Biology Semester 2 Study Guide

The population of birds would decrease because their habitat, the particular type of oak tree, is being targeted and cut down by loggers. Without their habitat, the birds would have no place to live and reproduce, leading to a decline in their population.

Chloroplasts are the organelles found in plant cells that are responsible for photosynthesis. They contain chlorophyll, the pigment that captures sunlight and converts it into energy for the plant. Inside the chloroplasts, there are thylakoids, which are the site where the actual photosynthesis process takes place. Xylem is responsible for transporting water and nutrients throughout the plant, while mitochondria are responsible for cellular respiration, not photosynthesis. Therefore, the correct answer is chloroplast.

Predators are an example of a biotic factor because they are living organisms that directly interact with other organisms in an ecosystem by hunting and consuming them. Biotic factors refer to the living components of an ecosystem, such as plants, animals, and microorganisms, that play a crucial role in shaping the environment and influencing the population dynamics of other organisms. Predators, by controlling the population of prey species, can have a significant impact on the overall balance and diversity of an ecosystem.

Bears would be an example of the third trophic level because they are carnivores that primarily feed on herbivores, which are at the second trophic level. The trophic level refers to the position of an organism in a food chain or food web, based on its source of energy. The first trophic level consists of primary producers (plants), the second level consists of herbivores (animals that eat plants), and the third level consists of carnivores (animals that eat other animals). Since bears feed on other animals, they would be classified as third-level consumers.

Transpiration is the correct answer because it refers to the process by which trees and other plants lose water through their leaves. During transpiration, water evaporates from the leaves and exits through small openings called stomata. This water vapor then enters the atmosphere, where it can condense and form clouds, eventually leading to precipitation. Transpiration is an essential part of the water cycle, as it helps to regulate the movement of water through ecosystems and contribute to the overall distribution of water on Earth.

Phototropism is the correct answer because it refers to the phenomenon where plants grow towards a particular light source. This is a response mechanism in plants that allows them to maximize their exposure to sunlight, which is essential for photosynthesis. Photosynthesis, cellular respiration, and the Calvin cycle are all related to the process of converting light energy into chemical energy in plants, but they do not specifically describe the growth of plants towards light sources.

Cellular respiration is the process by which cells convert glucose and oxygen into energy, carbon dioxide, and water. This process occurs in the mitochondria of the cell. Mitochondria are known as the "powerhouses" of the cell because they produce the majority of the cell's energy through cellular respiration. The other options, such as chloroplasts, nucleus, and ribosomes, have different functions within the cell and are not directly involved in cellular respiration.

The guard cells in plants are responsible for regulating gas exchange, specifically the exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen. They control the opening and closing of the stomata, which are tiny pores on the surface of leaves. When the guard cells are turgid, the stomata open, allowing for the uptake of carbon dioxide for photosynthesis and the release of oxygen. Conversely, when the guard cells are flaccid, the stomata close, preventing excessive water loss through transpiration. Therefore, the main function of guard cells is to regulate gas exchange in plants.

Exponential growth does not slow down due to density-dependent factors. In fact, exponential growth continues at a constant rate without any limitations, regardless of population density. Density-dependent factors, such as competition for resources or predation, typically lead to a slowing down or stabilization of population growth, resulting in a logistic growth pattern. Therefore, the given statement is false.

Secondary succession refers to the process of ecological succession that occurs in an area that has been previously disturbed or disrupted, such as after a fire or a volcanic eruption. In this case, the lions moving into a savannah after a brush fire has removed the previous pride is an example of secondary succession because the area has been cleared and the lions are colonizing the area that was previously occupied by another group. This demonstrates the process of succession where new species or populations establish themselves in an area that has been disturbed.

Increased pollution would have a greater influence on biodiversity in an aquatic ecosystem compared to a volcano eruption on land or an earthquake. Pollution in water bodies can introduce harmful chemicals, toxins, and excessive nutrients, leading to the degradation of water quality and the loss of aquatic species. It can disrupt the natural balance of the ecosystem, impacting the survival and reproduction of various organisms. While a volcano eruption or an earthquake may cause temporary disturbances, they are unlikely to have the same long-term and widespread negative effects on biodiversity as increased pollution.

When a rabbit eats a plant, only a small fraction of the energy from the plant is transferred to the rabbit due to energy loss through metabolic processes. Similarly, when the snake eats the rabbit, there is further energy loss. This means that the snake will receive and be able to use only a tiny portion of the original energy from the plant, which is approximately 1%.

The immune system plays a crucial role in protecting the body from invading pathogens by recognizing and neutralizing them. It does this through the production of antibodies and activation of immune cells. Additionally, the immune system is responsible for destroying cells that are faulty, such as cancerous cells or cells infected by viruses. This is done through a process called apoptosis, where the immune system triggers the programmed cell death of these abnormal cells.

Gibberellins are plant hormones that promote stem elongation and cell division. By adding gibberellins to the red roses, it can help stimulate the growth of longer stems. This hormone is commonly used in agriculture and horticulture to increase the height and length of plant stems, making it an ideal chemical to assist in the process of growing red roses with long stems.

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