Bio 102 Quiz #4

Mitochondria is the correct answer because it is a structure that is found in both plant and animal cells. Mitochondria are responsible for producing energy in the form of ATP through cellular respiration. They are present in the cytoplasm of the cell and play a vital role in metabolism. While other structures listed, such as chloroplasts and cell walls, are unique to plant cells, mitochondria are present in both plant and animal cells.

Stomata are the correct answer because they are the tiny openings on the surface of leaves that allow for gas exchange between the leaf and the atmosphere. These openings are surrounded by two specialized cells called guard cells, which can open and close the stomata to regulate the exchange of gases such as oxygen and carbon dioxide. The other options listed, such as epidermal cells, sieve tube elements, and petioles, are not directly involved in gas exchange.

Phloem is the correct answer because it is the type of plant vascular tissue that is specialized to conduct foods such as sugars. Phloem is responsible for transporting sugars, amino acids, and other organic compounds from the leaves to other parts of the plant, such as the roots and fruits. It consists of sieve tube elements and companion cells, which work together to facilitate the movement of nutrients throughout the plant.

A tomato, squash, or bean would be considered a fruit because they contain seeds from a flowering plant. Fruits are defined as the mature ovaries of flowering plants that contain seeds. These three examples fit this definition as they all come from flowering plants and contain seeds within them. The other options given, such as being produced by a flowering plant or having a color other than green, are not accurate determinants of whether something is a fruit or not. Additionally, the fact that they can be eaten raw is not relevant to their classification as a fruit.

Guard cells are specialized cells found in the epidermis of plant leaves that help regulate the movement of CO2 into and out of a leaf. They control the opening and closing of stomata, small pores on the leaf surface, which allow for gas exchange. When guard cells are filled with water, they become turgid and the stomata open, allowing CO2 to enter the leaf for photosynthesis. When the guard cells lose water and become flaccid, the stomata close, preventing excessive water loss through transpiration. Therefore, guard cells play a crucial role in maintaining the balance of CO2 and water in plants.

The leaf is the primary organ of photosynthesis in a plant because it contains specialized cells called chloroplasts, which contain the pigment chlorophyll. Chlorophyll absorbs sunlight and converts it into energy through the process of photosynthesis. The leaf also has a large surface area and is positioned to receive maximum sunlight, making it the main site for photosynthesis in plants. The other options, such as stomata, bark, and stem, are not directly involved in photosynthesis.

The apical meristem is the correct answer because it is the region of actively dividing cells located at the tip of the root. This area is responsible for the growth of the root and the production of new cells. As mitosis is the process of cell division, studying the apical meristem of onion roots would provide a good source to observe and understand mitosis.

The petiole is the correct answer because it is the part of a plant that serves as the stalk-like support for a leaf. It connects the leaf to the stem and allows for movement and positioning of the leaf to optimize sunlight absorption. The petiole also contains vascular tissues that transport water, nutrients, and sugars between the leaf and the rest of the plant.

Tubers are swollen regions of underground stems that store starch. They are specialized structures that allow plants to store energy for future use. Examples of tubers include potatoes and yams. These underground stems have buds called "eyes" that can sprout and give rise to new plants. Tubers provide a means of survival for plants during unfavorable conditions, as they can store a large amount of starch to support growth and development when resources are limited.

Sieve tube elements are the main phloem conducting cells. These cells are responsible for transporting sugars and other organic compounds throughout the plant. They are long, cylindrical cells with perforated end walls called sieve plates, which allow for the movement of materials. The other options listed, such as tracheids, companion cells, vessel elements, and sepals, are not involved in phloem transport. Tracheids are involved in water transport in xylem, companion cells assist in the functioning of sieve tube elements, vessel elements are also involved in water transport in xylem, and sepals are part of the outermost whorl of a flower.

When a stalk of celery is cut and placed in a glass of water containing red food coloring, the xylem tissue is responsible for transporting the colored water throughout the plant. Xylem tissue is responsible for the upward movement of water and nutrients from the roots to the rest of the plant. Therefore, the red food coloring is taken up by the xylem tissue and distributed to the cells of the celery, resulting in the red coloration of the celery.

A plant stem modified for storage of food such as starch is called a tuber. A tuber is a swollen, underground stem that stores nutrients for the plant. It typically has buds or "eyes" from which new shoots can grow. Examples of tubers include potatoes and yams.

