Cp Biology 2: Final Exam

The condition of "no overproduction" is not a requirement for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium describes a population in which allele frequencies remain constant from generation to generation. The other conditions, such as no natural selection, no sexual selection, no genetic drift, and no gene flow, are necessary for maintaining equilibrium. Overproduction refers to the production of more offspring than can survive, which can lead to natural selection and changes in allele frequencies.

Fungi have cell walls made of chitin. Chitin is a tough and flexible polysaccharide that provides structural support and protection to fungal cells. It is similar in composition to the exoskeleton of arthropods and provides rigidity to the fungal cell wall, allowing fungi to maintain their shape and withstand external pressures. Chitin is not found in the cell walls of other organisms such as plants (which have cellulose cell walls) or bacteria.

The Golgi apparatus is responsible for processing and delivering proteins within the cell. It receives proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum, modifies them by adding sugars and other molecules, and then packages them into vesicles for transport to their final destinations within the cell or for secretion outside of the cell. This process ensures that proteins are properly folded, modified, and targeted to their intended locations, allowing them to perform their specific functions within the cell.

Glycolysis is the correct answer because it is the part of cellular respiration in which glucose is broken down. During glycolysis, glucose is converted into two molecules of pyruvate, producing a small amount of ATP and NADH. This process occurs in the cytoplasm and does not require oxygen, making it the first step in both aerobic and anaerobic respiration. Photosynthesis, on the other hand, is the process by which plants convert sunlight into energy, while aerobic respiration and electron transport occur later in cellular respiration, after glycolysis.

Charles Darwin's poetic grandfather was Erasmus Darwin. Erasmus Darwin was a renowned physician, naturalist, and poet who lived in the 18th century. He was known for his scientific theories and his interest in evolution, which greatly influenced his grandson, Charles Darwin. Erasmus Darwin's poetry often explored themes of nature and the interconnectedness of all living things, foreshadowing the ideas that Charles Darwin would later develop in his theory of evolution.

The combined alleles of all the individuals in a population is referred to as the gene pool. This term encompasses the total genetic variation present within a population, including all the different alleles of all the genes. The gene pool is important for understanding the genetic diversity of a population and how it may change over time through processes such as natural selection, genetic drift, and gene flow.

Lignin is a complex organic polymer found in the cell walls of plants. It provides structural support and rigidity to the plant, allowing it to stand upright. Lignin acts as a glue, binding the cellulose fibers together and making the cell walls strong and resistant to bending or collapsing. This enables plants to withstand the forces of gravity and environmental stress, ensuring their stability and upright growth.

Gene flow refers to the movement of alleles from one population to another. This can occur through the migration of individuals or the transfer of gametes between populations. Gene flow plays a crucial role in shaping the genetic diversity of populations and can counteract the effects of genetic drift and natural selection. It helps to maintain genetic variation within and between populations and can lead to the spread of advantageous traits throughout a species.

In natural selection, the selective agent refers to the factor or condition in the environment that determines which traits are advantageous and which are not. It is the environment that acts as the selective agent by favoring certain traits over others, leading to the survival and reproduction of individuals with those advantageous traits. This process drives the adaptation and evolution of species over time.

The mRNA strand with the sequence AGUACA can be produced from the DNA sequence TCATGT. In DNA, the base pairs are A-T and G-C. When transcribing DNA to mRNA, A pairs with U and T pairs with A. Therefore, the DNA sequence TCATGT would transcribe to the mRNA sequence AGUACA.

Chlorophyll is the correct answer because it is the main light-absorbing pigment found in plant leaves. It is responsible for capturing sunlight during photosynthesis and converting it into chemical energy. Chlorophyll molecules are located within the chloroplasts, which are the organelles where photosynthesis takes place. Thylakoids and grana are structures within the chloroplasts where chlorophyll molecules are organized, but they are not the main light-absorbing molecules themselves.

Chloroplasts are organelles found in plant cells that contain chlorophyll, which is responsible for absorbing sunlight. Through the process of photosynthesis, chloroplasts convert this sunlight into chemical energy in the form of glucose (simple sugars). This energy is then stored in the plant for later use. Therefore, the statement "Chloroplasts absorb sunlight and store chemical energy" best describes the process of photosynthesis.

A prokaryotic cell does not have a nucleus. Unlike eukaryotic cells, which have a distinct nucleus that contains the cell's DNA, prokaryotic cells have their DNA scattered throughout the cytoplasm. Prokaryotic cells are simpler in structure and lack many membrane-bound organelles found in eukaryotic cells. Instead, they have a cell membrane that encloses the cytoplasm and controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell.

