Block 3 Respitory Histology Part 1
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- 1.
Intrapulmonary bronchi and bronchioles share which ONE of the following properties?
- A.
Amount of cartilage
- B.
Type of epithelium
- C.
Association with pulmonary arteries
- D.
Association with sub-mucosal glands
- E.
Diameter
Correct Answer
C. Association with pulmonary arteriesExplanation
Type of epithelium - not correct--Intrapulmonary bronchi are lined by respiratory epithelium (ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium) while bronchioles are lined by a simple epithelium (simple cuboidal or simple columnar). Hence, this is an incorrect answer.
The correct answer is: Association with pulmonary arteries
Pulomary arteries follow and branch with the intrapulmonary airways, both the intrapulmonary bronchi and the bronchioles. Hence, this is the correct answer.Rate this question:
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- 2.
All of the following statements about the respiratory system are correct EXCEPT:
- A.
Clara cells are found only in the bronchiolar epithelium
- B.
The larynx contains hyaline cartilage, smooth muscle and stratified squamous epithelium
- C.
The surfactant lining of the aveoli is produced by Type II pneumocytes
- D.
Most of the inside surface of alveoli is lined with Type I pneumocytes
- E.
Mucociliary clearance involves goblet cells, ciliated epithelial cells and/ submucosal glands
Correct Answer
B. The larynx contains hyaline cartilage, smooth muscle and stratified squamous epitheliumExplanation
The correct answer is B. The larynx contains striated (skeletal) muscle in the vocalis muscles. Hence, this is not a true statement and hence is the correct answer to this EXCEPT question.Rate this question:
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- 3.
The pulmonary alveolus
- A.
Has epithelial cells which secrete a thin serous fluid to help raise the level of moisture in the air space
- B.
Is partially lined by ciliated cells which help remove particles drawn in with inhaled air
- C.
Undergoes a cyclic increase and decrease in volume, thanks in part to recoil of elastic fibers in its wall
- D.
Is richly vascularized with fenestrated capillaries
- E.
Is surrounded by fenestrated capillaries
Correct Answer
C. Undergoes a cyclic increase and decrease in volume, thanks in part to recoil of elastic fibers in its wallExplanation
C: This is true. The volume of the alveolar spaces (individually and collectively) changes during each cycle of inspiration and exhalation. The reduction of alveolar volume during exhalation is due to passive recoil of elastic fibers located in the alveolar septa.Rate this question:
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- 4.
Which of the following is a function characteristically associated with "respiratory epithelium"?
- A.
Trapping of particles from passing air and their subsequent transport within the airways
- B.
Transmission of oxygen from air into subepithelial capillaries
- C.
Use of ciliated epithelial cells to sense odors in passing air
- D.
Protection of the luminal surface of vocal folds
- E.
Secretion of surfactant
Correct Answer
A. Trapping of particles from passing air and their subsequent transport within the airwaysExplanation
A: This is a major function of "respiratory" epithelium, which is a ciliated, pseudostratified columnar epithelium, containing goblet cells. The goblet cells release mucus onto the epithelium, This mucus can trapmparticulate materials in inhaled air. The coordinated activity of the cilia on the epithelium sweeps the mucis layer (with its trapped material) up the respirarory airways to the oropharynx, where it can be swallowed.Rate this question:
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- 5.
Air inhaled through the nose is "conditioned" to protect the tissues of the deeper airways. For conditioning the air, nasal tissue possesses all of the following features EXCEPT
- A.
Secretions supplied from goblet cells in the epithelium
- B.
Generation of heat by mitochondria in the basal cells of the respiratory epithelium
- C.
Secretions from sero-mucous glands in the subepithelial connective tissues
- D.
Venous plexuses at selected places in the subepithelial connective tissues
Correct Answer
B. Generation of heat by mitochondria in the basal cells of the respiratory epitheliumExplanation
The heat for warming the inspired air comes from thin walled venous vessels in the connectives under the epithelium and is not derived from the cells of the epithelium.Rate this question:
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- 6.
All of the following statements about the respiratory system are correct EXCEPT:
- A.
Vocal folds contain elastic fibers, skeletal muscle and stratified squamous epithelium.
- B.
The surfactant in the alveoli is produced by Type II pneumocytes.
- C.
Most of the inside surface of alveoli is lined with Type I pneumocytes.
- D.
Trachealis muscle contracts during inhalation.
- E.
Mucociliary clearance involves goblet cells, ciliated epithelial cells and submucosal glands.
