1.
Quick powerful movement involving ______ muscle and activating stretch-shortening cycle for stronger concentric contraction
Correct Answer
A. Pre-stretching
Explanation
What is plyometric exercise?
-Jump training
-Power training
-Combination of speed and strength training
-Quick powerful movement involving pre-stretching muscle and activating stretch-shortening cycle for stronger concentric contraction
-Heighten excitability of nervous system
-Upper and lower extremity oriented
2.
Goal is to _____ amount of time between _____loading contraction and _____force producing contraction
Correct Answer
A. Decrease, eccentric, concentric
Explanation
Goal is to decrease amount of time between eccentric loading contraction and concentric force producing contraction
3.
Usually the focal point of motor control
Correct Answer
A. Contractile Component
Explanation
Mechanical Characteristics
Three components
-Contractile component (CC)
-Series elastic component (SEC)
-Parallel elastic component (PEC)
Concentric contraction
-Force transferred externally through SEC
Eccentric contraction
-SEC lengthens and contributes to overall force output
-Force output = CC + SEC
4.
Play an important role in providing stability and integrity to the individual fibers when a muscle is lengthened.
Correct Answer(s)
B. Series Elastic Component
C. Parallel Elastic Component
Explanation
Mechanical Characteristics
Three components
-Contractile component (CC)
-Series elastic component (SEC)
-Parallel elastic component (PEC)
Concentric contraction
-Force transferred externally through SEC
Eccentric contraction
-SEC lengthens and contributes to overall force output
-Force output = CC + SEC
5.
Concentric contraction
Correct Answer
A. Force transferred externally through SEC
Explanation
Mechanical Characteristics
Three components
-Contractile component (CC)
-Series elastic component (SEC)
-Parallel elastic component (PEC)
Concentric contraction
-Force transferred externally through SEC
Eccentric contraction
-SEC lengthens and contributes to overall force output
-Force output = CC + SEC
6.
Eccentric contraction
Correct Answer(s)
B. SEC lengthens and contributes to overall force output
C. Force output = CC + SEC
Explanation
Mechanical Characteristics
Three components
-Contractile component (CC)
-Series elastic component (SEC)
-Parallel elastic component (PEC)
Concentric contraction
-Force transferred externally through SEC
Eccentric contraction
-SEC lengthens and contributes to overall force output
-Force output = CC + SEC
7.
Proprioceptive stretch reflex
Correct Answer(s)
A. Mechanoreceptors detect stretch resulting in alterations in muscle tone, motor execution and kinesthetic awareness
B. Muscle spindle response is graded by the rate of stretch
C. Rapid loading = greater firing frequency = greater reflexive contraction
D. During eccentric loading, muscle tension increases, triggering golgi tendon organ to initiate reduction in muscle excitation
E. While muscle spindle and GTO oppose each other – both contribute to increased force production
Explanation
Neurophysiological Mechanism
Proprioceptive stretch reflex
-Mechanoreceptors detect stretch resulting in alterations in muscle tone, motor execution and kinesthetic awareness
-Muscle spindle response is graded by the rate of stretch
--Rapid loading = greater firing frequency = greater reflexive contraction
-During eccentric loading, muscle tension increases, triggering golgi tendon organ to initiate reduction in muscle excitation
-While muscle spindle and GTO oppose each other – both contribute to increased force production
Degree of Muscle Fiber Elongation
-Length is proportional to amount of stretching force applied
-Absolute strength of fiber
Force production
-Increased force production is dependent on transition from eccentric to concentric contraction
8.