If an organism has a vestigial structure, it means that the structure is present in the organism but no longer serves a purpose. This suggests that the structure was functional in an earlier ancestor of the organism. Over time, as the organism evolved, the structure became unnecessary and lost its original function. Therefore, the most likely explanation is that the vestigial structure had a function in an earlier ancestor.

When a male bird of paradise displays its tail feathers, it is exhibiting intersexual selection behavior. This behavior involves the male bird showcasing its elaborate and colorful tail feathers to attract a mate. The display is specifically aimed at attracting the attention of female birds, who then have the choice to select a mate based on the attractiveness of the display. This type of selection is driven by the preferences and choices of the opposite sex, in this case, the female birds.

Lipids are organic compounds that are insoluble in water and play important roles in energy storage, insulation, and protection. The monomers that make up a lipid are glycerol and fatty acids. Glycerol is a three-carbon alcohol with hydroxyl groups, and fatty acids are long hydrocarbon chains with a carboxyl group at one end. These fatty acids bond to the glycerol molecule through dehydration synthesis, forming a triglyceride. Therefore, the correct answer is glycerol and fatty acid.

During prophase, the nuclear membrane breaks down. This is an important characteristic of prophase because it allows the chromosomes, which have already replicated during interphase, to be released into the cytoplasm. Breaking down the nuclear membrane also allows for the formation of the mitotic spindle, which is necessary for the proper alignment and separation of chromosomes during cell division.

The graph depicts stabilizing selection. Stabilizing selection occurs when individuals with intermediate traits have higher fitness compared to individuals with extreme traits. This results in a decrease in genetic variation and a narrowing of the trait range over time. In the graph, the highest fitness is observed in the middle range of the trait, indicating that individuals with extreme traits have lower fitness. This leads to the maintenance of the intermediate traits in the population over generations.

A dead tree is not considered a type of fossil because it does not meet the criteria for fossilization. Fossilization occurs when the remains or traces of an organism are preserved in rock or sediment over time. In the case of a dead tree, it decomposes and breaks down, leaving behind only organic matter that does not undergo the necessary processes for fossilization. Therefore, a dead tree cannot be classified as a type of fossil.

Genetic variation can occur when there is a random alteration in the DNA sequence of a gene. This alteration is known as a mutation. Mutations can introduce new genetic traits or modify existing ones, leading to diversity within a population. Gene flow refers to the transfer of genetic material between different populations, while a gene pool represents the total set of genes in a population. An allele refers to alternative forms of a gene.

Fungus-like protists and true fungi are similar in that both are decomposers. Decomposers are organisms that break down dead organic matter, such as dead plants or animals, and recycle the nutrients back into the ecosystem. Fungus-like protists and true fungi play important roles in nutrient cycling and the decomposition process. They both contribute to the breakdown of organic material and the release of nutrients, making them crucial for the health and functioning of ecosystems.

Alleles are alternative forms of a gene that occur at a specific location on a chromosome. They can vary in their DNA sequence and can result in different traits or characteristics. Alleles are responsible for the genetic diversity within a population and can determine variations in physical appearance, behavior, and other traits.

A cell that has two copies of each chromosome is said to be diploid. This means that it contains two sets of chromosomes, one from each parent. Diploid cells are found in most body cells of an organism, except for gametes (sperm and egg cells) which are haploid, meaning they only have one set of chromosomes. Triploid refers to a cell or organism with three sets of chromosomes, while a gamete is a reproductive cell that is haploid.

Xylem is the correct answer because it is the vascular tissue responsible for transporting water in plants. It is composed of specialized cells called tracheids and vessel elements that form long tubes, allowing water to move upwards from the roots to the leaves. Xylem also provides structural support to the plant. Phloem, on the other hand, transports sugars and other organic molecules throughout the plant. Parenchyma and sclerenchyma are types of ground tissues that have different functions, such as storage and support, but they are not involved in water transport.

Mosses lack a vascular system. Vascular plants have specialized tissues for transporting water, nutrients, and sugars throughout their bodies, while non-vascular plants like mosses do not have these specialized tissues. Instead, mosses rely on diffusion and osmosis to absorb water and nutrients directly from their environment. This lack of a vascular system limits the size and complexity that mosses can achieve compared to vascular plants.

