Building Construction (Lighting Systems - Fixtures)

Explanation
Luminaires are another name for lighting fixtures. They refer to the complete lighting unit, including the lamp or light source, the housing or casing, and any necessary electrical components. Luminaires are designed to provide illumination in a specific area or space and can come in various styles, sizes, and types, such as ceiling-mounted fixtures, wall-mounted fixtures, or portable fixtures. They play a crucial role in providing artificial lighting and enhancing the aesthetics and functionality of a room or outdoor area.

Explanation
The correct answer is "indirect." This means that a majority of the light output is directed towards the ceiling rather than being directly aimed at the desired area. Indirect lighting is often used to create a softer and more diffused illumination, reducing glare and creating a more comfortable and visually pleasing environment.

Explanation
This answer is correct because the given statement describes the characteristics of a semi-indirect lighting system. In a semi-indirect lighting system, a majority of the light output (60% to 90%) is directed upwards, which creates a soft and ambient illumination by reflecting the light off the ceiling or upper surfaces. At the same time, a smaller percentage of the light output (10% to 40%) is directed downwards, providing some direct illumination to the space below. This combination of upward and downward lighting creates a balanced and visually pleasing lighting effect.

Explanation
The answer "general diffuse, direct indirect" suggests that the lighting solution being described provides approximately equal distribution of light both upwards and downwards. This means that the light is evenly spread in all directions, creating a soft and diffused illumination. Additionally, the lighting solution includes both direct and indirect lighting components, meaning that it combines both focused and ambient lighting to create a balanced and versatile lighting effect.

Explanation
This answer suggests that the light is directed both downwards and upwards, with a higher percentage of light directed downwards (60-90%) compared to upwards (40-10%). This indicates that the light is partially directed towards the ground and partially scattered or reflected upwards. This distribution of light is characteristic of a semi-direct lighting setup.

Explanation
The statement suggests that a high percentage (90-100%) of the light output is directed downwards. This means that the light is focused or aimed in a specific direction, likely towards the ground or a specific target. It implies that the light is not dispersed or scattered in various directions, but rather concentrated in a single direction, resulting in a direct beam of light.

Explanation
Local lighting refers to the use of lamps or light sources at specific points to create pools of light that contrast with areas of shadows. This type of lighting is the opposite of uniform illumination, where light is evenly distributed throughout a space. Local lighting is employed to highlight specific areas or objects that require special attention or focus, creating a visually dynamic and dramatic effect.

Explanation
General lighting refers to the type of lighting that aims to provide overall illumination to a space, ensuring uniform intensity of light over the entire area. It is typically used to create a comfortable and functional environment, allowing people to see and move around easily. General lighting can be achieved through various fixtures such as ceiling lights, chandeliers, or recessed lighting, and it is an essential element in any lighting design plan.

Explanation
Glare refers to the effect of brightness in the field of vision that causes annoyance or discomfort. It occurs when there is a significant contrast between the brightness of an object and its background, making it difficult to see or focus on the object. Glare can be caused by various sources such as direct sunlight, artificial lighting, or reflections. It can be particularly problematic while driving, working on a computer, or in any situation where clear vision is essential.

Explanation
Absorption refers to the process in which light rays are absorbed or taken in by a medium when they strike or pass through it. This leads to a loss of light as the energy of the light is transferred to the medium, causing the light to be absorbed and not transmitted or reflected. This phenomenon can occur in various materials, such as liquids, gases, or solids, and is responsible for the reduction in the intensity or brightness of light as it interacts with the medium.

Explanation
Transmission refers to the process of light passing through a transparent medium without being absorbed or reflected. When light falls upon a transparent material, it can either be transmitted through the material or absorbed by it. In this case, the correct answer "transmission" accurately describes the passage of light through a medium when it falls upon a transparent material.

Explanation
Accent lighting is a type of lighting that is used to highlight or emphasize a specific space or object. It is often used to create visual interest and draw attention to certain areas or elements in a room. By using directional lighting techniques, such as spotlights or track lighting, accent lighting can create a dramatic effect and enhance the overall ambiance of a space.

Explanation
Diffuse reflection occurs when a beam of light strikes a rough or matte surface and scatters in all directions. Unlike specular reflection, where the light reflects at a specific angle, diffuse reflection causes the light to bounce off in various directions. This is because the surface is not smooth, causing the light to be reflected unevenly. Diffuse reflection is commonly observed in objects with rough textures, such as paper or fabric, where the light is scattered and diffused rather than being reflected in a concentrated manner.

Explanation
The term "high hat" is applied to a specific type of recessed incandescent downlight. This type of light fixture is typically installed in ceilings and provides a sleek and minimalist look. The term "high hat" is derived from the resemblance of the fixture to a top hat, with a narrow opening and a wider base. The high hat design allows for the light to be directed downwards, providing focused illumination.

Explanation
The correct answer is "eye ball." The term "eye ball" refers to a recessed or semi-recessed lighting unit with a rotating spherical element. This type of lighting fixture allows for adjustable lighting direction and angle, providing flexibility in illuminating specific areas or objects.

Explanation
A lumiline is a type of tubular fluorescent lamp that has a disc base at each end. This design allows for easy installation and replacement of the lamp. The disc bases provide stability and support for the lamp, ensuring that it stays securely in place. The lumiline is commonly used in commercial and industrial settings where bright and efficient lighting is needed.

Explanation
A luminance ceiling refers to a false ceiling that is made of diffusing material with light sources mounted above it. This design allows for the even distribution of light throughout a space, creating a uniform and comfortable level of brightness. The diffusing material helps to prevent glare and harsh shadows, resulting in a visually pleasing and well-lit environment.

Explanation
Specular reflection refers to the phenomenon where a beam of light is reflected off a shiny or glossy surface at the same angle as the incident angle. This means that the angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection. This type of reflection occurs on smooth surfaces where the light rays are reflected in a uniform and organized manner, resulting in a clear and focused reflection. Specular reflection is commonly observed in mirrors and other highly polished surfaces.

Explanation
A capacitor is an electric component that consists of conducting plates insulated from each other by a layer of dielectric material. When a voltage is applied across the plates, an electric field is created in the dielectric, causing the plates to store electrical energy. This stored energy can be released when needed, making capacitors useful in various electronic circuits for tasks such as energy storage, filtering, and timing.

Explanation
Capacitance is the quantitative measure of the electric energy storage capability of a capacitor. It represents the ability of a capacitor to store and release electrical energy. Capacitance is measured in farads (F) and is determined by the physical characteristics of the capacitor, such as its size, shape, and the material used for its construction. A higher capacitance value indicates a greater ability to store energy, while a lower capacitance value indicates a lower energy storage capacity. Therefore, capacitance is the correct answer as it directly relates to the electric energy storage capability of a capacitor.

Explanation
The farad is the unit of measurement for capacitance. Capacitance is the ability of a capacitor to store an electric charge. It is defined as the ratio of the electric charge stored on the capacitor to the voltage across it. The higher the capacitance, the more charge the capacitor can store for a given voltage. The farad is a very large unit, so capacitance is often measured in smaller units such as microfarads (μF) or picofarads (pF).