Degree of Muscle Fiber Elongation
Correct Answer(s)
F. Length is proportional to amount of stretching force applied
G. Absolute strength of fiber
Explanation
Neurophysiological Mechanism
Proprioceptive stretch reflex
-Mechanoreceptors detect stretch resulting in alterations in muscle tone, motor execution and kinesthetic awareness
-Muscle spindle response is graded by the rate of stretch
--Rapid loading = greater firing frequency = greater reflexive contraction
-During eccentric loading, muscle tension increases, triggering golgi tendon organ to initiate reduction in muscle excitation
-While muscle spindle and GTO oppose each other – both contribute to increased force production
Degree of Muscle Fiber Elongation
-Length is proportional to amount of stretching force applied
-Absolute strength of fiber
Force production
-Increased force production is dependent on transition from eccentric to concentric contraction
9.
Force production
Correct Answer
H. Increased force production is dependent on transition from eccentric to concentric contraction
Explanation
Neurophysiological Mechanism
Proprioceptive stretch reflex
-Mechanoreceptors detect stretch resulting in alterations in muscle tone, motor execution and kinesthetic awareness
-Muscle spindle response is graded by the rate of stretch
--Rapid loading = greater firing frequency = greater reflexive contraction
-During eccentric loading, muscle tension increases, triggering golgi tendon organ to initiate reduction in muscle excitation
-While muscle spindle and GTO oppose each other – both contribute to increased force production
Degree of Muscle Fiber Elongation
-Length is proportional to amount of stretching force applied
-Absolute strength of fiber
Force production
-Increased force production is dependent on transition from eccentric to concentric contraction
10.
Plyometric Prerequisites
-Should identify potential contraindications prior to initiation of program
--Evaluation and functional tests
-Require sound lower quarter mechanics
--Stable base
-Testing allows evaluation of base strength
--Ensure appropriate stability
-Eccentric strength is critical
--Closed chain stability training may be necessary prior to engagement in program
-Principle holds true for upper and lower extremity
Correct Answer
A. Biomechanical Evaluation
Explanation
Plyometric Prerequisites
Biomechanical Evaluation
-Should identify potential contraindications prior to initiation of program
--Evaluation and functional tests
-Require sound lower quarter mechanics
--Stable base
-Testing allows evaluation of base strength
--Ensure appropriate stability
-Eccentric strength is critical
--Closed chain stability training may be necessary prior to engagement in program
-Principle holds true for upper and lower extremity
Stability Testing
-Static stability
--Ability to stabilize and control body
--Postural stability
--Centers on single leg strength and stability
-Dynamic stability
--Satisfactory static stability
--Assess eccentric abilities
--Stabilization jumping
Dynamic Movement Testing
-Assess ability to produce explosive coordinated movement
--Vertical or single leg jumping
--Medicine ball toss
Flexibility
-Requires general and specific flexibility
-Program should begin with general warm-up and flexibility routine
--Static and short dynamic stretching techniques
-Ability to demonstrate static and dynamic control
--Begin with single leg squats and low intensity in place plyometrics
--Progress in slow deliberate fashion
--Move to moderate intensity plyometrics
--Advanced athletes with strong background will be able to perform ballistic-reactive drills
11.
Plyometric Prerequisites
-Static stability
--Ability to stabilize and control body
--Postural stability
--Centers on single leg strength and stability
-Dynamic stability
--Satisfactory static stability
--Assess eccentric abilities
--Stabilization jumping
Correct Answer
B. Stability Testing
Explanation
Plyometric Prerequisites
Biomechanical Evaluation
-Should identify potential contraindications prior to initiation of program
--Evaluation and functional tests
-Require sound lower quarter mechanics
--Stable base
-Testing allows evaluation of base strength
--Ensure appropriate stability
-Eccentric strength is critical
--Closed chain stability training may be necessary prior to engagement in program
-Principle holds true for upper and lower extremity
Stability Testing
-Static stability
--Ability to stabilize and control body
--Postural stability
--Centers on single leg strength and stability
-Dynamic stability
--Satisfactory static stability
--Assess eccentric abilities
--Stabilization jumping
Dynamic Movement Testing
-Assess ability to produce explosive coordinated movement
--Vertical or single leg jumping
--Medicine ball toss
Flexibility
-Requires general and specific flexibility
-Program should begin with general warm-up and flexibility routine
--Static and short dynamic stretching techniques
-Ability to demonstrate static and dynamic control
--Begin with single leg squats and low intensity in place plyometrics
--Progress in slow deliberate fashion
--Move to moderate intensity plyometrics
--Advanced athletes with strong background will be able to perform ballistic-reactive drills
12.