Both plants and green algae are photosynthetic organisms that belong to the kingdom Plantae. One of the defining characteristics of plants is the presence of a cell wall, which provides structural support and protection. Cellulose is the main component of plant cell walls, providing strength and rigidity. Green algae, being closely related to plants, also have cell walls made of cellulose. Silica is found in the cell walls of diatoms, chitin is found in the exoskeleton of arthropods and fungi, and agar is a gelatinous substance derived from seaweed and is not a component of cell walls in plants or green algae.

Homo sapiens is not a monkey because it belongs to the species of humans. Monkeys are a separate group of primates that include baboons, lemurs, and tarsiers.

Temporal isolation is a form of reproductive isolation in which two populations reproduce during different times of the year. This means that individuals from each population are only available to mate and reproduce at specific times, which prevents gene flow between the populations. As a result, genetic differences can accumulate over time, leading to the formation of separate species.

If two organisms belong to the same order, they must also have the same phylum in common. Taxonomic classification involves organizing organisms into hierarchical groups based on their similarities and relationships. The order is a higher level of classification than the family, genus, and species. The phylum is an even higher level of classification, encompassing multiple orders. Therefore, if two organisms belong to the same order, they must also belong to the same phylum.

Eukaryotes are distinguished from prokaryotes by the presence of a nucleus. Unlike prokaryotes, eukaryotic cells have a membrane-bound nucleus that contains their genetic material. This nucleus separates the DNA from the rest of the cell and allows for more complex genetic regulation and control. Prokaryotes, on the other hand, lack a nucleus and their genetic material is dispersed throughout the cytoplasm. This distinction in the structure and organization of genetic material is a key characteristic that sets eukaryotes apart from prokaryotes.

The correct answer is natural selection. Natural selection is the process by which individuals with advantageous traits are more likely to survive and reproduce, passing on their traits to future generations. In this scenario, the change in body color allowed animals to better hide from predators, increasing their chances of survival. As a result, individuals with this advantageous trait would have a higher likelihood of reproducing, leading to an increase in the frequency of the trait in the population over time.

In humans, a haploid cell has 23 chromosomes. Haploid cells are cells that contain half the number of chromosomes found in diploid cells. In humans, diploid cells have 46 chromosomes, which are arranged in 23 pairs. During the process of sexual reproduction, haploid cells combine to form a diploid cell, which then develops into a new individual. Therefore, the correct answer is haploid ... 23.

Carbon is unique in that it can make four chemical bonds. This allows carbon atoms to form stable covalent bonds with other carbon atoms, as well as with other elements. This property of carbon enables the formation of long chains and complex structures, leading to the vast diversity of organic molecules. Other elements may have different bonding capacities, limiting the number of possible combinations and therefore the number of organic molecules they can form.

The correct answer is "a preserved trace of a dead organism." A fossil is a preserved remains or traces of a once-living organism that lived in the past. Fossils can include bones, shells, footprints, or even imprints of leaves. They provide valuable evidence about the history of life on Earth and help scientists understand the evolution and biodiversity of different species.

When a few individuals start a new colony, it most likely results in genetic drift through the founder effect. This is because when a small group of individuals establish a new population, they carry only a fraction of the genetic diversity present in the original population. As a result, the new population is more susceptible to random changes in allele frequencies, leading to genetic drift. This process is known as the founder effect, where the genetic composition of the new population is influenced by the limited genetic variation of the founding individuals.

The phloem is the correct answer because it is a vascular tissue in plants that is responsible for the transportation of glucose and other organic nutrients from the leaves, where they are produced through photosynthesis, to other parts of the plant. The phloem consists of sieve tubes and companion cells that work together to facilitate the movement of sugars and other substances throughout the plant. Xylem, on the other hand, is responsible for the transportation of water and minerals from the roots to the rest of the plant. Parenchyma and sclerenchyma are types of ground tissue and are not involved in the transportation of glucose.

Archaea are single-celled prokaryotes that are known for their ability to survive in extreme conditions. They can be found in environments such as hot springs, deep-sea hydrothermal vents, and salt lakes. These organisms have unique cell structures and biochemical processes that differentiate them from bacteria and eukaryotes. While bacteria and eukaryotes also include single-celled organisms, archaea have distinct characteristics that allow them to thrive in harsh environments, making them the correct answer in this context.

Bacteria is not included in domain Eukarya because it belongs to the domain Bacteria, which is separate from Eukarya. Eukarya is one of the three domains of life, along with Bacteria and Archaea. Bacteria are prokaryotic organisms, while Eukarya includes all organisms with eukaryotic cells, such as plants, animals, fungi, and protists. Therefore, Bacteria is the correct answer as it does not belong to the domain Eukarya.

