1.
An article (the/a/an) is missing in some of the spaces in the sentences below, but in others, no article (Ø) is needed. Choose between Ø/the/a/an to fill the gap in each of the questions.
In ___ long term, as Keynes reminded us, we are all dead.
Correct Answer
B. The
Explanation
This is an idiomatic (set phrase) time expression. 'In the long term': long into the future. This normally appears at the start of a sentence, to mark the time reference: In the long term, (comma) scientists hope to develop a hydrogen driven car. It must take a definite article when used as a time reference set phrase. 'Long-term' can also be used to qualify a noun - in which case it has no definite article (I have long-term and short - term objectives).
2.
The number of people in ___ long-term relationship has fallen slightly.
Correct Answer
C. A
Explanation
In the long term - but a long-term relationship. 'Long-term' here is acting like an adjective, rather than a time expression set phrase. When long-term comes before a noun (to qualify it) rather than a subject preceding a verb clause, it does not have to take a definite article. It often takes a hyphen (long-term) when preceding a noun. Here, we are speaking generally so we use 'a' in a generic context (in a long-term relationship). Similar patterns: I have: a long-term plan, a long-term dream, a long-term ambition. Like most generic contexts, we could also use a plural: The number of people in long-term relationships has fallen slightly.
3.
____short-term profit maximization has become more important than sustainable growth.
Correct Answer
A. Ø
Explanation
In the short term, profit was maximized. Short-term profit maximization has become more important than sustainable growth. 'Short-term' here is acting more like an adjective than a time expression set phrase (In THE short term v short-term + noun). When short-term comes before a noun (to qualify it) rather than a subject preceding a verb clause, it does not have to take a definite article. It often takes a hyphen (long-term) when preceding a noun. Here, the head noun is 'maximization' - a non-count noun, so no article is required.
4.
In ___ short term, employees that work in a company making redundancies may give the company more effort.
Correct Answer
B. The
Explanation
This is an idiomatic (set phrase) time expression. 'In the long term': long into the future. This normally appears at the start of a sentence, to mark the time reference: In the long term, (comma) scientists hope to develop a hydrogen driven car. It must take a definite article when used as a time reference set phrase.
5.
All UK governments were formed by Convervatives in ___1980s.
Correct Answer
B. The
Explanation
In the 1980s, in the 1990s, in the 1860s. Although most dates take no definite article (today), a whole decade is discussed with the definite article.
6.
The Space Shuttle program was ____NASA's main satelite launch vehicle for 30 years.
Correct Answer
A. Ø
Explanation
NASA's launch vehicle. UNESCO's representative, FIFA's regulations. But The EU, the WTO, the GMC. Notice that we do not use a definite article if an abbreviation is 'voiced' as a word. However, if we say the letters separately (G-M-C) a definite article is normally used.
7.
Some retailers in ___ UK have reported higher than expected profits.
Correct Answer
B. The
Explanation
Although most countries (like most proper nouns) do not take a definite article, a small selection does the UK, the USA, the Caribbean, the Virgin Islands, the Soviet Union, the Republic of China, the Czech Republic. Proper nouns are not 'rule-governed' - the people naming a country/road/monument/bridge/mountain make the decision over whether a name takes an article. But as can be seen above, most plural countries seem to use a definite article in English (and also republics and Kingdoms).
8.
For over a hundred years, ___ UK law has regulated against full-time child labor.
Correct Answer
A. Ø
Explanation
I live in the UK. But I'm governed by UK law.
When used to classify another noun (like an adjective), a county will NOT use an article: UK law, US politicians, Caribbean Islands.
9.
___USA has the highest defence spending.
Correct Answer
B. The
Explanation
We are talking about the country here - the USA. Although most countries (like most proper nouns) do not take a definite article, a small selection does the UK, the USA, the Caribbean, the Virgin Islands, the Soviet Union, the Republic of China, the Czech Republic.
10.
The Tea Party movement has revolutionised ___ US politics.
Correct Answer
A. Ø
Explanation
When used to classify another noun (here the head noun is 'politics'), a county will NOT use an article: UK law, US politicians, Caribbean Islands.