Plyometric Prerequisites
-Assess ability to produce explosive coordinated movement
--Vertical or single leg jumping
--Medicine ball toss
Correct Answer
C. Dynamic Movement Testing
Explanation
Plyometric Prerequisites
Biomechanical Evaluation
-Should identify potential contraindications prior to initiation of program
--Evaluation and functional tests
-Require sound lower quarter mechanics
--Stable base
-Testing allows evaluation of base strength
--Ensure appropriate stability
-Eccentric strength is critical
--Closed chain stability training may be necessary prior to engagement in program
-Principle holds true for upper and lower extremity
Stability Testing
-Static stability
--Ability to stabilize and control body
--Postural stability
--Centers on single leg strength and stability
-Dynamic stability
--Satisfactory static stability
--Assess eccentric abilities
--Stabilization jumping
Dynamic Movement Testing
-Assess ability to produce explosive coordinated movement
--Vertical or single leg jumping
--Medicine ball toss
Flexibility
-Requires general and specific flexibility
-Program should begin with general warm-up and flexibility routine
--Static and short dynamic stretching techniques
-Ability to demonstrate static and dynamic control
--Begin with single leg squats and low intensity in place plyometrics
--Progress in slow deliberate fashion
--Move to moderate intensity plyometrics
--Advanced athletes with strong background will be able to perform ballistic-reactive drills
13.
Plyometric Prerequisites
-Requires general and specific flexibility
-Program should begin with general warm-up and flexibility routine
--Static and short dynamic stretching techniques
-Ability to demonstrate static and dynamic control
--Begin with single leg squats and low intensity in place plyometrics
--Progress in slow deliberate fashion
--Move to moderate intensity plyometrics
--Advanced athletes with strong background will be able to perform ballistic-reactive drills
Correct Answer
D. Flexibility
Explanation
Plyometric Prerequisites
Biomechanical Evaluation
-Should identify potential contraindications prior to initiation of program
--Evaluation and functional tests
-Require sound lower quarter mechanics
--Stable base
-Testing allows evaluation of base strength
--Ensure appropriate stability
-Eccentric strength is critical
--Closed chain stability training may be necessary prior to engagement in program
-Principle holds true for upper and lower extremity
Stability Testing
-Static stability
--Ability to stabilize and control body
--Postural stability
--Centers on single leg strength and stability
-Dynamic stability
--Satisfactory static stability
--Assess eccentric abilities
--Stabilization jumping
Dynamic Movement Testing
-Assess ability to produce explosive coordinated movement
--Vertical or single leg jumping
--Medicine ball toss
Flexibility
-Requires general and specific flexibility
-Program should begin with general warm-up and flexibility routine
--Static and short dynamic stretching techniques
-Ability to demonstrate static and dynamic control
--Begin with single leg squats and low intensity in place plyometrics
--Progress in slow deliberate fashion
--Move to moderate intensity plyometrics
--Advanced athletes with strong background will be able to perform ballistic-reactive drills
14.
