Chapter 5 & 6

The digestive system breaks down food. It consists of various organs such as the mouth, esophagus, stomach, and intestines, which work together to break down food into smaller molecules that can be absorbed by the body. The digestive system also helps in the absorption of nutrients and elimination of waste products. The endocrine system is responsible for producing and regulating hormones, the muscular system is responsible for movement, and the cardiac system is responsible for pumping blood. Therefore, the correct answer is Digestive.

The correct answer is "Complete blood count." A complete blood count is a common blood test that provides important information about the number and types of cells in the blood, including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. It helps in diagnosing various conditions such as anemia, infections, and blood disorders. The abbreviation CBC is widely used in medical settings to refer to this specific test.

The correct answer is "All of the above" because personal protective gear typically includes a lab coat, gloves, and face shields. These items are essential for protecting individuals from potential hazards in a laboratory or other hazardous environments. Wearing a lab coat helps to prevent contamination of clothing, gloves protect the hands from chemicals or other harmful substances, and face shields provide protection for the face and eyes. Therefore, all of these items are necessary components of personal protective gear.

Phlebitis is the correct answer because it specifically refers to inflammation of a vein. Phlebotomy is the process of drawing blood, Phlebotomize is not a recognized term, and Phlebology is the study of veins.

The heart has three layers: epicardium, endocardium, and myocardium. The epicardium is the outermost layer of the heart, the endocardium is the innermost layer, and the myocardium is the middle layer responsible for the contraction of the heart. The coronary layer is not a layer of the heart but refers to the coronary arteries that supply blood to the heart muscle.

The correct answer is "Both A & B" because the question states that there are two types of infection: Nosocomial and Communicable. Since the answer options include both A (Nosocomial) and B (Communicable), it can be inferred that the correct answer is both A & B.

A hematologist specializes in the study of blood. Hematology is a branch of medicine that focuses on the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of blood disorders and diseases. Hematologists analyze blood samples to identify abnormalities, such as anemia, leukemia, or clotting disorders. They also study the components of blood, such as red and white blood cells, platelets, and plasma, to understand their functions and how they can impact overall health. By specializing in the study of blood, hematologists play a crucial role in diagnosing and treating various blood-related conditions.

The abbreviation NPO stands for "Nothing by mouth." This term is commonly used in medical settings to indicate that a patient should not consume any food or drink orally. This could be due to various reasons such as preparation for a medical procedure, surgery, or if the patient is unable to swallow safely. By instructing the patient to be NPO, healthcare professionals ensure that the patient's digestive system remains empty to prevent complications during certain medical interventions.

Electrical impulses from the heart are recorded by using an EKG. An EKG, also known as an electrocardiogram, is a medical test that measures the electrical activity of the heart. It is a non-invasive procedure that involves attaching electrodes to the skin to detect and record the electrical signals generated by the heart. These signals help healthcare professionals diagnose various heart conditions, such as arrhythmias, heart attacks, and abnormalities in the heart's structure. The EKG provides valuable information about the heart's rhythm, rate, and overall function, aiding in the diagnosis and treatment of cardiovascular diseases.

Erythrocytes are commonly known as red blood cells (RBCs). These cells are responsible for transporting oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body and carrying carbon dioxide back to the lungs to be exhaled. They are called "red" blood cells due to the presence of a protein called hemoglobin, which gives them their characteristic red color. WBC (white blood cells) are a different type of blood cell involved in the immune response, and leukocytes and monocytes are specific types of white blood cells.

The reproductive system produces sex cells, which include both ovum (eggs) and sperm. These sex cells are essential for sexual reproduction and the creation of new offspring. The ovum is produced by the female reproductive system, while sperm is produced by the male reproductive system. Therefore, the correct answer is "All of the above" as it includes both ovum and sperm, which are the sex cells produced by the reproductive system.

Erythrocyte is another term used to describe a red blood cell. It is derived from the Greek words "erythros" meaning red and "kytos" meaning cell. Erythrocytes are the most abundant type of blood cell and their main function is to transport oxygen to the body's tissues and remove carbon dioxide. They are biconcave in shape, lack a nucleus, and contain a pigment called hemoglobin that gives them their red color. Erythrocytes play a crucial role in maintaining the body's oxygen balance and overall health.

