Quiz CCNA 4, Chapter 7 Exam

Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) is the correct answer because it provides the use of network hardware such as routers and switches for a particular company. With IaaS, companies can rent virtualized hardware resources, including networking equipment, from a cloud provider. This allows them to avoid the costs and complexities of managing their own physical infrastructure. By using IaaS, companies can focus on their core business operations while relying on the cloud provider to handle the underlying infrastructure and networking components.

Cloud computing allows users to access data from anywhere and at any time by storing and managing data on remote servers rather than on a local computer or server. This technology enables users to access their files, applications, and services through the internet, providing flexibility and convenience. With cloud computing, users can easily retrieve and share data across different devices and locations, making it an ideal solution for remote work, collaboration, and data storage needs.

Cloud computing and virtualization both involve separating certain components from the underlying hardware. However, the main difference lies in what is being separated. In cloud computing, the focus is on separating the application from the hardware, allowing users to access applications and services remotely over the internet. On the other hand, virtualization focuses on separating the operating system (OS) from the underlying hardware, enabling multiple OS instances to run on a single physical server. This allows for better resource utilization and flexibility in managing and deploying virtual machines.

The term for the extension of the existing Internet structure to billions of connected devices is IoT, which stands for Internet of Things. IoT refers to the network of physical devices, vehicles, appliances, and other objects embedded with sensors, software, and connectivity to exchange data and communicate with each other. This enables these devices to collect and share information, leading to increased automation, efficiency, and convenience in various industries and everyday life.

In a scenario where a user with a laptop running the Mac OS installs a Windows virtual OS instance, the user is implementing a Type 2 hypervisor. A Type 2 hypervisor is a software-based virtualization solution that runs on top of the host operating system. It allows users to create and run multiple virtual machines on a single physical machine. In this case, the Mac OS acts as the host operating system, and the Windows virtual OS instance runs on top of it.

A private cloud provides services exclusively for a specific organization or entity. Unlike public clouds that are available to the general public or community clouds that are shared by multiple organizations, a private cloud is dedicated to a single organization. This allows the organization to have greater control, security, and customization over their cloud infrastructure and services. It is a suitable option for organizations that have strict data privacy and security requirements or need to comply with specific regulations.

In network virtualization, the control plane function is consolidated into a centralized controller. This means that instead of each network device having its own control plane, all control plane functions are managed and controlled by a centralized controller. This allows for better management, coordination, and control of the network, as all devices can be easily configured and controlled from a single point. It also enables better scalability and flexibility in the network, as new virtualized networks can be easily created and managed by the centralized controller.

Layer 2 and Layer 3 of the OSI model are associated with SDN network control plane functions that make forwarding decisions. Layer 2, also known as the Data Link Layer, is responsible for the transfer of data between adjacent network nodes. It handles functions such as addressing, error detection, and flow control. Layer 3, also known as the Network Layer, is responsible for the logical addressing and routing of data packets across different networks. It determines the best path for data transmission and makes forwarding decisions based on network protocols and addressing schemes.

Virtualization helps with disaster recovery within a data center by providing support for live migration. Live migration allows virtual machines to be moved from one physical server to another without any downtime or disruption to the running applications. This means that if a disaster occurs, such as a hardware failure or a natural disaster, the virtual machines can be quickly and easily moved to another server, ensuring that the applications and data remain available and accessible. This helps to minimize the impact of the disaster and ensure the continuity of business operations.

IaaS, or Infrastructure as a Service, would be the best cloud computing service for a new organization that cannot afford physical servers and networking equipment. With IaaS, the organization can purchase network services on-demand, allowing them to access and use virtualized computing resources such as servers, storage, and networking infrastructure. This eliminates the need for the organization to invest in expensive hardware and equipment, making it a cost-effective solution for their needs.

The Application Policy Infrastructure Controller (APIC) is considered the brains of the ACI architecture and translates application policies. It is responsible for managing and orchestrating the entire ACI fabric, including the configuration and enforcement of policies. The APIC acts as a central point of control, allowing administrators to define and apply policies that govern how applications communicate and interact within the ACI fabric. It translates these policies into low-level configurations that are implemented by the underlying network infrastructure, such as the Nexus 9000 switches and hypervisors. The APIC ensures that the desired application policies are consistently enforced throughout the ACI fabric.

The Cisco IoT System is described as an infrastructure that is designed to manage large scale systems consisting of various endpoints and platforms. This means that it provides a framework and tools to effectively handle and coordinate diverse devices and technologies within an Internet of Things (IoT) ecosystem. This can include managing and monitoring devices such as sensors, actuators, and other connected devices across different industries and sectors.