Plyometric Program Design
-Horizontal movement is less stressful than vertical
-Dependent on weight of athlete and technical proficiency
Correct Answer
A. Direction of Body Movement
Explanation
Plyometric Program Design
Direction of Body Movement
-Horizontal movement is less stressful than vertical
-Dependent on weight of athlete and technical proficiency
Weight of Athlete
-Heavier athlete = greater training demand
Speed of Execution
-Increasing speed of particular activity increases the demands being placed on the athlete
External Load
-Training demand is greatly increased by externally loading athlete
-Should not slow speed of movement
Intensity
-Amount of effort exerted
-Altered by activity performed (double single leg)
-Progress from simple to complex
-Addition of external weight or increasing height
Volume
-Total amount of work performed
-Total number of foot contacts
--Varies inversely with intensity of exercise
--Beginner = 75-100 (low intensity)
--Advanced = 200-250 (low to moderate intensity)
Frequency
-Number of times exercise session is performed during a training cycle
-Not known for plyometrics
-Recommend 48-72 hours between sessions
-Intensity dependent
Training Age
-Number of years athlete has been in formal training
-Younger ages → training demand should be kept low
Recovery
-Time between sets
-Power vs. Endurance
--Power 1:3 or 1:4 ratio
--Endurance 1:1 or 1:2
-Emphasize eccentric loading and amortization
15.
Plyometric Program Design
-Heavier athlete = greater training demand
Correct Answer
B. Weight of Athlete
Explanation
Plyometric Program Design
Direction of Body Movement
-Horizontal movement is less stressful than vertical
-Dependent on weight of athlete and technical proficiency
Weight of Athlete
-Heavier athlete = greater training demand
Speed of Execution
-Increasing speed of particular activity increases the demands being placed on the athlete
External Load
-Training demand is greatly increased by externally loading athlete
-Should not slow speed of movement
Intensity
-Amount of effort exerted
-Altered by activity performed (double single leg)
-Progress from simple to complex
-Addition of external weight or increasing height
Volume
-Total amount of work performed
-Total number of foot contacts
--Varies inversely with intensity of exercise
--Beginner = 75-100 (low intensity)
--Advanced = 200-250 (low to moderate intensity)
Frequency
-Number of times exercise session is performed during a training cycle
-Not known for plyometrics
-Recommend 48-72 hours between sessions
-Intensity dependent
Training Age
-Number of years athlete has been in formal training
-Younger ages → training demand should be kept low
Recovery
-Time between sets
-Power vs. Endurance
--Power 1:3 or 1:4 ratio
--Endurance 1:1 or 1:2
-Emphasize eccentric loading and amortization
16.
Plyometric Program Design
-Increasing speed of particular activity increases the demands being placed on the athlete
Correct Answer
C. Speed of Execution
Explanation
Plyometric Program Design
Direction of Body Movement
-Horizontal movement is less stressful than vertical
-Dependent on weight of athlete and technical proficiency
Weight of Athlete
-Heavier athlete = greater training demand
Speed of Execution
-Increasing speed of particular activity increases the demands being placed on the athlete
External Load
-Training demand is greatly increased by externally loading athlete
-Should not slow speed of movement
Intensity
-Amount of effort exerted
-Altered by activity performed (double single leg)
-Progress from simple to complex
-Addition of external weight or increasing height
Volume
-Total amount of work performed
-Total number of foot contacts
--Varies inversely with intensity of exercise
--Beginner = 75-100 (low intensity)
--Advanced = 200-250 (low to moderate intensity)
Frequency
-Number of times exercise session is performed during a training cycle
-Not known for plyometrics
-Recommend 48-72 hours between sessions
-Intensity dependent
Training Age
-Number of years athlete has been in formal training
-Younger ages → training demand should be kept low
Recovery
-Time between sets
-Power vs. Endurance
--Power 1:3 or 1:4 ratio
--Endurance 1:1 or 1:2
-Emphasize eccentric loading and amortization
17.