The brain is housed in the cranial cavity. This cavity is located within the skull and provides protection to the brain. The cranial cavity is surrounded by bones and contains cerebrospinal fluid, which further helps in cushioning and protecting the brain from any external impact or injury.

The most important thing to do before performing a phlebotomy is to identify the patient. This is crucial to ensure that the correct patient is receiving the procedure and to prevent any mix-ups or errors. It is essential to verify the patient's identity using their name, date of birth, and any other relevant information before proceeding with the phlebotomy. This step helps to maintain patient safety and avoid any potential complications or misunderstandings.

The heart is made up of cardiac muscle. This type of muscle is unique to the heart and is responsible for its contraction and pumping action. Unlike skeletal muscle, which is under voluntary control, cardiac muscle is involuntary, meaning it contracts automatically without conscious effort. Visceral and voluntary are not types of muscle, so they are not correct answers in this context.

The chain of infection is a process that involves several components. The source refers to the origin of the infectious agent, such as a person or an object. The susceptible host is an individual who can become infected by the agent. Mode of transmission refers to the method by which the agent is spread, such as through direct contact or through the air. All of these components are necessary to complete the chain of infection, as each one plays a crucial role in the transmission and spread of the infectious agent.

The word root "hepat" refers to the liver.

A tourniquet should not be left on for longer than 1 minute. This is because leaving a tourniquet on for an extended period of time can cause damage to the underlying tissues by cutting off blood flow. It is important to release the tourniquet after a short period to allow blood circulation to resume and prevent potential complications such as tissue death or nerve damage.

The correct answer is supine position. When a patient is lying flat on their back face up, they are in the supine position. This position is commonly used during medical examinations, surgeries, and procedures as it allows for easy access to the patient's front side. It is also a comfortable position for patients who are unable to move or have difficulty breathing.

The pancreas is the organ in the body that produces insulin. Insulin is a hormone that helps regulate blood sugar levels by allowing cells to take in glucose from the bloodstream. Insufficient insulin production or ineffective use of insulin can lead to diabetes, a condition characterized by high blood sugar levels. The kidneys, lungs, and ovaries do not produce insulin.

Venules are the smallest branches of veins. Veins are blood vessels that carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart. Venules are responsible for collecting blood from capillaries and transporting it to larger veins. They have thin walls and are less muscular compared to arteries, allowing them to easily transport blood. Arterioles, on the other hand, are the smallest branches of arteries, while median and neutrophils are unrelated to the circulatory system.

The heart is not a blood vessel, but rather an organ that pumps blood throughout the body. Blood vessels, such as veins, arteries, and capillaries, are the tubes that carry blood to and from the heart and various parts of the body. While the heart plays a crucial role in the circulatory system, it is not classified as a blood vessel.

The spinal column and brain are protected by a membrane called meninges. The meninges serve as a barrier between the central nervous system and the surrounding structures, providing cushioning and support. They consist of three layers: the dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater. The meninges help protect the delicate neural tissues from injury and infection, and also help regulate the circulation of cerebrospinal fluid.

The term "proximal" refers to something that is closest to the point of attachment. In anatomy, it is commonly used to describe the position of a body part relative to its point of origin or attachment. For example, when referring to the arm, the shoulder would be considered proximal because it is closer to the point of attachment (the body) compared to the hand. Therefore, the correct answer is "Nearest to point of attachment."

The pituitary gland is referred to as the "master gland" because it plays a crucial role in regulating and controlling the functions of other endocrine glands in the body. It produces and releases hormones that stimulate or inhibit the release of hormones from other glands, such as the thyroid, adrenal glands, and reproductive organs. This control over the entire endocrine system makes the pituitary gland the most important and influential gland in the body.

The cardiac cycle refers to one complete contraction and relaxation phase of the heart. During this cycle, the heart goes through a series of events, including the contraction of the atria and ventricles, the opening and closing of the heart valves, and the circulation of blood through the pulmonary and systemic circuits. Therefore, the correct answer is "Cardiac cycle."

