Chapter One: New World Beginnings

Maize, also known as corn, was the crop that helped sustain Native American civilizations. Maize was a staple food source for many Native American tribes, providing them with a reliable and nutritious food supply. It was easily grown and harvested, and could be stored for long periods of time. Maize played a crucial role in the development and survival of Native American civilizations, as it provided them with the necessary sustenance to thrive in their respective environments.

The statement is true because the Incans, Mayans, and Aztecs were indeed highly advanced civilizations. They developed complex systems of agriculture, architecture, writing, mathematics, and astronomy. They built impressive cities and monuments, such as Machu Picchu and Chichen Itza, and had sophisticated political and social structures. They also made significant advancements in art, medicine, and engineering. Their achievements and cultural contributions have had a lasting impact on the world.

The Aztecs believed that Cortes was a god returning to them. This belief was based on their religious beliefs and prophecies that predicted the return of Quetzalcoatl, a feathered serpent god. Cortes' arrival in Mexico coincided with these prophecies, and his fair complexion and advanced weaponry further convinced the Aztecs that he was a divine being. This belief ultimately played a significant role in the downfall of the Aztec empire, as they initially welcomed Cortes and his men as gods, allowing them to gain access to their city and eventually conquer them.

Asia provided spices and silks. These were highly sought after commodities during ancient times and were major exports from Asia. Spices such as pepper, cinnamon, and cloves were used to enhance the flavor of food and preserve it. Silks, on the other hand, were luxurious fabrics that were highly valued for their softness and beauty. Asia's abundance of these goods allowed them to establish lucrative trade routes and establish themselves as major players in the global economy.

Africa provided labor, which refers to the workforce or individuals who contribute their physical or mental efforts to produce goods or services. This suggests that Africa played a significant role in supplying manpower for various industries or sectors, potentially contributing to economic development and growth.

The statement is true because mestizos are indeed individuals who have mixed Spanish and indigenous American ancestry. The term "mestizo" originated during the Spanish colonial period in Latin America to describe people of mixed European and indigenous American heritage. This mixed heritage is often reflected in mestizos' physical appearance, cultural practices, and language. Therefore, the answer is true.

converted Indians to Catholicism.

In 1492, Christopher Columbus landed in The Bahamas. This is historically documented and widely accepted. Columbus was searching for a new trade route to Asia, but instead, he reached the islands of The Bahamas in the Caribbean. This marked the beginning of European exploration and colonization of the Americas. The Bahamas became an important base for further exploration and conquest in the region.

The Treaty of Tordesillas, signed in 1494, divided the newly discovered lands of the New World between Spain and Portugal. According to the treaty, Spain received most of the territories in the New World, including present-day Mexico, Central America, and most of South America. Portugal, on the other hand, received territories in Africa, Asia, and Brazil. Therefore, the correct answer is Spain.

During the Ice Age, nomadic Asian hunters migrated to the American continents by entering through a land bridge that connected Siberia to Alaska. This land bridge, known as Beringia, was formed due to the lower sea levels caused by the accumulation of water in the form of ice. As a result, these hunters were able to cross over from Asia to North America, following the herds of animals such as buffalos that moved across the land bridge in search of food and suitable habitats. This migration route is supported by archaeological evidence and is widely accepted as the most plausible explanation for the peopling of the Americas.

Hernan Cortes defeated the Aztecs in 1522. He was a Spanish conquistador who led an expedition to Mexico and successfully conquered the Aztec Empire. Cortes and his army, along with the help of indigenous allies, defeated the Aztecs and ultimately brought about the downfall of their civilization.

The Crusaders brought back a variety of goods from Asia to Europe. They brought back silks, which were highly prized for their luxurious and fine quality. They also brought back spices, such as pepper, cinnamon, and nutmeg, which were used to flavor and preserve food. Additionally, they brought back medicines, including herbs and remedies, which were used for various ailments. Therefore, the correct answer is "All of the above."