Plyometric Program Design
-Training demand is greatly increased by externally loading athlete
-Should not slow speed of movement
Correct Answer
D. External Load
Explanation
Plyometric Program Design
Direction of Body Movement
-Horizontal movement is less stressful than vertical
-Dependent on weight of athlete and technical proficiency
Weight of Athlete
-Heavier athlete = greater training demand
Speed of Execution
-Increasing speed of particular activity increases the demands being placed on the athlete
External Load
-Training demand is greatly increased by externally loading athlete
-Should not slow speed of movement
Intensity
-Amount of effort exerted
-Altered by activity performed (double single leg)
-Progress from simple to complex
-Addition of external weight or increasing height
Volume
-Total amount of work performed
-Total number of foot contacts
--Varies inversely with intensity of exercise
--Beginner = 75-100 (low intensity)
--Advanced = 200-250 (low to moderate intensity)
Frequency
-Number of times exercise session is performed during a training cycle
-Not known for plyometrics
-Recommend 48-72 hours between sessions
-Intensity dependent
Training Age
-Number of years athlete has been in formal training
-Younger ages → training demand should be kept low
Recovery
-Time between sets
-Power vs. Endurance
--Power 1:3 or 1:4 ratio
--Endurance 1:1 or 1:2
-Emphasize eccentric loading and amortization
18.
Plyometric Program Design
-Amount of effort exerted
-Altered by activity performed (double single leg)
-Progress from simple to complex
-Addition of external weight or increasing height
Correct Answer
E. Intensity
Explanation
Plyometric Program Design
Direction of Body Movement
-Horizontal movement is less stressful than vertical
-Dependent on weight of athlete and technical proficiency
Weight of Athlete
-Heavier athlete = greater training demand
Speed of Execution
-Increasing speed of particular activity increases the demands being placed on the athlete
External Load
-Training demand is greatly increased by externally loading athlete
-Should not slow speed of movement
Intensity
-Amount of effort exerted
-Altered by activity performed (double single leg)
-Progress from simple to complex
-Addition of external weight or increasing height
Volume
-Total amount of work performed
-Total number of foot contacts
--Varies inversely with intensity of exercise
--Beginner = 75-100 (low intensity)
--Advanced = 200-250 (low to moderate intensity)
Frequency
-Number of times exercise session is performed during a training cycle
-Not known for plyometrics
-Recommend 48-72 hours between sessions
-Intensity dependent
Training Age
-Number of years athlete has been in formal training
-Younger ages → training demand should be kept low
Recovery
-Time between sets
-Power vs. Endurance
--Power 1:3 or 1:4 ratio
--Endurance 1:1 or 1:2
-Emphasize eccentric loading and amortization
19.
Plyometric Program Design
-Total amount of work performed
-Total number of foot contacts
--Varies inversely with intensity of exercise
--Beginner = 75-100 (low intensity)
--Advanced = 200-250 (low to moderate intensity)
Correct Answer
F. Volume
Explanation
Plyometric Program Design
Direction of Body Movement
-Horizontal movement is less stressful than vertical
-Dependent on weight of athlete and technical proficiency
Weight of Athlete
-Heavier athlete = greater training demand
Speed of Execution
-Increasing speed of particular activity increases the demands being placed on the athlete
External Load
-Training demand is greatly increased by externally loading athlete
-Should not slow speed of movement
Intensity
-Amount of effort exerted
-Altered by activity performed (double single leg)
-Progress from simple to complex
-Addition of external weight or increasing height
Volume
-Total amount of work performed
-Total number of foot contacts
--Varies inversely with intensity of exercise
--Beginner = 75-100 (low intensity)
--Advanced = 200-250 (low to moderate intensity)
Frequency
-Number of times exercise session is performed during a training cycle
-Not known for plyometrics
-Recommend 48-72 hours between sessions
-Intensity dependent
Training Age
-Number of years athlete has been in formal training
-Younger ages → training demand should be kept low
Recovery
-Time between sets
-Power vs. Endurance
--Power 1:3 or 1:4 ratio
--Endurance 1:1 or 1:2
-Emphasize eccentric loading and amortization
20.
