Cardiovascular System Anatomy Bcqs By Dr. Sajid Ali Talpur

Sinusoids are specialized capillaries found in the liver and spleen. They have a larger diameter and a more irregular shape compared to regular capillaries. Sinusoids allow for the exchange of substances between blood and surrounding tissues, such as the filtration of blood in the liver and the removal of old or damaged red blood cells in the spleen. Therefore, sinusoids are the correct replacement for capillaries in the liver and spleen.

The apex of the heart is the pointed lower end of the heart. It is formed by the left ventricle and is located at the bottom left side of the heart. The apex of the heart is typically found at the level of the 5th intercostal space, which is the space between the 5th and 6th ribs.

The middle mediastinum is the correct answer because it is the region within the thoracic cavity where the heart is located. The thoracic cavity is a larger space that contains other organs such as the lungs, while the middle mediastinum specifically refers to the area between the two lungs where the heart resides. The superior mediastinum is located above the middle mediastinum and contains structures like the trachea and esophagus. The chest cavity is a more general term that encompasses the entire area within the thoracic cage.

The parasympathetic supply of the heart comes from the vagus nerves. The vagus nerves are a pair of cranial nerves that originate in the brainstem and extend down into the thorax and abdomen. They are responsible for controlling various involuntary functions in the body, including the heart rate. When the parasympathetic fibers of the vagus nerves are activated, they release acetylcholine, which slows down the heart rate and reduces its force of contraction. This helps to regulate and maintain a steady heart rate during rest and relaxation.

The brachiocephalic veins are formed by the subclavian and internal jugular veins. The subclavian vein is a major vein in the upper body that receives blood from the arm and shoulder region, while the internal jugular vein is a major vein in the neck that drains blood from the brain, face, and neck. These two veins come together to form the brachiocephalic veins, which then merge to form the superior vena cava, the largest vein in the body that carries deoxygenated blood from the upper body to the heart. The inferior vena cava and azygous vein are not involved in the formation of the brachiocephalic veins.

The pericardial cavity is a gap between the parietal pericardium and epicardium. The parietal pericardium is the outer layer of the pericardium, while the epicardium is the outer layer of the heart. The pericardial cavity contains a small amount of fluid that acts as a lubricant, allowing the layers to slide smoothly against each other during heart contractions. This fluid also helps to reduce friction and protect the heart from external forces.

inferior vena cava is larger than superior vena cava

The correct answer is fibrous. The heart does not have a bony or cartilaginous skeleton. Instead, it has a fibrous skeleton, which is made up of dense connective tissue. This fibrous skeleton provides structural support to the heart and helps to anchor the heart valves. It also separates the atria from the ventricles and helps to electrically insulate the atria from the ventricles, ensuring proper coordination of the heart's contractions.

The epicardium is the outermost layer of the heart wall and is also known as the visceral pericardium. It is a thin, transparent layer that covers the surface of the heart and is composed of connective tissue and a layer of mesothelium. The other options mentioned (fibrous pericardium, serous pericardium, and parietal pericardium) are not specifically referred to as the epicardium.

The average weight of the heart in males is 300g. This is a normal range for the weight of the heart in adult males. The weight of the heart can vary slightly depending on factors such as age, body size, and overall health. However, a weight of 300g is generally considered to be within the average range for a male heart.

When an organ is inactive, the blood flow to that organ needs to be reduced. Shunts are structures that help redirect blood flow away from the organ, allowing it to receive less blood and therefore become less active. This helps conserve energy and resources. Unlike sinusoids, capillaries, and arterial anastomosis, which are involved in the normal blood flow and function of the organ, shunts specifically play a role in reducing blood flow during periods of inactivity.

Sinusoids are specialized blood vessels found in the liver. They connect venules (small veins) to venules, allowing blood to flow through the liver and undergo various metabolic processes. The liver is responsible for detoxification, synthesis of proteins, and storage of nutrients, among other functions. Therefore, it is the organ where sinusoids connect venule to venule.

The visceral pericardium, also known as the epicardium, is the outermost layer of the heart wall and is not sensitive to pain. It is composed of a thin layer of connective tissue and is closely attached to the surface of the heart. In contrast, the fibrous pericardium, serous pericardium, and parietal pericardium are all sensitive to pain as they contain nerve fibers. The fibrous pericardium is the tough outer layer of the pericardium, the serous pericardium is the double-layered membrane that surrounds the heart, and the parietal pericardium is the outer layer of the serous pericardium.