Carolus Linnaeus developed a classification system for organisms. He is known as the father of modern taxonomy. Linnaeus created a hierarchical system of classification based on similarities and differences in physical characteristics. His system, known as binomial nomenclature, assigned each organism a unique two-part scientific name consisting of its genus and species. This system revolutionized the way scientists categorize and name organisms, providing a standardized and universal method for organizing the diversity of life on Earth.

The graph shows that individuals with extreme traits have higher fitness compared to individuals with intermediate traits. This indicates that disruptive selection is occurring, as the selection pressure is favoring the extreme traits and causing the population to diverge into two distinct groups.

Hominid species are classified into two main groups: Australopithecus and Homo. Australopithecus is a genus that includes various species of early hominids, such as Australopithecus afarensis. Homo, on the other hand, refers to the genus that includes modern humans and their close relatives, such as Homo habilis and Homo sapiens. These two groups represent different stages in human evolution, with Australopithecus species being more ancient and Homo species being more closely related to modern humans.

The word "Panthera" indicates the genus of the organism.

Scientists have identified bipedal locomotion as the first step in human evolution. Bipedal locomotion refers to the ability to walk on two legs, which is a distinct characteristic of humans. This adaptation allowed early humans to free up their hands for tool use and enabled them to cover long distances more efficiently. Bipedalism also played a crucial role in shaping other human characteristics such as the development of a larger brain and the ability to communicate through language. Therefore, bipedal locomotion is considered the initial and fundamental characteristic that set humans on the path of evolution.

A pseudopod is a temporary extension of cytoplasm and plasma membrane that helps an amoeba move. It is a characteristic feature of amoebas and allows them to change their shape and move by extending and retracting these temporary projections. Pseudopods are used for locomotion, capturing food, and engulfing prey.

Behavioral isolation is a type of reproductive isolation where individuals from different populations are prevented from mating due to differences in their mating rituals. This means that even if individuals from different populations come into contact with each other, they will not mate because their behaviors and mating rituals do not match or are not recognized by individuals from the other population. This type of isolation plays a significant role in speciation, as it leads to the development of distinct behaviors and mating rituals within different populations.

A set of three nucleotides on mRNA that codes for an amino acid is known as a codon. Codons are the basic units of the genetic code and determine the sequence of amino acids in a protein. Each codon corresponds to a specific amino acid or a stop signal, and they are read by the ribosome during protein synthesis. Anticodons are found on tRNA and pair with codons during translation. Ribosomes are cellular structures where protein synthesis takes place. Base pairs are formed between nucleotides in DNA and RNA.

RNA is a nucleic acid that contains uracil instead of thymine. This is a key characteristic of RNA as opposed to DNA, which contains thymine. RNA is also typically single-stranded and plays a crucial role in transferring genetic information from DNA to the ribosome for protein synthesis. Therefore, the statement "It contains thymine" is incorrect as thymine is not found in RNA.

Paleoanthropologists study human evolution by examining various sources of evidence. Fossilized bones provide physical evidence of ancient humans and their ancestors. Endocasts of the brains help researchers understand the cognitive abilities and brain structures of early humans. Molecular clocks analyze genetic material to estimate the timing of evolutionary events. However, written historical records are not used by paleoanthropologists because they only extend back a few thousand years and do not provide information about human evolution millions of years ago.

Homo habilis, also known as "Handy Man," is an ancient bipedal hominid species. This species lived approximately 2.4 to 1.4 million years ago and is considered one of the earliest members of the Homo genus. They were known for their tool-making abilities, which earned them the nickname "Handy Man." Homo habilis had a smaller brain size compared to later hominid species, but they were still capable of using tools and had a significant impact on human evolution.

A protist is a diverse group of eukaryotic microorganisms that do not fit into the categories of plants, animals, or fungi. Among protists, animal-like protists are known as protozoa. They are single-celled organisms that exhibit characteristics similar to animals, such as the ability to move and consume other organisms for nutrition. Therefore, the correct answer for this question is protozoa.

Messenger RNA is formed in the process of transcription. Transcription is the process by which the DNA sequence in a gene is copied into a complementary RNA molecule. This RNA molecule, known as messenger RNA (mRNA), carries the genetic information from the DNA to the ribosomes, where it is translated into a specific protein. Therefore, transcription is the correct process in which messenger RNA is formed.

The correct answer is angiosperms. Angiosperms are plants that have a covering over their seeds, which is usually in the form of a fruit. This covering protects the seeds and aids in their dispersal. Gymnosperms, on the other hand, do not have a covering over their seeds. Cycads are a type of gymnosperm. Vegetables, while they are plants, do not specifically refer to plants with a covering over their seeds.

