Chapter 2 Exercise Physiology

Explanation
Living cells contain various molecules and compounds that are essential for their functioning. Among these, carbohydrates play a crucial role. Carbohydrates are organic compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms. They are a major source of energy for cells and are involved in various cellular processes. Carbohydrates are used for energy production, storage, and structural support in cells. They are also involved in cell signaling and recognition. Therefore, it is accurate to say that living cells contain carbohydrates.

Explanation
Monosaccharides are the basic units of carbohydrates. They are the simplest form of carbohydrates and cannot be further hydrolyzed into smaller units. Examples of monosaccharides include glucose, fructose, and galactose. Disaccharides, on the other hand, are formed by the condensation of two monosaccharide units, while polysaccharides are formed by the condensation of many monosaccharide units. Macronutrients, on the other hand, refer to the essential nutrients needed in large amounts by the body, including carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. Therefore, the correct answer is monosaccharides.

Explanation
Muscle glycogen is a major source of carbohydrate energy for active muscles during exercise. Glycogen is a storage form of glucose that is stored in the muscles and liver. During exercise, the muscles use glycogen as a fuel source to provide energy for muscle contractions. As the muscles contract, glycogen is broken down into glucose, which is then used for energy production. Muscle glycogen is particularly important for high-intensity exercise or prolonged endurance activities, as it can be rapidly accessed and utilized by the muscles.

Explanation
Hypoglycemia is the term used to describe a condition when blood sugar levels drop below normal. This can occur due to various reasons such as excessive insulin production, certain medications, or skipping meals. Symptoms of hypoglycemia include hunger, shakiness, dizziness, confusion, and sweating. It is important to treat hypoglycemia promptly by consuming a source of glucose or sugar to bring blood sugar levels back to normal.

Explanation
Gluconeogenesis is the process by which the body synthesizes glucose from noncarbohydrate nutrients, such as amino acids and glycerol. It occurs mainly in the liver and kidneys and is essential for maintaining blood glucose levels during periods of fasting or low carbohydrate intake. This process helps to provide a steady supply of glucose to the brain and other tissues that rely on glucose as a primary energy source. Glycogen is a storage form of glucose in the body, while glucogenolysis is the breakdown of glycogen into glucose. Glucogenesis is not a term used to describe the synthesis of glucose from noncarbohydrate nutrients.

Explanation
Physically active people require a higher percentage of carbohydrates in their diet because carbs are the body's primary source of energy. Carbohydrates are broken down into glucose, which fuels muscles during exercise. Additionally, carbs help replenish glycogen stores in the muscles, aiding in recovery and preventing fatigue. Therefore, a diet consisting of 60% carbohydrates is recommended for physically active individuals to support their energy needs and optimize performance.