Plyometric Program Design
-Number of times exercise session is performed during a training cycle
-Not known for plyometrics
-Recommend 48-72 hours between sessions
-Intensity dependent
Correct Answer
G. Frequency
Explanation
Plyometric Program Design
Direction of Body Movement
-Horizontal movement is less stressful than vertical
-Dependent on weight of athlete and technical proficiency
Weight of Athlete
-Heavier athlete = greater training demand
Speed of Execution
-Increasing speed of particular activity increases the demands being placed on the athlete
External Load
-Training demand is greatly increased by externally loading athlete
-Should not slow speed of movement
Intensity
-Amount of effort exerted
-Altered by activity performed (double single leg)
-Progress from simple to complex
-Addition of external weight or increasing height
Volume
-Total amount of work performed
-Total number of foot contacts
--Varies inversely with intensity of exercise
--Beginner = 75-100 (low intensity)
--Advanced = 200-250 (low to moderate intensity)
Frequency
-Number of times exercise session is performed during a training cycle
-Not known for plyometrics
-Recommend 48-72 hours between sessions
-Intensity dependent
Training Age
-Number of years athlete has been in formal training
-Younger ages → training demand should be kept low
Recovery
-Time between sets
-Power vs. Endurance
--Power 1:3 or 1:4 ratio
--Endurance 1:1 or 1:2
-Emphasize eccentric loading and amortization
21.
Plyometric Program Design
-Number of years athlete has been in formal training
-Younger ages → training demand should be kept low
Correct Answer
H. Training Age
Explanation
Plyometric Program Design
Direction of Body Movement
-Horizontal movement is less stressful than vertical
-Dependent on weight of athlete and technical proficiency
Weight of Athlete
-Heavier athlete = greater training demand
Speed of Execution
-Increasing speed of particular activity increases the demands being placed on the athlete
External Load
-Training demand is greatly increased by externally loading athlete
-Should not slow speed of movement
Intensity
-Amount of effort exerted
-Altered by activity performed (double single leg)
-Progress from simple to complex
-Addition of external weight or increasing height
Volume
-Total amount of work performed
-Total number of foot contacts
--Varies inversely with intensity of exercise
--Beginner = 75-100 (low intensity)
--Advanced = 200-250 (low to moderate intensity)
Frequency
-Number of times exercise session is performed during a training cycle
-Not known for plyometrics
-Recommend 48-72 hours between sessions
-Intensity dependent
Training Age
-Number of years athlete has been in formal training
-Younger ages → training demand should be kept low
Recovery
-Time between sets
-Power vs. Endurance
--Power 1:3 or 1:4 ratio
--Endurance 1:1 or 1:2
-Emphasize eccentric loading and amortization
22.
Plyometric Program Design
-Time between sets
-Power vs. Endurance
--Power 1:3 or 1:4 ratio
--Endurance 1:1 or 1:2
-Emphasize eccentric loading and amortization
Correct Answer
I. Recovery
Explanation
Plyometric Program Design
Direction of Body Movement
-Horizontal movement is less stressful than vertical
-Dependent on weight of athlete and technical proficiency
Weight of Athlete
-Heavier athlete = greater training demand
Speed of Execution
-Increasing speed of particular activity increases the demands being placed on the athlete
External Load
-Training demand is greatly increased by externally loading athlete
-Should not slow speed of movement
Intensity
-Amount of effort exerted
-Altered by activity performed (double single leg)
-Progress from simple to complex
-Addition of external weight or increasing height
Volume
-Total amount of work performed
-Total number of foot contacts
--Varies inversely with intensity of exercise
--Beginner = 75-100 (low intensity)
--Advanced = 200-250 (low to moderate intensity)
Frequency
-Number of times exercise session is performed during a training cycle
-Not known for plyometrics
-Recommend 48-72 hours between sessions
-Intensity dependent
Training Age
-Number of years athlete has been in formal training
-Younger ages → training demand should be kept low
Recovery
-Time between sets
-Power vs. Endurance
--Power 1:3 or 1:4 ratio
--Endurance 1:1 or 1:2
-Emphasize eccentric loading and amortization