confederacy would have also provided them with access to British resources and potentially shifted the balance of power in favor of the Confederacy.

The Radical Republicans of America during the post-Civil War period were considered radical because they advocated for civil and political rights for Black people. They believed in granting equal rights and protections to African Americans, including the right to vote, hold political office, and have access to education and employment opportunities. Their stance on racial equality was seen as radical at the time, as it went against the prevailing sentiments of many white Americans who favored continued discrimination and oppression of Black people.

The correct answer is E) restriction of the rights of immigrants. The Know Nothing party, also known as the American Party, was a political party in the United States during the mid-19th century. It was primarily focused on nativism and sought to restrict the rights of immigrants, particularly Catholics and Irish immigrants. The party believed that immigrants were a threat to American society and wanted to limit their influence and participation in politics and society. They advocated for stricter immigration laws and the preservation of American values and culture.

The 14th amendment was adopted by Congress primarily to protect legislation guaranteeing civil rights to former slaves. This amendment granted citizenship to all persons born or naturalized in the United States, including former slaves, and provided equal protection under the law. It aimed to ensure that the civil rights of former slaves were protected and that they were granted the same rights and protections as other citizens. This was a crucial step in the process of establishing equality and ending the discrimination and oppression faced by African Americans during this time.

The correct answer is B) Its de facto repeal of the Missouri Compromise. The Missouri Compromise of 1820 had established a balance between free and slave states by prohibiting slavery in certain territories. The Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854 allowed popular sovereignty, meaning that the residents of the territories could decide whether to allow slavery. This act effectively repealed the Missouri Compromise, leading to intense controversy and further deepening the divide between the North and the South on the issue of slavery.

During Reconstruction, the main goal of the Ku Klux Klan was to prevent the changes in southern society envisioned by the Radical Republicans. The Radical Republicans sought to implement policies that would grant civil rights and political equality to African Americans, which was seen as a threat to the white supremacist ideology held by the Ku Klux Klan. The Klan used violence, intimidation, and terrorism to suppress and undermine the efforts of the Radical Republicans and to maintain white supremacy in the South.

A broad discussion of the significance of the Missouri compromise, the Tariff of 1833, and the Compromise of 1850 would necessarily mention sectional conflict. These three events were all related to the ongoing conflict between the Northern and Southern states over issues such as slavery, representation, and economic policies. The Missouri Compromise addressed the balance of power between free and slave states, the Tariff of 1833 resolved a dispute over tariffs that had divided the North and South, and the Compromise of 1850 attempted to address the growing tensions between the regions. Therefore, sectional conflict would be an important topic to discuss when examining these events.

In his statement, Lincoln questions whether the US is a government or merely an association of states. By asking if it can be peaceably unmade, he implies that it cannot be dissolved without the agreement of all parties involved. This suggests that he rejects the theory that the southern states had the right to secede from the Union, as secession would require less than all parties to agree. Therefore, the correct answer is A) Rejected the theory that the southern states had the right to secede from the Union.

Members of the Whig party in Congress during the Mexican war would most likely have expressed opposition to the idea of Manifest Destiny. The Whig party, which was active during the mid-19th century, generally opposed the expansionist policies associated with Manifest Destiny. They were concerned about the potential spread of slavery and the cost of territorial acquisition. During the Mexican-American War, many Whigs viewed it as an unjust war of aggression and opposed the annexation of Mexican territory. Therefore, it is likely that they would have expressed opposition to the idea of Manifest Destiny.

During the first half of the 19th century, Ireland supplied the largest number of immigrants to the US. This can be attributed to the Great Famine, which occurred in Ireland between 1845 and 1852. The famine resulted in widespread poverty and starvation, leading many Irish people to emigrate in search of better opportunities and a chance at survival. The Irish immigrants played a significant role in shaping American society and culture during this time period.

The quotation expresses the idea of manifest destiny, which was a belief in the 19th century that it was the destiny and right of the United States to expand its territory across the continent. The passage emphasizes the idea that God has planned and united the Mississippi Valley and Texas, suggesting a divine justification for American expansion and the belief that it was inevitable and necessary for the United States to expand its dominion. This aligns with the concept of manifest destiny.

During the 1850s, the South had fewer European immigrants compared to the North. This can be attributed to several factors. Firstly, the North had more industrialization and job opportunities, which attracted a larger number of immigrants seeking employment. Secondly, the South relied heavily on slave labor, which limited the need for European immigrants in the agricultural sector. Additionally, the South's plantation economy and social structure were less conducive to European immigration. Therefore, the South had a smaller influx of European immigrants during this time period.

The Ostend Manifesto, written during the Pierce administration, suggested that the United States might be justified in acquiring Cuba. This document, drafted by American diplomats, argued that Cuba was essential to the security and economic interests of the United States. It proposed that the U.S. should offer to purchase Cuba from Spain, and if Spain refused, the U.S. would be justified in using force to acquire the island. The manifesto reflected the expansionist ambitions of the United States during this time period and the desire to extend American influence and control over territories in the Western Hemisphere.

