CDC 3c251 Vol. 3

A transceiver is a device that combines the functions of both a transmitter and a receiver in a single package. It is commonly used in telecommunications and networking to transmit and receive signals over a network. Transceivers are essential components in various devices such as radios, wireless communication systems, and computer networks. They enable bidirectional communication by converting incoming signals into a format that can be understood by the receiving device and transmitting outgoing signals in a compatible format.

A repeater is a device that receives a digital signal and amplifies or regenerates it before sending it along the next leg of the medium. This is done to overcome signal degradation and ensure that the signal quality is maintained over longer distances. Unlike bridges, brouters, and gateways, which are used for different purposes in network communication, a repeater specifically focuses on signal regeneration and amplification.

A ring topology has the stations connected in the form of a circle. In this type of network, each station is connected to exactly two other stations, forming a closed loop. Data is transmitted in one direction around the ring, and each station receives the data and passes it along to the next station until it reaches the intended destination. This topology is commonly used in local area networks (LANs) and allows for efficient data transmission and easy expansion of the network.

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Bit-oriented is the correct answer because this data communication protocol is based on the manipulation and positioning of individual bits. It focuses on the transmission and reception of binary data, where each bit's position and value are crucial for communication. This protocol ensures accurate and reliable data transmission by considering the bits' order and arrangement.

IPv6 addresses use a 128-bit addressing scheme, which allows for a significantly larger number of unique addresses compared to IPv4. This is necessary due to the increasing number of devices connected to the internet. IPv6 addresses are written in a hexadecimal format and are separated by colons.

The LAN impairment error that occurs when frames that are larger than the maximum size the network protocol requires are received is called "Giant". This error happens when a frame exceeds the maximum size allowed by the network protocol, causing issues in the transmission and processing of the data.

A network interface card (NIC) provides the physical, electrical, and electronic connections to the network media. It is a hardware component that is installed in a computer or device to allow it to connect to a network. The NIC acts as an interface between the computer and the network, allowing data to be transmitted and received over the network. It provides the necessary connections, such as Ethernet or Wi-Fi, to establish a network connection and enable communication between devices.

A repeater with more than one output port is a hub. A hub is a networking device that allows multiple devices to connect to a network. It receives data from one port and broadcasts it to all other ports, essentially acting as a multi-port repeater. Therefore, a hub is the correct answer in this case.

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Telnet is a TCP/IP Application layer protocol that allows users to log on to remote hosts and access them as if they were directly connected to the local machine. It provides terminal emulation, allowing users to interact with the remote host's command-line interface. Telnet is commonly used for remote administration, troubleshooting, and accessing network devices. It is a simple and lightweight protocol that transmits data in clear text, making it less secure compared to other protocols like SSH.

DHCP is an automated means of assigning a unique IP address to every device on a network. It allows devices to obtain an IP address, subnet mask, default gateway, and other network configuration settings automatically. This eliminates the need for manual IP address assignment, making it easier to manage and scale networks. TFTP is a file transfer protocol, SMTP is used for email transmission, and HTTP is used for web communication, so they are not directly related to assigning IP addresses.

A local area network (LAN) is a group of computers and associated devices that share a common communications line within a small geographic area. This network is typically confined to a building or a campus and is used to facilitate communication and resource sharing among the devices connected to it. Unlike a wide area network (WAN) or a metropolitan area network (MAN), a LAN has a smaller coverage area and is usually privately owned and operated by an organization. A virtual private network (VPN) is a technology that allows users to securely access a private network over a public network, but it is not specifically related to a group of computers sharing a common communications line within a small geographic area.

Collision is the correct answer because it refers to the LAN impairment error that occurs when network nodes in the same domain transmit at the same time. When multiple devices attempt to transmit data simultaneously, a collision can occur, resulting in data corruption and loss. This collision is detected by the devices involved, and they take necessary steps to resolve it, such as waiting for a random period of time before retransmitting the data.