Type 1 hypervisor would most likely be used in a data center because it is a bare-metal hypervisor that runs directly on the host's hardware, allowing for efficient and direct access to system resources. This type of hypervisor is typically used in enterprise environments where performance, security, and isolation are crucial, making it an ideal choice for data centers. On the other hand, Type 2 hypervisors run on top of an operating system and are more commonly used on personal computers or workstations. Nexus and Hadoop are not hypervisor types, but rather networking and distributed computing platforms respectively.

Fog computing is an IoT pillar that extends cloud connectivity closer to the network edge. It enables data processing and analysis to be performed at the edge of the network, closer to the devices generating the data. This reduces latency and bandwidth usage by allowing real-time decision making and local data storage. Fog computing is especially useful in scenarios where low latency and high reliability are required, such as industrial automation, smart cities, and autonomous vehicles. It complements cloud computing by bringing computing resources closer to the data source, improving efficiency and responsiveness in IoT applications.

An M2M (Machine-to-Machine) connection refers to the communication between devices without human intervention. In this scenario, the sensors in a warehouse are communicating with each other and sending data to a server block in the cloud, indicating an example of M2M connection in the IoT. The other options involve human interaction, such as a user sending an email or an automated alarm system sending messages to people, which do not fall under the category of M2M connections.

Fog computing is a concept that aims to bring computing resources closer to the edge of the network, rather than relying solely on centralized cloud computing. This allows for faster processing, reduced latency, and improved efficiency in handling large amounts of data. By creating a distributed computing infrastructure that provides services close to the network edge, fog computing enables real-time data analysis and decision-making, making it suitable for applications such as Internet of Things (IoT), smart cities, and autonomous vehicles.

A Type 2 hypervisor is a virtualization software that runs on top of an operating system. Unlike a Type 1 hypervisor, which installs directly on hardware, a Type 2 hypervisor does not require management console software to operate. This means that it can be easily installed and managed on existing systems without the need for additional software. This characteristic makes it more flexible and suitable for various environments, including enterprise environments.

The FIB (Forwarding Information Base) on Cisco devices is pre-populated with information from the routing table. The routing table contains the network destinations and their associated next-hop addresses, which are used by CEF (Cisco Express Forwarding) to determine the best path for forwarding packets. Therefore, the routing table is responsible for populating the FIB and providing the necessary information for packet forwarding.

The concept of cloud computing refers to the separation of application from hardware. This means that instead of running applications on a local computer or server, they can be accessed and used remotely through the internet. This allows for greater flexibility, scalability, and accessibility as users can access their applications and data from any device with an internet connection, without the need for physical hardware.

A Type 1 hypervisor is installed directly on a server, meaning it runs directly on the underlying hardware without the need for an existing operating system. This allows for better performance and efficiency as it eliminates the overhead of an additional operating system layer. Additionally, being installed directly on a server makes it more suitable for enterprise environments where stability, security, and resource utilization are crucial.

The three network models described in the fog computing pillar of the Cisco IoT System are client/server, fog computing, and cloud computing. Client/server model refers to a network architecture where client devices request services or resources from a central server. Fog computing is a decentralized computing infrastructure that extends the cloud computing model to the edge of the network, closer to where data is generated. Cloud computing, on the other hand, refers to the delivery of computing services over the internet on a pay-as-you-go basis. These three models are integral components of the fog computing pillar in the Cisco IoT System.

Implementing virtualization within a data center helps businesses overcome the challenges of physical footprint and power and air conditioning. Virtualization allows multiple virtual machines to run on a single physical server, reducing the need for multiple physical servers and thus reducing the physical footprint of the data center. Additionally, virtualization enables better utilization of server resources, leading to improved power efficiency and reduced cooling requirements, thereby addressing the power and air conditioning challenges.

SDN, or Software-Defined Networking, is the technology that virtualizes the network control plane and moves it to a centralized controller. This means that the control and management of the network is separated from the physical infrastructure and is instead handled by a software-based controller. This allows for more flexibility, scalability, and programmability in network management, as well as easier automation and orchestration of network resources.

In an IoT implementation, devices will be connected to a converged network to share the same infrastructure and to facilitate communications, analytics, and management. A converged network refers to a network that combines different types of data, such as voice, video, and data, into a single network infrastructure. This allows for efficient and seamless communication between various devices and enables the collection and analysis of data from multiple sources. By utilizing a converged network, organizations can streamline their IoT implementation and improve overall connectivity and management.

Operational technology specific security is the correct answer because it specifically addresses the security needs of power plants and factory process lines in the Cisco IoT System. This solution focuses on securing the operational technology (OT) devices and systems that are used in industrial processes, such as SCADA systems and industrial control systems. It includes measures like access control, encryption, and intrusion detection to protect against cyber threats and ensure the safe and secure operation of critical infrastructure.