The shift to sharecropping and the crop lien system in the late 19th century South resulted in a cycle of debt and depression for Southern tenant farmers. Sharecropping involved farmers renting land from landowners and paying rent through a share of their crop, while the crop lien system allowed farmers to obtain credit by using their future crops as collateral. However, this system often led to high interest rates and exploitative practices by landowners and merchants, trapping farmers in a cycle of debt. Additionally, fluctuations in crop prices and natural disasters further exacerbated the financial hardships faced by Southern tenant farmers.

Thaddeus Stevens' plan for reconstruction was more radical than most of his Republican colleagues in Congress because he proposed the confiscation of all land owned by former slaveholders and giving 40 acres of land to freedmen. This was a significant departure from the more moderate approach of his colleagues, as it involved taking land from those who had supported slavery and redistributing it to the newly freed African Americans. This plan aimed to provide economic independence and empowerment to the freedmen, ensuring they had a stake in the post-war society.

The correct answer is E) providing educational opportunities for former slaves. The Freedmen's Bureau was established in 1865 to assist newly freed slaves in transitioning to freedom. One of its main goals was to provide education to former slaves, as they had been denied access to education during slavery. The Bureau established schools and provided resources and support to help educate African Americans. This was seen as one of the most successful aspects of the Freedmen's Bureau's work, as it helped to empower and uplift the newly freed slaves by providing them with the tools for self-improvement and advancement.

The principle of "popular sovereignty" states that the settlers in a given territory have the sole right to decide whether or not slavery will be permitted there. This means that the people living in a specific area have the power to determine the status of slavery within their territory. This principle was significant during the time of the American Civil War when the issue of slavery was highly debated and states were divided on its legality. The idea of popular sovereignty aimed to give autonomy and decision-making power to the local population regarding this contentious issue.

During the start of the Civil War era, the North had several advantages that contributed to their overall strength. They had a more extensive railroad network, which allowed for better transportation of troops and supplies. The North also had a larger population, providing them with a larger pool of potential soldiers and resources. Additionally, they had more heavy industry, which allowed for the production of weapons and other necessary supplies. Lastly, they had more abundant food resources, ensuring that their troops were well-fed. The only advantage they did not have was better military leaders.

Abraham Lincoln charged that President Polk was not justified in requesting congressional authorization for war with Mexico because he had provoked a Mexican attack by moving American troops onto land claimed by Mexico. This suggests that Lincoln believed that the war was not a defensive action, but rather an offensive one initiated by the United States. By moving troops onto land claimed by Mexico, Polk had essentially instigated the conflict, according to Lincoln's viewpoint.

During Reconstruction, Congress passed several measures to address the aftermath of the Civil War and ensure the rights of newly freed slaves. These measures included granting citizenship to all persons born or naturalized in the US, implementing a military occupation of the southern states, continuing the operations of the Freedmen's Bureau, and passing a civil rights act. However, voting rights for all blacks were not granted during this time. The 15th Amendment, which granted voting rights regardless of race or color, was not passed until 1870, several years after the Reconstruction period.

During the antebellum period in the South, the majority of white families did not own any slaves. Slavery was primarily concentrated in the hands of a small percentage of wealthy plantation owners, while the majority of white families were small farmers who did not have the means to own slaves. This system of slave ownership was a defining feature of the Southern economy and society, but it was not widespread among the white population.

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The correct answer is B) It encouraged American settlement in Texas in the 1820's and early 1830s. This is because during this time period, the Mexican government implemented policies that encouraged American settlers to move to Texas, offering them land grants and other incentives to populate the region. This policy was part of Mexico's plan to develop and economically strengthen the sparsely populated territory of Texas.

The correct answer is D) The Republican and Democratic parties effected a compromise agreement after the 1876 election. This agreement, known as the Compromise of 1877, marked the end of Congressional Reconstruction. In exchange for Republican candidate Rutherford B. Hayes becoming president, the Republicans agreed to withdraw federal troops from the South, effectively ending Reconstruction. This compromise allowed Southern Democrats to regain control of the region and implement policies that disenfranchised African Americans and solidified white supremacy.

The correct answer is E) the natural population increase of American born slaves. This is because during the period between 1810 and 1860, the slave population in the South grew primarily through natural reproduction rather than through the importation of slaves from Africa or the West Indies. The harshness of fugitive slave laws and the acquisition of Louisiana may have had some impact on the increase, but they were not the primary factors.

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The Webster-Ashburton Treaty settled the boundary dispute between the US and Great Britain over Maine.

The correct answer is A) provision of 40 acres to each freedmen. During Reconstruction, the Radical Republicans implemented several measures to ensure equal rights for freed slaves and punish Confederate leaders. These included enacting the 14th amendment to grant citizenship and equal protection under the law, military occupation of the South to enforce these rights, punishment of Confederate leaders through the impeachment of President Andrew Johnson, and restrictions on the power of the president to prevent interference with Reconstruction policies. However, the provision of 40 acres of land to each freedman was not implemented as part of the Radical Republican program.