A switch is a device that subdivides a network into smaller logical pieces or segments. It operates at the data link layer of the OSI model and uses MAC addresses to forward data packets to the appropriate destination. Unlike a hub, which broadcasts data to all connected devices, a switch intelligently routes data only to the specific device it is intended for, improving network efficiency and security. Therefore, a switch is the correct answer to this question.

Latency refers to the time it takes for a switch to determine the appropriate destination for a data unit. It is the delay that occurs as the switch processes and forwards the data. The switch needs to analyze the data packet and make a decision on where to send it based on its destination address. This process takes a certain amount of time, which is known as latency.

A router's strength lies in its intelligence. This refers to its ability to analyze and make decisions based on data packets it receives, allowing it to efficiently direct network traffic. The intelligence of a router enables it to determine the best path for data transmission, manage network congestion, and prioritize certain types of traffic. This ensures that data is delivered accurately and efficiently, optimizing network performance.

The correct answer is TCP/IP. The Department of Defense (DOD) has chosen TCP/IP as its standard network protocol to govern the flow of information. TCP/IP is a set of protocols that allows computers to communicate with each other over the internet. It provides reliable and secure transmission of data, ensuring that information is delivered accurately and efficiently. TCP/IP is widely used and has become the standard protocol for internet communication.

A client-server network model is a centralized model for data storage, security, running applications, and network administration. In this model, there are dedicated servers that store and manage data, run applications, and handle security measures. Clients, on the other hand, are devices that connect to the servers to access the resources and services provided. This model allows for efficient management and control of the network, ensuring that data and applications are centrally managed and accessed by authorized users.

A 32-bit number is the format used for Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4) addresses. IPv4 addresses are used to identify devices on a network and are made up of four sets of numbers separated by periods. Each set can range from 0 to 255, resulting in a total of approximately 4.3 billion unique addresses. However, due to the rapid growth of the internet, the number of available IPv4 addresses is now limited, leading to the development and adoption of IPv6, which uses a 128-bit number format.

A cut-through switch is the best choice for supporting real-time applications because it has the lowest delay. Cut-through switches forward packets as soon as the destination address is received, without waiting for the entire packet to be received. This reduces the delay in transmitting data, making it ideal for real-time applications that require quick and efficient data transfer. Hybrid switches, fragment-free switches, and store and forward switches have higher delays compared to cut-through switches, making them less suitable for real-time applications.

When tributary units are grouped together, they form a tributary unit group (TUG). This implies that multiple tributary units are combined or assembled into a single group or entity called a TUG. The TUG serves as a higher-level unit that encompasses and manages the individual tributary units within it.

Physical topology refers to the actual physical layout of devices and media in a network. It describes how the devices are physically connected to each other and to the network media, such as cables or wireless connections. This includes the arrangement of devices, the types of cables used, and the location of devices within the network. In contrast, logical topology refers to the way in which data flows within the network, regardless of the physical layout. The star and hybrid topologies are examples of physical topologies, where devices are connected to a central hub or a combination of different topologies, respectively.

The correct answer is bus. In a bus topology, all devices are connected to a common cable called the bus. This cable acts as a shared communication medium, allowing devices to transmit and receive data. Each device on the bus can access the data transmitted by other devices, making it a simple and cost-effective solution for small networks. However, if the bus cable fails, the entire network can be affected.

A MAC address is a unique identifier assigned to a network interface controller (NIC) for communications at the data link layer of a network segment. It is a hardware address that is physically assigned to the device and remains constant, regardless of the network it is connected to. Unlike IP addresses, MAC addresses are not assigned by a network administrator and cannot be changed. Therefore, the MAC address is the physical address of any device on the network.

A protocol analyzer is a type of test equipment that is specifically designed to provide digital network diagnostics and develop communications software. It is used to capture, analyze, and decode network traffic, allowing users to troubleshoot network issues and develop and test communication protocols. It can also provide insights into network performance, identify errors or anomalies in data transmission, and assist in optimizing network efficiency.

An undersize packet error occurs when an IP data unit smaller than 28 bytes is received. This error indicates that the received packet is too small to be processed or interpreted correctly by the network devices. It can lead to data loss or corruption as the packet may not contain all the necessary information required for proper communication.