The Ice Age ended approximately 10,000 years ago. This is supported by scientific evidence such as geological records, ice core samples, and the study of fossils. During this time, the Earth's climate gradually warmed, leading to the melting of glaciers and the retreat of ice sheets. This marked the transition to the current interglacial period, known as the Holocene.

The Iriquois were led by Chief Hiawatha.

The statement is true because the Battle of Acoma, which took place in 1599, resulted in the defeat of the Pueblo people by the Spanish. As a result, the Spanish were able to establish control over the region and establish the colony of New Mexico. This battle was a significant event in the Spanish colonization of the Americas and had lasting effects on the Pueblo people and their way of life.

The Encomienda System was a system implemented by the Spanish colonists in the Americas during the colonial period. Under this system, native people were given to colonists as laborers or workers in exchange for their conversion to Christianity. The colonists were responsible for the religious and moral education of the native people, with the aim of assimilating them into Spanish culture and religion. This system allowed the colonists to exploit the labor of the native population while also attempting to convert them to Catholicism.

St. Augustine, Florida is the correct answer because it is widely recognized as the location of the first fort created in North America. The fort, known as Castillo de San Marcos, was built by the Spanish in 1672 to protect their interests in the region. It is now a national monument and a popular tourist attraction, serving as a reminder of the early European colonization of North America.

The Renaissance took place in the 14th century. This period of time, also known as the "rebirth," was characterized by a renewed interest in art, literature, and science. It marked a shift from the medieval period to a more modern era, with advancements in various fields such as painting, sculpture, architecture, and philosophy. Many significant figures emerged during this time, including Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Galileo Galilei, who made groundbreaking contributions to their respective fields. The Renaissance had a profound impact on European culture and laid the foundation for the development of the modern world.

The Treaty of Tordesillas, signed in 1494, divided the newly discovered lands outside of Europe between Spain and Portugal. According to the treaty, Portugal received Brazil, Africa, and Asia, while Spain received the majority of the Americas. Therefore, the correct answer is Portugal.

The Old World (Europe) provided markets, capital, and technology. This means that Europe had established systems for buying and selling goods, had access to financial resources for investment, and had advanced knowledge and skills in various fields. These factors contributed to Europe's economic growth and development during that time.

Ferdinand Magellan circumnavigated the world from 1519 to 1522. He was a Portuguese explorer who led the first expedition to sail around the globe. Magellan's voyage was significant as it proved that the Earth was round and opened up new trade routes. Although Magellan died during the journey, his crew completed the circumnavigation, making him one of the most famous explorers in history.

The Incas inhabited present-day Peru. The Inca Empire was located in the Andes Mountains of South America, with its capital city being Cusco. Peru was the heartland of the Inca civilization, and they established a vast empire that stretched from modern-day Ecuador to Chile. The Incas were known for their advanced agricultural techniques, impressive stone architecture, and intricate road systems. Their civilization thrived in Peru before the arrival of the Spanish conquistadors in the 16th century.

The Aztecs inhabited present-day Mexico. This is known from historical records and archaeological evidence that indicate the Aztec civilization was centered in the region that is now Mexico City. The Aztecs built their capital city, Tenochtitlan, on an island in Lake Texcoco, which is located in the central part of modern-day Mexico. They established a powerful empire that extended throughout much of Mesoamerica, including parts of present-day Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador, Honduras, and Nicaragua.

Portugal developed the caravel, a ship that could sail into the wind. This technological advancement allowed Europeans to explore sub-Saharan Africa because it enabled them to navigate against the prevailing winds and currents. Prior to the caravel, ships were limited in their ability to sail against the wind, making it difficult to explore regions that required sailing against prevailing winds. The caravel's design, with its triangular sails and improved maneuverability, revolutionized European exploration by providing the means to navigate more effectively and reach new territories.

90% of the Natives died within a century of their arrival.