The thickness of the left ventricle is 3 times the thickness of the right ventricle, indicating that the left ventricle has a thicker muscular wall compared to the right ventricle. This is because the left ventricle is responsible for pumping oxygenated blood to the rest of the body, while the right ventricle only pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs. The blood pressure is 6, suggesting that the pressure exerted by the blood in the arteries is higher than normal, which could indicate hypertension or other cardiovascular conditions.

The base of the heart is located at the posterior side. This means that it is positioned towards the back of the body. The heart is a muscular organ that is tilted slightly towards the left side of the chest. The base of the heart is the broadest part and is formed mainly by the atria. It is connected to several major blood vessels, including the superior and inferior vena cava, as well as the pulmonary veins.

The correct answer is anterior. The right atrium is positioned in front of or anterior to the left atrium.

The projecting ridges in the ventricular wall that give it a spongy appearance are known as trabeculae carneae. These structures are made up of muscular fibers and help to strengthen the ventricular walls and prevent them from collapsing during contraction. The trabeculae carneae also play a role in distributing blood flow within the ventricles and promoting efficient pumping of blood throughout the body.

In cross section, the cavity of the right ventricle is crescent-shaped, while the cavity of the left ventricle is circular. This is because the right ventricle has a thinner wall and a smaller volume compared to the left ventricle, resulting in a crescent-shaped cavity. On the other hand, the left ventricle has a thicker wall and a larger volume, resulting in a circular cavity.

The word "angeion" is of Greek origin and it means "vessel". In Greek, "angeion" refers to any type of vessel, whether it is a blood vessel, lymph vessel, or cardiac vessel. Therefore, the correct answer is "vessel".

During ventricular diastole, the heart is relaxed and the ventricles are filling with blood. The diastolic pressure refers to the minimum pressure exerted on the walls of the arteries when the heart is at rest. This occurs when the ventricles are relaxed and the blood is flowing back into the heart from the arteries. Therefore, the correct answer is "minimum pressure during ventricular diastole".

Phlebitis is the correct answer because it refers to the inflammation of a vein. This condition can occur due to various factors such as infection, injury, or the presence of a blood clot. Symptoms of phlebitis may include pain, redness, swelling, and warmth in the affected area. Treatment typically involves medication to reduce inflammation, pain relief, and in some cases, the use of compression stockings to improve blood flow.

The right atrium and left ventricle form the right and left borders of the heart. The right atrium is located on the right side of the heart and receives deoxygenated blood from the body. The left ventricle is located on the left side of the heart and pumps oxygenated blood to the rest of the body. Together, these two chambers create the boundaries of the heart.

Smooth muscles are absent in the retinal veins, pial veins, and veins of cancellous bone. Smooth muscles are typically found in the walls of blood vessels to help regulate blood flow and maintain blood pressure. However, in these specific veins, smooth muscles are not present, which means that they do not have the ability to constrict or dilate like other blood vessels. This may be because these veins are not involved in regulating blood flow or because they receive innervation from different types of muscles.

The femoral vein is a large vein located in the thigh region. It is responsible for carrying deoxygenated blood from the lower extremities back to the heart. The correct answer could be related to the presence of valves in the femoral vein. Valves in veins prevent the backflow of blood, ensuring that it flows in only one direction. This is especially important in the lower extremities where blood has to work against gravity to return to the heart. The valves in the femoral vein help maintain the proper flow of blood and prevent pooling or stagnation.

The anterior cardiac vein is the correct answer because it directly enters the right atrium. This vein collects blood from the anterior surface of the heart and drains it into the right atrium. It is responsible for draining deoxygenated blood from the front of the heart, allowing it to be returned to the lungs for oxygenation.

The aorta is mentioned in the Glorious Quran. The aorta is the main artery that carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the rest of the body. It is a vital vessel in the circulatory system.

The intercostal arteries supply blood to the fibrous and parietal pericardium. These arteries are located between the ribs and run along the spaces between them. They arise from the thoracic aorta and provide oxygenated blood to the structures of the chest wall, including the pericardium. Therefore, the intercostal arteries are responsible for delivering blood to the fibrous and parietal pericardium.