The primary function of isolation procedures is to prevent the transmission of communicable diseases. Isolation procedures are put in place to separate individuals who are infected or suspected to be infected with a contagious disease from those who are not infected, in order to minimize the spread of the disease. By isolating infected individuals, the risk of transmission to others is reduced, thus preventing the further spread of the communicable disease.

Anatomy refers to the study of the structural components of the body. It involves the examination and understanding of the various organs, tissues, and systems that make up the human body. Physiology, on the other hand, focuses on the functions and processes of these structural components. While blood components and bones are indeed important components of the body, they are specific examples of anatomical structures. Therefore, the correct answer is anatomy.

According to the order of draw, blood culture bottles should be drawn first. This is because blood culture bottles are used to collect blood samples for microbiological analysis, and it is important to minimize the risk of contamination. Drawing blood culture bottles first helps ensure that the sample collected is not contaminated by any additives or anticoagulants present in other tubes.

Professionalism refers to the conduct and qualities that project an image of a professional person. It encompasses a range of attributes such as punctuality, reliability, honesty, and respectfulness. A professional person is expected to adhere to ethical standards, demonstrate integrity, and comply with legal obligations. By displaying professionalism, individuals are able to establish trust and credibility in their respective fields, while also maintaining a positive reputation.

Anterior refers to the front of an object or organism. It is the opposite of posterior, which refers to the back or rear. In anatomical terms, anterior is used to describe the position or location of a structure that is closer to the front of the body or the head. It is important to understand these directional terms in order to accurately describe the position and relationships of different body parts.

Direct contact is the most frequent mode of transmission for infection because it involves physical contact between an infected person and a susceptible person. This can occur through activities such as shaking hands, hugging, or kissing. Direct contact allows for the transfer of infectious agents, such as bacteria or viruses, from one person to another, increasing the risk of infection. Other modes of transmission, such as sharing drinks or indirect contact, may also contribute to the spread of infection, but direct contact is often the most common and efficient way for infections to be transmitted.

A drug screen test would go to the field of toxicology. Toxicology is the branch of science that deals with the study of poisons and their effects on living organisms. Drug screen tests are used to detect the presence of drugs or their metabolites in a person's body. These tests are commonly used in various settings such as workplaces, sports organizations, and healthcare facilities to ensure compliance with drug-free policies or to diagnose and monitor drug abuse. Therefore, toxicology is the most appropriate field for conducting drug screen tests.

Physiology is the correct answer because when discussing the functional components of the body, we are referring to the study of how the different organs and systems in the body work and function together. Physiology focuses on the processes and mechanisms that allow the body to carry out its various functions, such as digestion, respiration, circulation, and reproduction. It involves studying how cells, tissues, organs, and systems interact and work together to maintain homeostasis and ensure the body's overall function and health.

A cell is the basic structural unit of life because it is the smallest functional and structural unit of an organism. Cells are responsible for carrying out all the necessary processes for life, such as metabolism, growth, and reproduction. They are the building blocks of tissues, organs, and ultimately, entire organisms. Without cells, life as we know it would not exist.

An artery is a blood vessel that carries oxygenated blood away from the heart to the rest of the body. It has a thick muscular wall that contracts and expands with each heartbeat, creating a pulse that can be felt. This is why a vessel in which you can feel a pulse is known as an artery. Veins, on the other hand, carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart, while capillaries are the smallest blood vessels that connect arteries and veins. "Venue" is unrelated to blood vessels and does not have any relevance to the question.

Sodium fluoride is the additive that preserves glucose in a gray tube. Sodium fluoride is commonly used as a preservative in blood collection tubes because it inhibits the action of enzymes that can break down glucose. By preserving glucose, sodium fluoride helps to ensure accurate glucose measurement in laboratory tests.

The correct answer is Green. Green tubes are commonly used for collecting blood samples for plasma determination. Lithium, ammonia, and sodium heparin are commonly used as anticoagulants or additives in green tubes to prevent blood clotting and preserve the integrity of the plasma. Therefore, these substances can be found in this tube.