The Mayans inhabited Central America. This region includes countries such as Mexico, Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, and El Salvador. The Mayans built their civilization in this area, constructing impressive cities and developing advanced cultural and scientific achievements. The ruins of their ancient cities, such as Tikal and Chichen Itza, can still be found in present-day Central America.

The Europeans set up posts along the western shores of Africa for the purchase of gold and slaves. These posts served as trading outposts where Europeans could acquire these valuable resources. Gold was highly sought after for its value and was obtained through trade with African kingdoms. Slaves were also purchased from African tribes and kingdoms to be transported to the Americas for labor on plantations. Therefore, the correct answer is "Both b and c."

The correct answer is "The marriage of Ferdinand(Aragon) and Isabella(Castile)." This answer is correct because the marriage between Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile in 1469 united the two powerful kingdoms of Aragon and Castile, leading to the formation of a unified Spain. This marriage alliance brought political stability and allowed for joint rule, which laid the foundation for the consolidation of power and the subsequent expansion of Spain's influence.

The New World brought over syphilis to Europe. This sexually transmitted infection was first documented in Europe in the late 15th century, shortly after Christopher Columbus's return from the Americas. It is believed to have originated in the Americas and was spread to Europe through contact with the indigenous people. Syphilis caused a significant public health crisis in Europe, leading to widespread illness and death.

The Pueblo people are from the Rio Grande Valley. This region, located in the southwestern United States, is home to various Pueblo tribes such as the Hopi, Zuni, and Taos. The Pueblo people have a rich cultural heritage and have inhabited this area for centuries, building intricate adobe dwellings and practicing agriculture.

The Norse are not considered indirect discoverers because although they settled at Newfoundland, they were unable to establish a strong nation state to support their settlements. This suggests that they did not have a significant impact on the region or contribute to the exploration and colonization of new territories. Additionally, their discovery of Vinland, a place with wild grapes, did not lead to any further exploration or colonization efforts. Therefore, their actions do not fit the criteria of indirect discovery.

Juan Ponce De Leon explored and died in Florida between 1513 and 1515. He was a Spanish explorer who is known for leading the first European expedition to Florida. Ponce De Leon was searching for the legendary Fountain of Youth, but instead, he encountered the native Calusa people and established the first European settlement in Puerto Rico. He died in 1521 during a conflict with the Calusa tribe in Florida.

In 1532, Francisco Pizaro defeated the Incas and collected tons of their silver. Pizaro was a Spanish conquistador who led an expedition to South America, specifically the region that is now Peru. He took advantage of the internal conflicts within the Inca Empire and successfully captured their leader, Atahualpa. This victory allowed Pizaro to seize control of the Inca Empire and plunder their wealth, including large quantities of silver.

The New World (Americas) provided metals and soil. This means that the Americas had valuable resources such as metals like gold and silver, as well as fertile soil for agriculture. These resources were important for economic growth and development in the region.

Vasco Nunez Balboa discovered the Pacific Ocean at Panama in 1513.

In 1680, the Catholic mission in New Mexico provoked a rebellion from the Indians, known as Pope's Rebellion. The indigenous population, led by a religious leader named Pope, revolted against the Spanish colonizers and their attempts to convert them to Catholicism. The rebellion resulted in the expulsion of the Spanish from New Mexico for over a decade, marking a significant resistance against the imposition of the Catholic mission on the indigenous population.

In 1680, Robert de La Salle explored the Great Lakes and Mississippi River. He was a French explorer who is known for his expeditions in North America. La Salle's exploration of these areas was significant as it helped to establish French claims in the region and expand their influence in North America. He is also credited with being the first European to navigate the entire length of the Mississippi River.

Identical freshwater fish on all continents

The correct answer is "Spain pushes into the area of the Rio Grande Valley they have cruel tactics towards the Pueblo." This answer explains that the Battle of Acomo in 1599 began because Spain invaded the Rio Grande Valley and employed cruel tactics towards the Pueblo people. This invasion likely led to resistance from the Pueblo, resulting in a battle.

