Chapter Five Quiz: Obtaining Energy And Nutrients For Life

The statement is false because not all heterotrophic organisms contain chloroplasts and are capable of carrying out photosynthesis. Heterotrophic organisms, by definition, obtain their energy by consuming other organisms or organic matter. They do not have the ability to produce their own food through photosynthesis, which is the process carried out by autotrophic organisms that possess chloroplasts.

Structure 17 is called the stomach.

The dentition of the skull indicates that the animal is a carnivore. Carnivores typically have sharp, pointed teeth that are adapted for tearing and cutting meat. They have large canine teeth for gripping and killing prey, as well as sharp premolars and molars for slicing through flesh. This type of dentition is well-suited for consuming a diet primarily composed of meat.

Digestion is the process of breaking down large organic molecules into smaller units that can be easily absorbed and pass through plasma membranes. This involves the use of enzymes to chemically break down complex molecules such as carbohydrates, proteins, and fats into their simpler forms, such as monosaccharides, amino acids, and fatty acids. These smaller units can then be absorbed and utilized by cells for energy and other metabolic processes.

Bile is produced by the liver and helps in the digestion and absorption of fats. When there is no food in the small intestine, the bile moves from the bile duct into the gall bladder. The gall bladder acts as a storage organ for bile, where it is concentrated and stored until it is needed for digestion. Therefore, the statement is true.

Saliva contains the enzyme amylase, which breaks down the macromolecule starch. Amylase is responsible for breaking down starch into smaller molecules such as maltose, which can then be further broken down by other enzymes in the digestive system. This process is important for the digestion and absorption of carbohydrates in the body.

A hindgut fermenter is an animal that has a specialized digestive system where fermentation of plant material occurs in the hindgut, specifically the large intestine. This fermentation process allows for the breakdown of complex carbohydrates into simpler compounds that can be absorbed by the animal. Horses are an example of hindgut fermenters, as they have a large cecum and colon where fermentation takes place. Therefore, the statement "The following digestive system would be classified as a hindgut fermenter: True" is correct.

Carnivores have relatively short alimentary canals compared to herbivores because their diet consists mainly of meat, which is easier to digest and requires less time to break down. Herbivores, on the other hand, have longer alimentary canals to aid in the digestion of plant material, which is more difficult to break down and requires more time for the nutrients to be extracted. This difference in alimentary canal length is an adaptation that allows carnivores to efficiently process their food and obtain the necessary nutrients.

Amylases are enzymes that break down carbohydrates into smaller molecules, such as sugars. Saliva contains amylases that begin the process of carbohydrate digestion in the mouth. These enzymes break down starches into simpler sugars, preparing them for further digestion in the small intestine. Therefore, the presence of amylases in saliva is important for the initial breakdown of carbohydrates during digestion.

The statement is incorrect. Amino acids, glucose, fructose, galactose, glycerol, and fatty acids are not absorbed across villi in the large intestine. Instead, they are absorbed in the small intestine. The large intestine primarily absorbs water and electrolytes, while the small intestine is responsible for the absorption of nutrients.

The statement is true because lacteals are specialized lymphatic capillaries found in the small intestine. They play a crucial role in the absorption of dietary fats. When fats are broken down into glycerol and fatty acids during digestion, they are absorbed by the lacteals and transported through the lymphatic system before eventually reaching the bloodstream. This process allows for efficient absorption and transportation of fats throughout the body.

Pepsin is an enzyme that functions in the stomach to break down proteins. It works best in an acidic environment with a low pH, which is why it needs a pH of 2 to work at its optimum. Additionally, pepsin is most active at a temperature of 37 degrees Celsius, which is the normal body temperature. Therefore, the combination of pH 2 and a temperature of 37 degrees Celsius provides the optimal conditions for pepsin to carry out its enzymatic function effectively.

The pancreas releases digestive enzymes into the alimentary canal, but not just above the cardiac sphincter. The pancreatic enzymes are actually released into the duodenum, which is the first part of the small intestine, located just below the stomach. Therefore, the statement is false.

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Mammals that have a modified oesophagus and stomach are called foregut fermenters. This adaptation allows them to efficiently digest plant material by fermenting it in their enlarged foregut before it reaches the main stomach. Examples of foregut fermenters include cows, sheep, and deer. This modification enables these mammals to extract more nutrients from their diet, which is particularly important for herbivores that consume plant material that is difficult to digest.