HCG stands for Human Chorionic Gonadotropin, which is a hormone produced during pregnancy. It is commonly used as a test to detect pregnancy and monitor the health of the reproductive system. HCG levels can indicate the presence or absence of pregnancy, as well as potential issues with the reproductive system such as ectopic pregnancy or miscarriage. Therefore, HCG is directly associated with the reproductive system.

The correct answer is 120 Days. Red blood cells, also known as erythrocytes, have a lifespan of approximately 120 days. They are continuously produced in the bone marrow and circulate in the bloodstream, carrying oxygen to various tissues and organs. After their lifespan, old red blood cells are removed from the circulation by the spleen and liver, and new ones are produced to replace them.

The light blue tube is used for drawing blood for coagulation tests because it contains sodium citrate as an anticoagulant. Sodium citrate prevents the blood from clotting by binding to calcium ions, allowing accurate measurement of coagulation factors. Lavender tubes are used for complete blood count (CBC) tests, gray tubes are used for glucose tests, and green tubes are used for tests that require heparin as an anticoagulant.

Arterioles are the smallest branch of arteries. They are responsible for regulating blood flow and blood pressure by constricting or dilating. They connect the larger arteries to the capillaries, where the exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and waste products occurs. Venules, on the other hand, are the smallest branches of veins, and the terms "Tunica" and "Atrerial" are not related to the smallest branch of arteries.

The correct answer is light blue because sodium citrate is an anticoagulant used for coagulation tests. Light blue tubes contain sodium citrate as an additive, which prevents blood from clotting by binding to calcium ions. This allows for accurate measurement of coagulation factors in the blood.

Hemoglobin is the main component of a red blood cell (RBC). It is a protein responsible for carrying oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body and transporting carbon dioxide back to the lungs. Hemoglobin gives red blood cells their characteristic red color and is essential for the proper functioning of the circulatory system.

Nosocomial infections are infections that are acquired in a hospital or healthcare facility. These infections are typically caused by bacteria, viruses, or other pathogens that are present in the healthcare environment. Nosocomial infections can be spread through direct contact with an infected person, contact with contaminated surfaces or equipment, or through the air. This term is used specifically to describe infections that are acquired during a hospital stay and are not present or incubating at the time of admission. "Communicable" and "contagious" are broader terms that can refer to any infection that can be transmitted from one person to another, regardless of the location.

Lavender tubes are used when drawing blood for hematology. These tubes contain an anticoagulant called EDTA, which helps prevent the blood from clotting. This is important for hematology tests as it allows for accurate analysis of blood cells and their characteristics. The lavender color of the tube is a standard indicator for hematology tests in many healthcare settings.

The integumentary system protects the body from bacterial invasion and dehydration. It includes the skin, hair, nails, and sweat glands, which form a barrier against pathogens and help to retain moisture in the body. The skin's outermost layer, the epidermis, acts as a physical barrier to prevent the entry of bacteria and other harmful substances. Additionally, the sweat glands produce sweat, which helps to cool the body and maintain hydration. Therefore, the integumentary system plays a vital role in protecting the body from bacterial invasion and dehydration.

The evaluation of the endocrine system involves hormone determinations. This is because the endocrine system is responsible for producing and regulating hormones in the body. By measuring hormone levels, healthcare professionals can assess the function of the endocrine system and identify any imbalances or abnormalities. This can help in diagnosing and managing endocrine disorders such as diabetes, thyroid disorders, and adrenal insufficiency. Blood tests are commonly used to measure hormone levels, and specific hormone tests may be ordered based on the suspected condition. Spinal fluid analysis, blood gas studies, and drug monitoring are not directly related to evaluating the endocrine system.

The aorta is the largest artery within the body. It originates from the left ventricle of the heart and carries oxygenated blood to all parts of the body. It is responsible for supplying blood to various organs and tissues, making it the main pathway for blood circulation. The other options mentioned, such as pulmonary and arterioles, are not the largest arteries in the body.

The radial artery is located in the wrist on the thumb side. It is one of the major arteries in the forearm that supplies blood to the hand and fingers. The radial artery is commonly used for taking the pulse and is also used in medical procedures such as arterial blood gas sampling.