A gateway is a network device that combines both hardware and software to connect two different types of networks. It acts as an interface between these networks, allowing communication and data transfer between them. Unlike other devices like switches or repeaters, a gateway is specifically designed to handle the conversion and routing of data between dissimilar networks, making it the correct answer in this scenario.

RIP, or Routing Information Protocol, is considered the oldest routing protocol. It was developed in the early 1980s and was one of the first routing protocols used in computer networks. RIP uses a distance-vector algorithm to determine the best path for data packets to travel through a network. It has a maximum hop count of 15, which limits its scalability in larger networks. Despite its limitations, RIP is still used in some small networks today.

Peer-to-peer network model enables users to share resources, files, and printers in a decentralized way. In this model, each device on the network can act as both a client and a server, allowing users to directly connect and share resources without the need for a central server. This model is commonly used in file-sharing applications and allows for greater flexibility and scalability compared to other network models.

The correct answer is Border Gateway Protocol (BGP). BGP is the routing protocol used in internet backbones. It is responsible for exchanging routing information between autonomous systems (AS) and is designed to provide scalability, stability, and security in large-scale networks. BGP allows routers to make informed decisions about the best path for data packets to travel across different networks, ensuring efficient and reliable routing on the internet backbone.

Character-oriented data communication protocol uses characters and symbols (character code set) to govern the flow and format of information between systems. This means that the protocol focuses on the transmission and interpretation of individual characters, allowing for easy understanding and compatibility between different systems. Unlike bit-oriented protocols that focus on the transmission of individual bits, character-oriented protocols provide a higher level of abstraction and are commonly used in applications that require the transmission of human-readable data. Routing and the Internet are not specifically related to the use of characters and symbols in data communication protocols.

The correct answer is File Transfer Protocol (FTP). FTP is a TCP/IP application layer protocol that is used to transfer files between a client and a server on a network. It provides a simple and standardized way to send and receive files, allowing users to upload, download, and manage files on remote servers. FTP uses TCP as its transport protocol, ensuring reliable and secure file transfer over the network.

TFTP is a simpler way to transfer files between computers compared to FTP. It is considered more trivial because it lacks some of the advanced features and functionalities of FTP. TFTP is primarily used for simple file transfers and is commonly used in scenarios where simplicity and efficiency are more important than advanced capabilities.

Network Time Protocol (NTP) is a TCP/IP Application layer protocol used to synchronize the clocks of computers on a network. It allows computers to maintain accurate time synchronization by exchanging time information between clients and servers. NTP uses a hierarchical system of time sources, where lower-level servers synchronize with higher-level servers, ultimately obtaining time from highly accurate reference clocks. This ensures that all devices on the network have a consistent and accurate time, which is crucial for various network operations and services that rely on synchronized timekeeping. DHCP, SNMP, and PING are not specifically designed for clock synchronization.

When using the trace route utility, the round-trip delay is displayed in milliseconds. This is because milliseconds are commonly used to measure the time it takes for a packet to travel from the source to the destination and back. The trace route utility sends out packets with increasing time-to-live (TTL) values, and each router along the path responds with an ICMP time exceeded message. By measuring the time it takes for these messages to return, the trace route utility can estimate the round-trip delay in milliseconds.

Network interface cards (NIC) belong to the Physical layer and Data Link layer of the OSI model. The Physical layer is responsible for the physical transmission of data over the network, including the electrical, mechanical, and physical specifications of the network interface. The Data Link layer is responsible for the reliable transmission of data between two directly connected nodes, providing error detection and correction, as well as flow control. NICs handle both the physical connection to the network (Physical layer) and the data transmission between devices (Data Link layer).

ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) is the correct answer because it is the TCP/IP Network layer protocol that provides the service of matching a known IP address for a destination device to a Media Access Control (MAC) address. ARP is used to resolve IP addresses to MAC addresses by broadcasting an ARP request on the local network and receiving an ARP reply from the device with the corresponding MAC address. This allows devices to communicate with each other at the data link layer using MAC addresses.