Correct Answer
D. Trachealis muscle contracts during inhalation.Explanation
The trachealis muscle contracts during coughing and during exhalation. During inhalation, one wants the airways to expand and increase in volume and hence would not want the smooth muscle in the trachealis muscle to contract at that time.Rate this question:
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- 7.
The shortening of intrapulmonary conducting airways following relaxation of the diaphragm results from
- A.
Negative pressure in pleural cavity during exhalation
- B.
Contraction of voluntary muscle in the walls of airways
- C.
Recoil of longitudinally oriented elastic fibers
- D.
Decrease in hydrostatic pressure in pulmonary arteries
- E.
Secretion of surfactant by bronchiolar epithelial (Clara) cells
Correct Answer
C. Recoil of longitudinally oriented elastic fibersExplanation
The recoil of longitudinally oriented elastic fibers (which are stretched during inhalation) contributes to the shortening of the airways during exhalation. Shortening the airways helps to decrease the total air volume of the respiratory tract.Rate this question:
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- 8.
The large numbers of alveolar macrophages which migrate into lumens of alveoli are derived from
- A.
Fibroblasts in the interalveolar septa
- B.
Dendritic cells of lymphoid tissue
- C.
Type II alveolar epithelial cells
- D.
Monocytes in circulating blood
- E.
Smooth muscle cells of pulmonary arteries
Correct Answer
D. Monocytes in circulating bloodExplanation
All macrophages in the human body, including alveolar macrophages, are derived from circulating blood monocytes.Rate this question:
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- 9.
Both goblet cells and ciliated epithelial cells occur in all of the following EXCEPT
- A.
Nasal cavity
- B.
Trachea
- C.
Extrapulmonary bronchi
- D.
Intrapulmonary bronchi
- E.
Alveoli
Correct Answer
E. AlveoliExplanation
Goblet cells and ciliated epithelial cells are both absent from the simple squamous epithelia associated with the alveoli. Hence, this is the correct answer for this EXCEPT question.Rate this question:
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- 10.
Type II pneumocytes function primarily
- A.
To phagocytose inhaled particles and other foreign material
- B.
In gas exchange
- C.
To secrete surfactant and replace type I pneumocytes
- D.
To absorb and detoxify noxious gases
- E.
To move mucus that is secreted by goblet cells
Correct Answer
C. To secrete surfactant and replace type I pneumocytesExplanation
The primary role of Type II pneumocytes (also called Type II alveolar cells or foam cells) is the production of surfactant. In addition, Type II pneumocytes divide to produce daughter cells which can differentiate into either Type I pneumocytes or Type II pneumocytes.Rate this question:
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- 11.
Pulmonary alveoli have
- A.
Smooth muscle in their walls to help expel air from the lungs
- B.
Ciliated epithelial cells
- C.
Surfaces coated with a detergent-like material to facilitate alveolar inflation
- D.
No connections between adjacent alveoli in order to retard the spread of pathogenic organisms
- E.
An epithelial lining incapable of regenerating itself after injury
Correct Answer
C. Surfaces coated with a detergent-like material to facilitate alveolar inflationExplanation
The lumenal surfaces of alveoli are coated with surfactant, which has been secreted by Type II pneumocytes. Surfactant contains proteins and phospholipids. The phospholipids reduce the surface tension and allow the alveoli to be easily inflated. Phospholipids have detergent-like properties (amphipathic compounds containing both hydrophilic and hydrophobic groups).Rate this question:
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- 12.
Capillaries of pulmonary alveoli are
- A.
Fenestrated to enhance uptake of air from the alveolar lumen
- B.
Larger in diameter than average systemic capillaries
- C.
Separated from air solely by their own epithelium and a basal lamina
- D.
Typically surrounded by dense concentrations of lymphocytes
- E.
High pressure, high resistance vessels
Correct Answer
B. Larger in diameter than average systemic capillariesExplanation
This is correct. Alveolar capillaries tend to be larger in diameter than capillaries elsewhere in the body. This most likely reflects the fact that blood flow in the pulmonary system is designed for high flow but low pressure and low resistance.Rate this question:
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- 13.
"Respiratory" (i.e., ciliated pseudostratified columnar) epithelium is found in all of the following structures EXCEPT
- A.
Nasal cavity
- B.
Trachea
- C.
Extrapulmonary bronchi
- D.
Intrapulmonary bronchi
- E.
Alveoli
Correct Answer
E. AlveoliExplanation
Respiratory epithelium is found in the nasal cavities, in the trachea and in both the extrapulmonary and intrapulmonary bronchi. It is not found in alveoli, where it is necessary to minimize diffusion distances by the use of simple squamous epithelia.Rate this question:
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- 14.
Components of bronchi function in all of the following ways EXCEPT
- A.