Glycolysis is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose into pyruvate. It is the first step in cellular respiration and occurs in the cytoplasm of cells. In this process, glucose is broken down into two molecules of pyruvate, producing a small amount of ATP and NADH. The cytoplasm is the location where most cellular processes take place, including the initial steps of glucose metabolism. Therefore, glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm.

Paleontology is the study of fossils, which are the preserved remains or traces of ancient organisms. The fact that more primitive fossils are found below more complex fossils in the rock layers supports the idea of evolution. This is because evolution suggests that simpler organisms evolved into more complex ones over time. Therefore, finding more primitive fossils in lower rock layers provides evidence of the progression of life forms and supports the concept of evolution.

A population that is not undergoing natural selection displays a normal distribution. In a normal distribution, the majority of individuals tend to have average traits, while fewer individuals have extreme traits. This indicates that there is no selection pressure favoring any particular trait, resulting in a balanced distribution of traits within the population.

The current tree of life consists of six kingdoms. This suggests that there are six major groups or classifications of living organisms. Each kingdom represents a distinct category based on shared characteristics and evolutionary relationships. This classification system helps scientists organize and understand the diversity of life on Earth.

A frameshift mutation involves the insertion or deletion of a single base in a DNA molecule. This type of mutation causes a shift in the reading frame of the genetic code, resulting in a completely different sequence of amino acids being produced during protein synthesis. Frameshift mutations can have significant effects on the structure and function of proteins, often leading to non-functional or malfunctioning proteins.

Lucy, the ancient bipedal hominid, is a member of the species Australopithecus aferensis. This is because Lucy's skeletal remains, discovered in Ethiopia in 1974, exhibit characteristics that align with Australopithecus aferensis, such as a small brain size, a mix of ape-like and human-like features, and evidence of walking upright. Lucy's discovery has provided valuable insights into human evolution and our early ancestors.

Stabilizing selection occurs when individuals with the intermediate phenotype are selected for. This means that extreme phenotypes are less likely to survive and reproduce, while individuals with traits closer to the average are favored. As a result, the population becomes more genetically uniform over time, reducing the overall variation in the population. This type of selection is often seen in stable environments where the average phenotype is advantageous and extreme variations are less beneficial.

DNA controls the production of proteins through a process called transcription and translation. DNA contains the genetic instructions necessary for the synthesis of proteins. It carries the information in the form of genes, which are specific sequences of nucleotides. During transcription, the DNA sequence is transcribed into a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule. The mRNA then travels to the ribosomes where translation occurs. During translation, the mRNA is used as a template to assemble the amino acids in the correct order, forming a protein. Therefore, the statement "It controls the production of proteins" accurately describes DNA.

Homo sapiens has been on Earth for approximately 200,000 years. This is supported by scientific evidence such as fossil records and genetic studies. These studies have shown that modern humans evolved from earlier hominin species around this time period and have since populated different parts of the world. The 200,000-year timeframe aligns with our understanding of human evolution and the development of complex societies and civilizations throughout history.

An alga is a plant-like protist that can perform photosynthesis. It contains chlorophyll and other pigments that allow it to convert sunlight into energy. Algae can be found in various aquatic environments, including freshwater and marine habitats. They can be single-celled or multicellular and play a crucial role in the food chain as producers. Algae are diverse and can take on various forms, including filamentous, colonial, or unicellular. Therefore, the correct answer for a plant-like protist is alga.

Cellulose is a structural form of carbohydrate because it is a complex polysaccharide made up of glucose molecules linked together. It forms the main structural component of plant cell walls and provides rigidity and strength to the plant cells. Starch, on the other hand, is a storage form of carbohydrate, while enzyme and RNA are not carbohydrates but rather types of biomolecules involved in biological processes.

The electron transport chain in photosynthesis is a series of proteins located in the thylakoid membrane. This chain is responsible for transferring electrons, derived from light energy, through a series of protein complexes. As the electrons move through the chain, they create a proton gradient, which is used to generate ATP. This ATP is then used in the Calvin cycle to convert carbon dioxide into glucose. Therefore, the correct answer is a series of proteins located in the thylakoid membrane.

Diatoms are a type of algae that are commonly found in beach sand. These organisms have cell walls that are made of silica. Silica is a hard and durable material that provides support and protection to the diatoms. This composition of their cell walls allows diatoms to withstand the harsh conditions of the beach environment, including exposure to sunlight, waves, and erosion. The presence of silica in the cell walls also gives diatoms their unique glass-like appearance.