The Reconstruction Acts of 1867 provided for temporary Union military supervision of the ex-Confederacy. This means that the Union military would oversee and enforce the reconstruction policies in the Southern states that had seceded during the Civil War. The purpose of this military supervision was to ensure that the rights of newly freed slaves were protected and that the Southern states were brought back into the Union in a way that promoted equality and justice. This military supervision was a key aspect of the Reconstruction period, which aimed to rebuild and reform the South after the war.

During the "carpetbag" governments, one of their achievements was the establishment of a public school system. This means that they created a system of public schools that were accessible to all, regardless of race or background. This achievement continued to exist even during the "Redeemer" administrations, which were characterized by efforts to undo the progress made by the carpetbag governments. Therefore, the establishment of a public school system was one of the achievements that survived this transition of power.

The Wilmot Proviso was a proposed amendment to a bill that aimed to prohibit slavery in any territory acquired from Mexico during the Mexican War. This amendment, if passed, would have prevented the expansion of slavery into these newly acquired lands. Therefore, option D, which states "The prohibition of slavery in lands acquired from Mexico in the Mexican war," accurately describes the intent of the Wilmot Proviso.

During the impeachment of Andrew Johnson, he was indeed tried by the Senate but was not convicted. The impeachment process began when Johnson violated the Tenure of Office Act by removing Edwin M. Stanton from his position as Secretary of War without the Senate's approval. The House of Representatives voted to impeach him, and the trial took place in the Senate. However, Johnson narrowly avoided conviction by one vote, allowing him to remain in office.

The correct answer is B) once part of Mexico. The shaded area on the map was once part of Mexico before it was ceded to the United States. This refers to the Mexican Cession, which occurred as a result of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848. The treaty ended the Mexican-American War and established the Rio Grande as the border between the two countries, with Mexico ceding a large portion of its territory to the United States. This included present-day states such as California, Nevada, Utah, Arizona, New Mexico, and parts of Colorado and Wyoming.

The correct answer is E) 11, 111, and V only. This is because the failure of the American armies to conquer Mexico City (1), the constitutional problem of absorbing a nation without gaining the consent of the people (11), objections to absorbing a mixed race of Spanish, Indian, and black people (111), and objections to the extension of slavery (V) were all factors that prevented the US from annexing Mexico in 1848.

The Dred Scott decision established the principle that national legislation could not limit the spread of slavery in the territories. This decision, made by the Supreme Court in 1857, ruled that Congress did not have the power to prohibit slavery in the territories, undermining the ability of the federal government to regulate the expansion of slavery. The decision also stated that slaves were property and not citizens, further entrenching the institution of slavery and sparking controversy and division in the United States.

The compromise of 1850 enacted a stringent fugitive slave law. This law required the return of escaped slaves to their owners, even if they had reached free states. It also imposed penalties on individuals who aided or harbored escaped slaves. The law was part of the compromise between the Northern and Southern states to maintain the balance between slave and free states and avoid secession. The fugitive slave law was highly controversial and contributed to the growing tensions between the North and South over the issue of slavery.

During the first years after Emancipation, blacks sought reunion with family members, attempted to found separate black churches, preferred to work as sharecroppers rather than for cash wages, and sought educational opportunities wherever they were available. However, large numbers did not migrate to the north.

The Crittenden Compromise was a series of proposed constitutional amendments aimed at resolving the secession crisis and preserving the Union. It was supported by most southern congressmen, so statement A is false. The compromise aimed to revive the policy of the Missouri Compromise line, which is statement B. It was indeed a last attempt by Congress to preserve the Union, as stated in statement C. Although it was opposed by Lincoln, as mentioned in statement D, it would have permitted further annexations of slave territory, as stated in statement E.

The Emancipation Proclamation, issued in 1863, did not immediately end the Civil War or abolish slavery. Instead, its immediate effect was to strengthen the moral cause of the Union. The proclamation declared that all slaves in Confederate territory were to be set free, which shifted the focus of the war from solely preserving the Union to also fighting for the freedom of enslaved individuals. This change in purpose and the moral argument against slavery helped to garner support for the Union cause and rally troops and citizens behind the war effort.

The correct answer is E) federal constitutional provisions for emancipation. This is because there were no federal constitutional provisions for emancipation in the early 19th century. The growth of the free African American population was primarily influenced by the gradual emancipation laws of individual states, manumission granted for Revolutionary war service, manumission granted by slaveholders' wills, and natural increase among free African Americans.

According to the table shown above (PRETEND IT IS THERE ARRON), the correct statement concerning the election of 1860 is that John C. Breckinridge came in third in the popular vote but second in the electoral college vote. This means that although Breckinridge did not receive the highest number of popular votes, he managed to secure the second highest number of electoral college votes, indicating his strong support among the electors.

The 15th amendment was designed to strengthen the Republican party in the South. This amendment, ratified in 1870, granted the right to vote to all male citizens, regardless of race or previous condition of servitude. It was a strategic move by the Republican party to secure the support of newly enfranchised African American men in the South, who were seen as potential Republican voters. The amendment aimed to counter the influence of the Democratic party in the region and ensure Republican political dominance.