Shortening airways and reducing the anatomical dead space
- B.
Protecting lungs from accumulation of particulate materials
- C.
Secreting immunoglobulins to combat intra-airway pathogens
- D.
Provide support for airways to prevent collapse during inhalation
- E.
Synthesizing and secreting surfactant materials
Correct Answer
E. Synthesizing and secreting surfactant materialsExplanation
This is an incorrect statement and hence is the correct answer for this EXCEPT question. Surfactant is not produced by any of the cell types in the respiratory epithelium that covers the lumenal surface of the bronchi. Surfactant is produced by Type II pneumocytes associated with the alveoli.
XTRA---Bronchioles differ from bronchi in two very important ways. First, they usually lack the cartilage plates that support the walls of the bronchi. Second, the bronchioles have a relatively greater amount of Smooth Muscle in their walls than bronchi. These two distinct microanatomic features allow the bronchiole's walls to constrict, thereby providing a mechanism for controlling the flow of air to the more distal portion of the lungRate this question:
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- 15.
Type II pneumocytes in the pulmonary alveolus can divide and give rise to which of the following?
- A.
Alveolar macrophages
- B.
Squamous epithelial cells (Type I pneumocytes)
- C.
Ciliated cells
- D.
Capillary endothelial cells
- E.
Elastic fibers
Correct Answer
B. Squamous epithelial cells (Type I pneumocytes)Explanation
Type II pneumocytes do divide and give rise to daughter cells, some of which can differentiate into the very squamous Type I pneumocytes that line most of the lumenal surface of alveoli.Rate this question:
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- 16.
Which of the following is a non-cartilaginous airway which is paired with a pulmonary arterial vessel?
- A.
Larynx
- B.
Trachea
- C.
Bronchus
- D.
Bronchiole
- E.
Alveolar duct
Correct Answer
D. BronchioleExplanation
Bronchioles do not contain cartilage in their walls. Arterial branches follow the bronchioles and hence this is a correct answer for this questionRate this question:
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- 17.
Which of the following types of epithelia is used to minimize the distance for diffusion of oxygen between air and blood?
- A.
Transitional epithelium
- B.
Simple squamous epithelium
- C.
Simple cuboidal epithelium
- D.
Pseudostratified epithelium
- E.
Stratified squamous epithelium
Correct Answer
B. Simple squamous epitheliumExplanation
Simple squamous epithelia would be the best type of epithelium for minimizing diffusional distances for oxygen and CO2. Indeed, this is the type of epithelium associated with alveolar septa. Type I pneumocytes are highly flattened cells and the capillary endothelium is a highly flattened simple squamous epithelium.Rate this question:
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- 18.
Which of the following is characterized by the presence of both skeletal muscle and cartilage?
- A.
Nasal cavity
- B.
Larynx
- C.
Trachea
- D.
Bronchioles
- E.
Alveoli
Correct Answer
B. LarynxExplanation
The larynx possesses both skeletal muscle (vocalis muscle) and cartilage (cricoid and thyroid cartilages) and hence this is a correct answer to this question.Rate this question:
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- 19.
Bronchioles and intrapulmonary bronchi have which of the following characteristics in common?
- A.
They both lack cartilage
- B.
They both contain smooth muscle
- C.
They both are lined by ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium
- D.
They both have Clara cells in their epithelia
- E.
They both have sub-mucosal glands
Correct Answer
B. They both contain smooth muscleExplanation
Both bronchi and bronchioles possess smooth muscle and hence this is the correct answer
REMEMBER----Bronchioles differ from bronchi in two very important ways. First, they usually lack the cartilage plates that support the walls of the bronchi. Second, the bronchioles have a-- relatively greater amount of Smooth Muscle -- in their walls than bronchi. These two distinct microanatomic features allow the bronchiole's walls to constrict, thereby providing a mechanism for controlling the flow of air to the more distal portion of the lungRate this question:
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- 20.
Which of the following is a correct order for the movement of air during inhalation? Note that not all structures through which air moves may be listed.
- A.
Larynx, naso-pharynx, trachea, bronchioles, bronchi
- B.
Naso-pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchioles, bronchi
- C.
Naso-pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles
- D.
Nasal cavity, naso-pharynx, larynx, bronchioles, bronchi
- E.
Nasal cavity, trachea, larynx, bronchi, bronchioles
Correct Answer
C. Naso-pHarynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchiolesExplanation
This is the correct order of airways through which air passes during inhalation.Rate this question:
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Mar 21, 2023Quiz Edited by
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Nov 21, 2011Quiz Created by
Chachelly
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