Chapter 14 Formation Of Western Europe

Saladin is the correct answer because he was a Muslim leader who successfully recaptured Jerusalem from the Crusaders during the Crusades. He was known for his military prowess and strategic skills, which allowed him to defeat the Crusaders and regain control of the city. Saladin's victory in the Battle of Hattin in 1187 led to the recapture of Jerusalem and marked a significant turning point in the Crusades. He is widely regarded as a hero and a symbol of resistance against the Crusaders in the Muslim world.

The chief goal of the Crusades was to recover Jerusalem and the Holy Land from the Muslim Turks. The Crusaders believed that it was their duty to reclaim these holy sites from the Muslims, who had taken control of them. The Crusades were a series of military campaigns launched by European Christians in the 11th, 12th, and 13th centuries. These campaigns were seen as a way to defend Christianity and expand its influence in the region. The Crusaders hoped to establish Christian control over Jerusalem and ensure access to the holy sites for pilgrims.

The Magna Carta guaranteed basic legal rights. This historic document, signed in 1215, established principles such as the right to a fair trial, protection against unlawful imprisonment, and limitations on the power of the monarchy. It laid the foundation for the development of constitutional law and the protection of individual liberties. The Magna Carta did not guarantee the end of taxation, a model parliament, or a House of Commons.

The correct answer is "an association of people who worked at the same occupation". A guild is a group or association of individuals who work in the same trade or occupation. Guilds were common during the medieval period and served to protect the interests of their members, regulate the quality of their work, and provide training and support within their respective industries.

The Reconquista was a long-lasting military campaign carried out by Christian kingdoms in the Iberian Peninsula to regain control over the territories occupied by Muslim forces. This effort aimed to expel the Muslims from Spain and establish Christian dominance in the region. The Reconquista lasted for several centuries, starting in the 8th century and concluding with the fall of Granada in 1492. Through this campaign, the Christian kingdoms gradually reconquered territories in Spain, leading to the formation of modern-day Spain as we know it today.

The three-field system was an agricultural practice during the Middle Ages where farmers divided their land into three parts and rotated crops each year. This system allowed farmers to produce more food because they could cultivate two-thirds of their land instead of just one-half. By rotating crops, the soil remained fertile, reducing the risk of depletion and increasing overall productivity. As a result, there was a surplus of food, leading to villagers having more to eat.

The correct answer is Parliament. In medieval England, Parliament was the legislative body. It consisted of two houses: the House of Commons and the House of Lords. The Parliament was responsible for making laws, discussing important issues, and advising the king. It played a crucial role in shaping the governance and policies of England during that time period.

Traders were most responsible for the spread of the bubonic plague to Europe. During the time of the plague, trade routes were well-established and extensive, allowing for the movement of people, goods, and infected rats carrying fleas that transmitted the disease. Traders traveled across different regions, unknowingly carrying the plague with them and spreading it to new areas. This facilitated the rapid spread of the disease throughout Europe.

Urban II is the correct answer because he was the Pope who called for action and initiated the First Crusade. Urban II made a speech at the Council of Clermont in 1095, urging Christians to take up arms and defend the Holy Land from Muslim control. This call to action resulted in a large-scale military expedition known as the First Crusade, which aimed to reclaim Jerusalem. Urban II's call for the Crusade had a significant impact on medieval Europe and marked the beginning of a series of military campaigns known as the Crusades.

The horse contributed most to the agricultural revolution in the late Middle Ages. Horses were used for various tasks such as plowing fields, pulling carts, and transporting goods. Their strength and speed made them efficient and effective in agricultural activities, allowing farmers to increase productivity and cultivate larger areas of land. The horse's contribution to transportation also facilitated trade and economic growth during this period.

The Crusades had various effects on different aspects of society. Feudal lords were weakened as many of them left their lands to join the Crusades, leading to a decline in their power and influence. The power of the Pope was also weakened as the Crusades led to a questioning of his authority and the papacy lost some of its moral and political influence. Religious intolerance increased during the Crusades as Christians, Muslims, and Jews clashed in the Holy Land. The Crusades also had economic effects, with the introduction of coined money and the opening up of trade routes, which led to increased commerce and cultural exchange. Therefore, all of the above effects can be attributed to the Crusades.

During the later Middle Ages, serfs were likely to search for freedom in towns or cities. This is because towns and cities offered more opportunities for economic and social mobility. Serfs could escape the control of their lords and find work as artisans, merchants, or laborers in urban areas. Towns and cities also provided a greater degree of anonymity, making it easier for serfs to start a new life and avoid being captured and returned to their lords.

The major cause of the Great Schism was arguments about which man holding the position of pope was the true pope. This led to a division within the Church, with multiple claimants to the papacy and conflicting loyalties. The schism lasted from 1378 to 1417 and resulted in a split between the Western Church (Roman Catholic) and the Eastern Church (Eastern Orthodox). The controversy over the legitimacy of the popes created a deep rift within Christianity and had significant political and religious consequences.

The Crusades were caused by a combination of factors. One reason was the desire to conquer the Holy Land, which was considered sacred by Christians. Another reason was the belief that fighting in the Crusades was a way to glorify God and earn salvation. Additionally, many individuals were motivated by the adventure and social power that came with participating in the Crusades. Finally, there was also a desire for wealth and prosperity, as the Crusades presented opportunities for trade and acquiring valuable resources. Therefore, all of the above reasons were causes for the Crusades.

The central issue of the Hundred Years' War was the throne of France. This war was a series of conflicts between the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of France, primarily fought over the control and succession of the French throne. The English monarchs claimed a right to the French throne through their ancestry, which led to a long and bloody struggle for power and control over the French territory.

St. Francis of Assisi founded the group known as the Franciscan Friars. This religious order was established in the 13th century and is named after St. Francis, who dedicated his life to poverty, humility, and serving others. The Franciscan Friars follow the teachings and example of St. Francis, living a simple and communal lifestyle while engaging in various charitable works and missionary activities. They have played a significant role in the history of Christianity and continue to exist today as an influential religious group.

The Fourth Crusade resulted in Christians looting Constantinople. This occurred in 1204 when the Crusaders, originally intending to attack Egypt, diverted their attention to Constantinople, the capital of the Byzantine Empire. They besieged and eventually captured the city, leading to widespread looting and destruction. The Crusaders looted valuable treasures, artworks, and sacred relics from churches and palaces in Constantinople. This event had a significant impact on the Byzantine Empire, weakening it and contributing to its eventual decline.

The Magna Carta was originally intended to defend the rights of the English nobility. It was a document signed by King John of England in 1215, in response to demands from the barons (nobles) who were dissatisfied with the king's abuse of power. The Magna Carta aimed to limit the monarch's authority and protect the privileges and liberties of the nobility. It established principles such as due process, the right to a fair trial, and protection against unlawful imprisonment. While it did not directly address the rights of all English subjects, it laid the foundation for future legal and constitutional developments that would eventually benefit all citizens.

In the early 900s, the Church reform movement was sparked by the Avignon Popes. The Avignon Popes were a series of French popes who resided in Avignon instead of Rome, which led to a period of corruption and political influence in the Church. This sparked a movement for reform within the Church, as many people believed that the papacy should be centered in Rome and not under the control of French monarchs. The Avignon Popes' actions and the controversy surrounding them played a significant role in the push for reform and ultimately led to changes within the Church.

William the Conqueror is the correct answer because he left the throne of England in the control of others while he fought in a Crusade.