Cognitive & Moral Development

Explanation
The prefrontal cortex is responsible for moral deliberation, which involves reasoning, decision-making, and judgment. The hippocampus, located in the medial temporal lobe, is closely connected to the prefrontal cortex and plays a crucial role in memory formation and retrieval. It helps in recalling past experiences, which can influence moral judgments and decision-making. Therefore, the connection between the prefrontal cortex and the hippocampus is essential for moral deliberation.

Explanation
The preconventional stage of cognitive development, according to Kohlberg, is characterized by a focus on avoiding punishment and seeking rewards. During this stage, individuals make decisions based on the consequences they may face. They prioritize their own needs and desires and may engage in behaviors that they believe will lead to positive outcomes or avoid negative consequences. This stage typically occurs in early childhood, from birth to around 9 years old. Therefore, the statement "To avoid punishment & gain reward" aligns with the preconventional stage of cognitive development as described by Kohlberg.

Explanation
The conventional cognitive moral development created by Kohlberg includes four components: gaining approval, avoiding disapproval, understanding duty, and understanding guilt. These components represent different stages of moral reasoning, where individuals initially focus on seeking approval and avoiding disapproval from authority figures, then progress to understanding their duties and responsibilities, and finally develop an understanding of guilt and the impact of their actions on others. These stages reflect the progression of moral reasoning from a focus on external consequences to a more internalized sense of moral principles.

Explanation
Postconventional refers to the highest stage of cognitive development in Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development. At this stage, individuals are able to appreciate universal moral standards, nonviolence, and social contract construction. They have developed their own set of ethical principles that may sometimes conflict with societal norms and laws. They are guided by their own internalized moral values and principles, rather than external authority or societal expectations. Only a small percentage of individuals reach this stage, indicating a high level of moral reasoning and autonomy.

Explanation
Dr. Kohlberg's research subjects were all boys. This suggests that his study focused exclusively on male participants and did not include any girls or adults. The use of only boys as subjects may have been intentional to explore gender-specific aspects of development or to control for potential confounding variables related to gender.

Explanation
Carol Gilligan researched those who fled from the draft of war to Canada and discovered that they made it to the postconventional cognitive development stage. This stage, according to Gilligan's research, is characterized by individuals who develop their own moral principles and values, independent of societal norms and expectations. These individuals prioritize their own ethical beliefs and principles over the rules and regulations imposed by society. Therefore, it can be inferred that those who fled from the draft to Canada exhibited a postconventional cognitive development stage as they made a decision based on their own moral compass rather than conforming to societal expectations.

Explanation
The correct answer is postconventional. In this stage of cognitive development researched by Carol Gilligan, individuals prioritize both their own goals and maintaining relationships. They are able to consider different perspectives and make decisions based on their own values and principles, rather than solely relying on external standards or societal expectations. This stage reflects a higher level of moral reasoning and autonomy.

Explanation
This stage of Carol Gilligan's assessment of cognitive development involves the acts of getting along and personal survival. In the preconventional stage, individuals focus on their own needs and interests, and their moral reasoning is based on avoiding punishment and seeking rewards. They are primarily concerned with self-preservation and may not consider the needs or perspectives of others. This stage is characterized by a lack of empathy and a limited understanding of societal norms and values.

Explanation
In Carol Gilligan's cognitive development, the stage that includes the idea of goodness, rightness, morality, and self-sacrifice is the conventional stage. This stage is characterized by a focus on societal norms, expectations, and the desire to maintain social harmony. Individuals in this stage tend to prioritize the needs and expectations of others over their own and may conform to societal rules and values. This stage is contrasted with the preconventional stage, where individuals are more self-centered and focused on personal gain, and the postconventional stage, where individuals develop their own moral principles and may challenge societal norms.