Musculi pectinati refers to the muscular ridges found in the atria of the heart. These ridges are embryologically derived from the primitive atrium. During embryonic development, the primitive atrium undergoes differentiation and forms various structures, including the musculi pectinati. Therefore, the correct answer is primitive atrium.

The middle internodal pathway is the correct answer because it is the pathway that leaves the posterior end of the S.A node and passes to the posterior of the vena caval opening. This pathway is responsible for conducting electrical signals from the S.A node to the atria, helping to coordinate the contraction of the atria during the cardiac cycle.

The right atrium has four openings. The openings include the superior vena cava, the inferior vena cava, the coronary sinus, and the tricuspid valve. These openings allow blood to enter the right atrium from different parts of the body and then pass through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle for further circulation.

The brachiocephalic veins merge to form the superior vena cava. The superior vena cava is a large vein that carries deoxygenated blood from the upper body back to the heart. It is formed by the union of the left and right brachiocephalic veins, which drain blood from the head, neck, and upper limbs. The superior vena cava then delivers this deoxygenated blood into the right atrium of the heart.

The correct answer is A.V bundle. The A.V bundle, also known as the atrioventricular bundle or bundle of His, is responsible for conducting electrical signals from the atria to the ventricles in the heart. It is a specialized group of muscle fibers that allows for synchronized contraction of the atria and ventricles, ensuring efficient pumping of blood throughout the body.

The word "capillaries" is derived from the Latin word "capillus," which means "hair." This is because capillaries are tiny blood vessels that resemble hair strands in their thin and delicate structure. They play a crucial role in connecting and exchanging substances between the arteries and veins, allowing for the transfer of oxygen, nutrients, and waste products throughout the body.

The tunica adventitia, also known as the outer layer of a blood vessel, contains minute veins, vasa vasorum, and lymphatics. This layer provides support and protection for the blood vessel, and the presence of minute veins, vasa vasorum, and lymphatics helps in maintaining the health and function of the vessel. Therefore, the correct answer is A.O.T (all of the above).

The capillaries in the brain and bone marrow are of smaller diameter and larger diameter, respectively. This is because the brain requires a highly regulated and controlled blood supply due to its sensitivity and importance in cognitive function. The smaller diameter of capillaries in the brain helps to maintain a constant flow of oxygen and nutrients to the brain cells. On the other hand, the bone marrow is responsible for producing and storing blood cells, so it requires a larger diameter of capillaries to accommodate the transportation of these cells.

The left bundle branch (LBB) is innervated by both the right coronary artery and the left coronary artery. This means that both arteries supply blood to the LBB, ensuring its proper function. The LBB plays a crucial role in the electrical conduction system of the heart, transmitting electrical signals to the left ventricle, which allows for coordinated contraction and efficient pumping of blood.

The left coronary artery is responsible for innervating the right bundle branch (RBB). This artery supplies oxygenated blood to the heart muscle, including the electrical conduction system. The RBB is a part of this system, which helps in the conduction of electrical signals through the heart, allowing for coordinated contractions. Therefore, the left coronary artery plays a crucial role in providing blood supply to the RBB, ensuring its proper functioning.

The atrial septum refers to the wall that separates the two atria of the heart. It is formed during fetal development and is essential for the proper functioning of the heart after birth. The atrial septum prevents the mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood, ensuring that oxygen-rich blood is pumped to the rest of the body. In some cases, the atrial septum may not fully develop, leading to a condition called atrial septal defect (ASD), which can cause abnormal blood flow and potentially lead to complications. Therefore, understanding the anatomy and development of the atrial septum is crucial in diagnosing and treating heart conditions.

The pericardium is a protective sac that surrounds the heart. It consists of two layers, the fibrous pericardium and the serous pericardium. The serous pericardium is further divided into two layers, the parietal layer and the visceral layer. The visceral layer, also known as the epicardium, is directly attached to the heart and covers its outer surface. The pulmonary arteries are blood vessels that carry deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs for oxygenation. Therefore, the pulmonary arteries are not part of the pericardium but are connected to the heart.

MODERATOR BAND IS PRESENT ONLY IN THE RIGHT VENTRICLE BUT NOT IN THE BOTH.