The Norse are from Scandinavia. Scandinavia is the region in Northern Europe that includes countries such as Norway, Sweden, and Denmark. The Norse people, also known as Vikings, originated from this region and had a significant impact on European history through their exploration, trade, and conquests. They are known for their seafaring skills and their influence can be seen in various parts of Europe, including the British Isles and Iceland.

Spain took nearly a century to reclaim New Mexico. This suggests that the process of reclaiming New Mexico was a lengthy one, spanning close to 100 years. It implies that Spain faced significant challenges or obstacles in regaining control over New Mexico, which required a substantial amount of time and effort to overcome.

Cahokia is the correct answer because it is a well-known and significant Mississippian culture site located near present-day East St. Louis, Illinois. It was once a thriving urban center and the largest pre-Columbian settlement north of Mexico. The site features impressive mounds and earthworks, indicating the advanced architectural and engineering skills of the Mississippian people. Cahokia played a crucial role in the development of the Mississippian culture and its trade networks, making it an important archaeological site for studying ancient Native American civilizations.

In 1498, Vasco De Gama reached the Indies. This refers to the time when Vasco De Gama, a Portuguese explorer, successfully arrived in the Indian subcontinent, specifically in Calicut (now Kozhikode), Kerala, India. He is known for establishing the first direct sea route from Europe to India, which opened up lucrative trade opportunities between the two regions. His voyage played a significant role in the Age of Discovery and European exploration of the world.

Jacques Cartier travelled down the Saint Lawrence River in 1534. He was a French explorer who was commissioned by King Francis I of France to explore the North American continent. Cartier's journey down the Saint Lawrence River was part of his larger exploration of the Gulf of St. Lawrence and the eastern coast of Canada. He is credited with being the first European to navigate the Saint Lawrence River and his exploration laid the foundation for French claims in North America.

The statement suggests that the introduction of maize led to a transformation in the lifestyle of nomadic groups, causing them to adopt a hunter-gatherer lifestyle. This implies that the cultivation and availability of maize as a stable food source allowed these groups to settle in one place and rely on hunting and gathering for sustenance. Therefore, the answer "True" indicates that the statement accurately reflects this transformation.

225 million years ago, the Earth contained one big supercontinent. This is known as the Pangea supercontinent, which existed during the late Paleozoic and early Mesozoic eras. The landmasses that make up our current continents were joined together, forming a single massive landmass. Over time, geological forces caused the supercontinent to break apart and drift into the separate continents we have today.

Bartholomeu Dias rounded the southern tip of Africa in 1488. He was a Portuguese explorer who led the first European expedition to sail around the Cape of Good Hope. This achievement opened up a new sea route from Europe to Asia, which later led to the establishment of trade routes and colonization in the East. Vasco De Gama also played a significant role in this exploration, as he was the first to reach India by sea, but it was Bartholomeu Dias who initially discovered and rounded the southern tip of Africa. Marco Polo and John Cabot were not involved in this specific expedition.

The Great Ice Age refers to a period of extensive glaciation that occurred around 2 million years ago. This period, also known as the Pleistocene Epoch, was characterized by the expansion of ice sheets and glaciers, which covered large parts of the Earth's surface. This answer aligns with scientific evidence and geological records that indicate the occurrence of the Great Ice Age during this time period.

Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo explored the coast of California in 1542.

In 1494, the Treaty of Tordesillas was sanctioned by the Pope. This treaty was signed to resolve the territorial disputes between Spain and Portugal over newly discovered lands during the Age of Exploration. It established a dividing line in the Atlantic Ocean, giving Spain control over the territories to the west of the line and Portugal control over the territories to the east. The Pope's involvement in the treaty was significant as he acted as a neutral mediator and his authority helped legitimize the agreement between the two countries.