The correct answer is "Roots, Stems and Leaves". This is because roots are responsible for anchoring the plant in the ground and absorbing water and nutrients from the soil. Stems provide support to the plant and transport water, nutrients, and sugars between the roots and leaves. Leaves are the main site of photosynthesis, where sunlight is converted into energy for the plant. Flowers and fruits are reproductive structures of the plant and are not considered as main vegetative parts.

Tendrils are plant structures that coil around surrounding objects for support. They are specialized elongated structures that help climbing plants to attach themselves to nearby structures, such as trellises or other plants. Tendrils are commonly found in plants like grapes, peas, and cucumbers, and they are a form of adaptation that allows these plants to grow vertically and reach for sunlight. Unlike rhizoids, stolons, rhizomes, and tubers, which serve different functions in plant growth and reproduction, tendrils specifically aid in climbing and support.

The ground tissue is responsible for storing nutrients, such as starch, in plants. Since a potato is known for its high starch content, it can be inferred that the ground tissue in a potato would be the most abundant.

The cuticle is a waxy layer that covers the surface of leaves and stems, acting as a barrier to prevent water loss through evaporation. Stomata are small openings on the surface of leaves that allow for gas exchange, including the release of water vapor through transpiration. Therefore, both the cuticle and stomata work together to protect a plant from water loss on a hot sunny day. The cuticle prevents water from evaporating from the surface, while the stomata regulate the amount of water vapor that is released.

The correct answer is Vascular Cambium. The vascular cambium is a layer of meristematic tissue in plants that is responsible for the production of xylem and phloem. It is located between the xylem and phloem in the vascular bundle. The vascular cambium undergoes cell division, resulting in the formation of new xylem cells towards the inside and new phloem cells towards the outside. This continuous production of xylem and phloem allows for the growth and transport of water, nutrients, and sugars throughout the plant.

An embryonic leaf of a plant is called a cotyledon. Cotyledons are the first leaves that emerge from the seed during germination. They are responsible for providing nutrients to the developing plant embryo until it can photosynthesize on its own. Cotyledons can vary in shape and size depending on the plant species, and they eventually develop into true leaves as the plant grows.

Young leaves obtain sugary nectar through photosynthesis. Photosynthesis is the process by which plants convert sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water into glucose and oxygen. Glucose is a type of sugar that is produced during photosynthesis and is stored in the leaves. The young leaves then release the sugary nectar, which can be consumed by ants or other organisms. This process allows the plant to provide a food source for the ants while also benefiting from the ants' protection and pollination services.

Vessel elements are the correct answer because they are dead at maturity. Vessel elements are part of the xylem tissue in plants and are responsible for transporting water and minerals. They have thick secondary cell walls that are lignified, which provides structural support but also causes the cells to die. Once the vessel elements are mature, they lose their protoplasts and become hollow, forming a continuous tube for efficient water transport.

Parenchyma is the correct answer because photosynthesis primarily occurs in the mesophyll cells of plant leaves, which are composed of parenchyma tissue. Parenchyma cells contain chloroplasts, the organelles responsible for photosynthesis, and are located in the middle layer of the leaf, allowing for efficient absorption of sunlight. Additionally, parenchyma tissue is also found in other parts of the plant, such as stems and roots, where it can also perform photosynthesis.

Collenchyma cells provide flexible support to the growing parts of plants. These cells have thickened cell walls that are unevenly thickened, providing flexibility to the plant. They are found in areas of the plant that are actively growing and need support, such as the stems, petioles, and leaf veins. Collenchyma cells can elongate as the plant grows, allowing for expansion and flexibility. They also provide mechanical support to prevent the plant from breaking or bending under its own weight.

Sclerenchyma cells are specialized plant cells that provide structural support to the plant. They have thick cell walls containing lignin, making them rigid and non-flexible. One of the main functions of sclerenchyma cells is long-distance water conduction. They form long, continuous tubes called sclerenchyma fibers that transport water and nutrients throughout the plant. This allows water to be efficiently transported from the roots to the leaves, ensuring proper hydration and nutrient supply to all parts of the plant.

Starch is stored in the cells of the dicot roots between the epidermis and the vascular cylinder. The epidermis is the outermost layer of cells in the root, while the vascular cylinder is the central region where the xylem and phloem are located. Therefore, the cells that store starch are found in the region between these two structures.

Bark consists of secondary phloem, cork cambium, and cork. Secondary phloem is responsible for transporting sugars and other organic compounds from the leaves to the rest of the plant. Cork cambium is a layer of cells that produces cork, which provides protection to the underlying tissues. Cork is the outermost layer of bark and acts as a barrier against water loss, physical damage, and pathogens. Therefore, the correct answer is secondary phloem, cork cambium, and cork.