Re-addressing the entire network is not a recommendation for planning networks using variable length subnet masking (VLSM). VLSM allows for the allocation of different subnet masks within a network, which means that re-addressing the entire network is not necessary. Instead, it is recommended to start with the shortest mask, aim to use contiguous subnets where possible, and choose one or more available subnets and subnet further.

Round-trip delay is a good indication of how well any two nodes can access the transmission media and transmit and receive data along the link or path in a reliable manner. Round-trip delay refers to the time it takes for a packet to travel from the sender to the receiver and back again. A lower round-trip delay indicates that the communication between the nodes is efficient and reliable, while a higher delay may indicate network congestion or other issues that can affect the transmission of data. Therefore, round-trip delay is a key metric to consider when evaluating the performance of a network connection.

SNMP is a protocol that allows products from different vendors to be managed by a single network management application. It provides a standardized way for devices to communicate and exchange information, regardless of the manufacturer. This allows network administrators to monitor and control various devices, such as routers, switches, and servers, using a single management system. SNMP enables centralized management and simplifies the task of monitoring and troubleshooting a network by providing a unified interface for different devices.

Active Hubs can be used to extend the size of a network. Active Hubs are devices that amplify and regenerate signals, allowing them to extend the distance over which data can be transmitted. They receive data signals from one device and then transmit them to all other devices connected to the hub. This allows for the expansion of a network by connecting multiple devices to the hub, thereby extending the network's reach.

A Drop-and-repeat node (D+R) is a Synchronous Optical Network (SONET) device that is configured to split SONET traffic and copy individual channels on two or more output links. This means that the D+R node can take the incoming SONET traffic and duplicate specific channels onto multiple output links, allowing for redundancy and improved reliability in the network. This feature is useful in scenarios where high availability and fault tolerance are required.

ICMP is a TCP/IP network layer protocol that provides messaging for troubleshooting purposes. It is used to send error messages and operational information about network conditions. ICMP messages can be used to diagnose network connectivity issues, identify problems with routers or hosts, and determine the status of network devices. It is commonly used by network administrators and technicians to troubleshoot and resolve network problems.

A Virtual Private Network (VPN) enables a group of computer systems to communicate over the public internet by creating a secure and encrypted connection. It allows users to access and share data remotely while maintaining privacy and security. VPNs are commonly used by businesses to connect remote offices or remote workers to the main office network, as well as by individuals to secure their internet connections and protect their online activities from prying eyes.

An LAN gateway is the correct answer because it includes remote access servers that allow dial-up connectivity to a Local Area Network (LAN). This type of gateway serves as a bridge between the LAN and external networks, providing secure access for remote users to connect to the LAN using dial-up connections.

ATM is rarely used on small LANs due to its high cost. Gigabit Ethernet, on the other hand, is a technology that provides high-speed data transmission and is better suited for LANs. It offers a data transfer rate of 1 gigabit per second, which is significantly faster than Fast Ethernet and Ethernet. Gigabit Ethernet is more cost-effective and provides better performance, making it the preferred choice for LANs.

PING is a utility that sends a message to a specific IP address or domain name and waits for a response. It is commonly used to test network connectivity and verify if TCP/IP is installed and functioning correctly. PING sends a series of small packets to the target address and measures the time it takes for the packets to be sent and received. If a response is received, it confirms that the network is properly configured and communication is established. Therefore, PING is the correct answer for this question.

A metropolitan area network (MAN) is the correct answer because it refers to the interconnection of several networks of computer resources in a city into a single larger network. A LAN is a network that covers a small area, such as a home or office. A WAN is a network that spans a large geographical area, such as multiple cities or countries. A VPN is a secure private network that allows users to access a network remotely. Therefore, a MAN best describes the scenario where multiple networks in a city are interconnected into a larger network.

A cable scanner identifies crossover and straight-through cables by providing wiring maps at both ends of the cable. This means that it can determine the specific wiring configuration of the cable, allowing it to differentiate between crossover and straight-through cables. By comparing the wiring maps at each end, the scanner can identify any differences in the wiring pattern, which indicates whether the cable is a crossover or straight-through cable.